Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 4 of 5 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

JointAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin 12 mg Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by BioAstin

Softgel Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

JointAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin 12 mg is a dietary supplement by BioAstin with 5 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for replacing fluids and electrolytes, preventing dehydration during exercise or illness, treating low blood sodium (under medical care).Based on those ingredients, 1,162 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Boswellia serrata Whole Plant Extract, Astaxanthin, Flaxseed Oil. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

HelloPharmacist Scorecard of JointAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin 12 mg by BioAstin

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 5 of its 5 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

JointAstin contains five active ingredients. Astaxanthin is a carotenoid (a plant pigment) included at 12 mg per softgel.

Sodium, flaxseed oil, and Boswellia serrata whole plant extract round out the formula, along with D-glucosamine hydrochloride. The softgel also contains inactive ingredients—cornstarch, carrageenan, glycerin, sorbitol, lecithin, beeswax, purified water, high-oleic safflower oil, high-oleic sunflower oil, and tocopherols—which serve as binders, emulsifiers, and preservatives.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Joint, tendon, and muscle support.
  • We looked for evidence on: Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Exercise-induced muscle damage, Exercise-induced muscle soreness, Knee pain, Joint inflammation — and 2 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Boswellia Serrata is rated "Possibly Effective" for Osteoarthritis (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Flaxseed Oil is rated "Possibly Ineffective" for Rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  • Also on file: Boswellia Serrata is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Exercise-induced muscle soreness, Knee pain, Rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

The evidence for astaxanthin in age-related cognitive decline, macular degeneration, aging skin, Alzheimer disease, athletic performance, and carpal tunnel syndrome is insufficient; we don't have reliable data to know whether it works for these uses. Boswellia serrata appears possibly effective for osteoarthritis but has insufficient evidence for hay fever, Alzheimer disease, asthma, and cluster headaches.

Flaxseed oil is rated possibly ineffective for obesity, rheumatoid arthritis, bipolar disorder, and high cholesterol. The evidence on this product's overall effectiveness for joint health isn't established in the data we hold.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Astaxanthin Flaxseed Oil Boswellia Serrata

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 4 of the 4 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 4 of 4.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 4 of 4.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Astaxanthin is generally well tolerated in studies, but long-term safety data are limited. The most common side effects are abdominal pain, diarrhea, and red fecal color; high doses (40 mg daily) have caused severe stomach pain in a small number of people.

The safety data advises against astaxanthin during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Sodium is essential in small amounts, but too much is linked to high blood pressure and heart strain.

Normal dietary sodium is fine, but avoid sodium supplements or very high intake without medical advice. Boswellia serrata is generally well tolerated short-term and appears likely safe in pregnancy, but avoid it while breastfeeding.

Common side effects include abdominal pain, diarrhea, headache, heartburn, itching, and nausea. Flaxseed oil is generally well tolerated; a small number of users report bowel habit changes, dry mouth, and indigestion at typical doses, while high doses (30 grams daily and up) may cause loose stools or diarrhea.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Astaxanthin Flaxseed Oil Boswellia Serrata

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 4 of the 4 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Boswellia Serrata, Flaxseed Oil, Astaxanthin, Sodium.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; lithium.
  • For scale: 1,163 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking this product, check with your doctor or pharmacist if you take blood pressure medications (antihypertensive drugs), as sodium may reduce their effect. Also double-check if you're on blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs (including aspirin), liver-metabolized medications, ezetimibe (Zetia), or immunosuppressants.

These are the medication types most likely to interact with the ingredients we have data for.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product combines astaxanthin, a carotenoid with limited evidence for its claimed benefits, with joint-support ingredients like Boswellia serrata and glucosamine. Because of sodium content and multiple enzyme-interaction pathways, it's important to check your exact medications—especially blood pressure drugs, blood thinners, cholesterol medications, and anything processed by your liver—before you start.

Talk with your doctor or pharmacist to see whether it's a fit for you and your current medications.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 4 of 5 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Feb 23, 2022.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about JointAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin 12 mg, straight from the product label.

Brand BioAstin
Barcode (UPC) 732894035102
Net contents 120 Vegan Softgel(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Feb 23, 2022
DSLD ID 259711
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Softgel Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Vegan, Vegetarian, Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for JointAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin 12 mg by BioAstin, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
4 Vegan Softgel(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
4 Vegan Softgel(s)
Servings per container
30
UPC/BARCODE
732894035102
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories30 Calorie(s)--
Total Carbohydrates3 Gram(s)1%
Sodium20 mg1%
Total Fat2 Gram(s)3%
Astaxanthin12 mg--
Calories from Fat15 Calories--
D-Glucosamine Hydrochloride1500 mg--
Flaxseed Oil1000 mg--
Boswellia serrata Whole Plant Extract400 mg--

Other ingredients: Cornstarch, Carrageenan, Glycerin, Sorbitol, Lecithin, Beeswax, Water, Purified, High Oleic Safflower Oil, Sunflower Oil, High Oleic, Tocopherols

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested use: Four soft gels per day with a meal.

Formulation

JointAstin supports and protects your joints, tendons, and muscles from oxidative stress during physical activity.

Free of gluten, lactose, and artificial colors. JointAstin is made with Non-GMO Project Verified BioAstin Natural Astaxanthin.

12mg eye formula

Powered by super antioxidant BioAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin Supports healthy joints from oxidative stress during physical activity

Igen NON-GMO Tested GF Certified Gluten-Free Glyphosate Residue Free Detoxproject.org

Certified Vegan Vegan.org

Formula

Formulated by a team of medical doctors, JointAstin features BioAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin, one of the most powerful natural antioxidants known, as well as vegetarian glucosamine, boswellia, and flaxseed oil. These active ingredients support joint health and mobility.

Glucosamine Boswellia Flaxseed Oil

Precautions

Consult your healthcare practitioner before use if you are pregnant or nursing.

Do not use if outer seal is broken.

Contains soy.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Brand IP Statement(s)

Nutrex Hawaii

Copyright 2018 Nutrex Hawaii

General Statements

Made with Aloha.

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Seals/Symbols

Certified Vegan Vegan.org Igen NON-GMO Tested GF Certified Gluten-Free Glyphosate Residue Free Detoxproject.org

See for yourself

JointAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin 12 mg by BioAstin label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

What’s inside

The Ingredients in JointAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin 12 mg by BioAstin

These are the 5 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size4 Vegan Softgel(s) Dosage formSoftgel Capsule Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Sodium

Interacts with
205 drugs
20 mg per serving

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets g...

Sodium monograph & interactions

Astaxanthin

Interacts with
671 drugs
12 mg per serving Form: Haematococcus pluvialis

Astaxanthin is a reddish carotenoid pigment with strong antioxidant activity in the lab, and it is widely promoted for skin, eye, heart, and exercise...

Astaxanthin monograph & interactions

D-Glucosamine Hydrochloride

1500 mg per serving

Flaxseed Oil

Interacts with
293 drugs
1000 mg per serving Form: Alpha-Linolenic Acid

Flaxseed oil is a plant-based source of the omega-3 fatty acid ALA, which the body can partly convert to the omega-3s found in fish oil. It may help s...

Flaxseed Oil monograph & interactions

Boswellia serrata Whole Plant Extract

Interacts with
952 drugs
400 mg per serving

Boswellia serrata is a tree resin used in traditional medicine, mainly for joint pain and inflammation. Some studies suggest it may help with osteoart...

Boswellia serrata Whole Plant Extract monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Cornstarch, Carrageenan, Glycerin, Sorbitol, Lecithin, Beeswax, Water, Purified, High Oleic Safflower Oil, Sunflower Oil, High Oleic, Tocopherols. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

JointAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin 12 mg by BioAstin Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against JointAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin 12 mg?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

Go to the checker
1,162Drugs
1,162 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Sodium 205

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in JointAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin 12 mg with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Boswellia serrata Whole Plant Extract6 drug types · 952 drugs

Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, Boswellia serrata might increase the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
In vitro research shows that Boswellia serrata gum resin inhibits CYP1A2 enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (Cyp2C19) Substrates

Theoretically, Boswellia serrata might increase the levels of CYP2C19 substrates.
In vitro research shows that Boswellia serrata gum resin inhibits CYP2C19 enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, Boswellia serrata might increase the levels of CYP2C9 substrates.
In vitro research shows that Boswellia serrata gum resin inhibits CYP2C9 enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (Cyp2D6) Substrates

Theoretically, Boswellia serrata might increase the levels of CYP2D6 substrates.
In vitro research shows that Boswellia serrata gum resin inhibits CYP2D6 enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, Boswellia serrata might increase or decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
In vitro research shows that Boswellia serrata gum resin inhibits CYP3A4 enzymes. Other in vitro research shows that Boswellia serrata extract inhibits CYP3A4 enzymes at most concentrations, although it may modestly induce enzyme activity at low concentrations.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Theoretically, Boswellia serrata might alter the effects of immunosuppressive drugs.
Some in vitro research suggests that Boswellia serrata extracts might inhibit mediators of autoimmune disorders such as leukotrienes and reduce production of antibodies and cell-mediated immunity. However, other in vitro research suggests that, when coupled with calcium ions, boswellic acids containing the keto group have immunostimulant properties within specific cell signaling pathways.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D

Astaxanthin2 drug types · 671 drugs

Cytochrome P450 2B6 (Cyp2B6) Substrates

Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6.
In vitro research shows that astaxanthin induces cytochrome CYP2B6 enzyme activity in human hepatocytes. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
In vitro research shows that astaxanthin induces CYP3A4 enzyme activity in human hepatocytes. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D

Flaxseed Oil3 drug types · 293 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, using flaxseed oil in combination with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs might have additive effects and increase the risk of bleeding.
Small clinical studies show that consuming flaxseed oil might decrease platelet aggregation and increase bleeding time.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, combining flaxseed oil with other antihypertensive drugs might have additive effects and increase the risk of hypotension.
Some clinical evidence suggests that long-term consumption of flaxseed oil can modestly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure, while other clinical research shows no effect.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Ezetimibe (Zetia)

Concomitant use of flaxseed oil and ezetimibe reduces the absorption of alpha-linolenic acid from flaxseed oil.
In one clinical study, concomitant consumption of ezetimibe 10 mg daily with flaxseed oil 2 grams providing 1 gram of alpha-linolenic acid daily blocked the absorption of alpha-linolenic acid, resulting in an overall reduction in alpha-linolenic plasma levels from baseline.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B

Sodium7 drug types · 205 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
High intake of dietary sodium can increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Also, high intake of sodium may necessitate increased use of antihypertensive medications to achieve blood pressure control in some patients, such as those with chronic kidney disease.

Likelihood Probable Evidence A
Corticosteroids

Concomitant use of mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) cause sodium retention. This effect is dose-related and depends on mineralocorticoid potency. It is most common with hydrocortisone, cortisone, and fludrocortisone, followed by prednisone and prednisolone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Didanosine (Videx)

Concomitant use of didanosine with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Didanosine formulations contain a significant amount of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Lithium

Altering dietary intake of sodium might alter the levels and clinical effects of lithium.
High sodium intake can reduce plasma concentrations of lithium by increasing lithium excretion. Reducing sodium intake can significantly increase plasma concentrations of lithium and cause lithium toxicity in patients being treated with lithium carbonate. Stabilizing sodium intake is shown to reduce the percentage of patients with lithium level fluctuations above 0.8 mEq/L. Patients taking lithium should avoid significant alterations in their dietary intake of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Sodium Phosphates

Theoretically, concomitant use of sodium phosphate with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Use of high doses (> 45 mL in 24 hours) of sodium phosphate, such as those used for bowel cleansing before surgery, can lead to serious electrolyte disturbances, including hypernatremia. The risk of hypernatremia is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sodium-Containing Drugs

Concomitant use of sodium-containing drugs with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia and long-term sodium-related complications.
The Chronic Disease Risk Reduction (CDRR) intake level of 2.3 grams of sodium daily indicates the intake at which it is believed that chronic disease risk increases for the apparently healthy population. Some medications contain high quantities of sodium. When used in conjunction with sodium supplements or high-sodium diets, the CDRR may be exceeded. Additionally, concomitant use may increase the risk for hypernatremia; this risk is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tolvaptan (Samsca)

Theoretically, concomitant use of tolvaptan with sodium might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Tolvaptan is a vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist that is used to increase sodium levels in patients with hyponatremia. Patients taking tolvaptan should use caution with the use of sodium salts such as sodium chloride.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for JointAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin 12 mg, from the product label.

BioAstin

See all BioAstin products
Name
Nutrex Hawaii Inc.
City
Kailua-Kona
State
HI
ZipCode
96740
Phone Number
800-453-1187
Web Address
www.nutrex-hawaii.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

JointAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin 12 mg by BioAstin: Common Questions

Does JointAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin 12 mg by BioAstin interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, JointAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin 12 mg has a known interaction with 1,162 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
JointAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin 12 mg contains 5 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is it safe to take this while pregnant?
The safety data advises against astaxanthin during pregnancy due to insufficient data. Boswellia serrata appears likely safe in pregnancy, but sodium and flaxseed oil have mixed or limited safety information. Because this is a combination product, talk with your doctor or pharmacist before taking it during pregnancy.
Is it safe while breastfeeding?
The safety data advises against astaxanthin and Boswellia serrata while breastfeeding. Flaxseed oil has limited safety information during breastfeeding. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist before using this product if you're nursing.
What are the most common side effects?
Abdominal pain, diarrhea, headache, heartburn, nausea, and itching have been reported with Boswellia serrata. Astaxanthin may cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, and red-colored stools. Flaxseed oil can cause bowel habit changes and dry mouth in a small number of users.
Does this actually help with joint health?
Boswellia serrata is rated possibly effective for osteoarthritis. Astaxanthin, glucosamine, and flaxseed oil don't have sufficient reliable evidence for us to say whether they work for joint conditions. The overall effectiveness of this combination for joint health isn't established in our data.
Why does this product contain sodium if too much sodium is bad for your heart?
Sodium is an essential mineral needed in small amounts for nerve and muscle function, but the amount in this product should be considered as part of your total daily sodium intake. If you have high blood pressure or take blood pressure medication, talk with your doctor or pharmacist about whether the sodium content is appropriate for you.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

JointAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin 12 mg label
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

JointAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin 12 mg's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 78 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Sodium 38 references
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  2. Food and Drug Administration Science Background: Safety of Sodium Phosphates Oral Solution. September 17, 2001. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/safety/sodiumphospate.htm
  3. Coton T, Mallaret C, Coilliot C, Carre D, Guisset M. Severe acute ulcerated gastritis induced by salt. Presse Med 2009;38(3):499-500. PubMed
  4. Frings-Meuthen P, Buehlmeier J, Baecker N, et al. High sodium chloride intake exacerbates immobilization-induced bone resorption and protein losses. J Appl Physiol 2011;111(2):537-542. PubMed
  5. Frings-Meuthen P, Baecker N, Heer M. Low-grade metabolic acidosis may be the cause of sodium chloride-induced exaggerated bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23(4):517-524. PubMed
  6. Alam S, Johnson AG. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) among healthy normotensive and essential hypertensive elderly patients to determine the effect of high salt (NaCl) diet of blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 1999;13(6):367-74.
  7. Boudville N, Ward S, Benaroia M, House AA. Increased sodium intake correlates with greater use of antihypertensive agents by subjects with chronic kidney disease. Am J Hypertens 2005;18(10):1300-5. PubMed
  8. Bennett WM. Drug interactions and consequences of sodium restriction. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(2 Suppl):678S-681S. PubMed
  9. Okusa MD, Crystal LJ. Clinical manifestations and management of acute lithium intoxication. Am J Med 1994;97(4):383-9. PubMed
  10. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2005. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10925. DOI
  11. D'Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr 2012;31(4):489-98. PubMed
  12. Goldsmith SR. Hyponatremia in heart failure: time for a trial. J Card Fail 2013;19(6):398-400. PubMed
  13. Willocks L, Brettle R, Keen J, Valentine C, Pinching AJ. Formulations of didanosine (ddI) and salt overload. Lancet 1992;339(8786):190.
  14. Chen L, Zhang Z, Chen W, Whelton PK, Appel LJ. Lower Sodium Intake and Risk of Headaches: Results From the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(7):1270-5. PubMed
  15. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2014;129(9):981-9. PubMed
  16. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Sodium Intake and All-Cause Mortality Over 20 Years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(15):1609-1617. PubMed
  17. Mente A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies. Lancet. 2016;388(10043):465-75. PubMed
  18. Moosavian SP, Haghighatdoost F, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. Salt and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;68(3):265-277. PubMed
  19. O'Donnell M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(7):612-23. DOI
  20. Poggio R, Gutierrez L, Matta MG, Elorriaga N, Irazola V, Rubinstein A. Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(4):695-704. PubMed
  21. Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, Food and Nutrition Board, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington (DC): National Acad
  22. Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I, et al. Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1693-1700. PubMed
  23. Yancy CW. Sodium Restriction in Heart Failure: Too Much Uncertainty-Do the Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1700-1701. PubMed
  24. He FJ, Campbell NRC, Ma Y, MacGregor GA, Cogswell ME, Cook NR. Errors in estimating usual sodium intake by the Kawasaki formula alter its relationship with mortality: implications for public health. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(6):1784-1795. PubMed
  25. Murthy K, Ondrey GJ, Malkani N, et al. THE EFFECTS OF HYPONATREMIA ON BONE DENSITY AND FRACTURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Endocr Pract. 2019;25(4):366-378. PubMed
  26. Messerli FH, Hofstetter L, Syrogiannouli L, et al. Sodium intake, life expectancy, and all-cause mortality. Eur Heart J 2021;42(21):2103-2112. PubMed
  27. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;12(12):CD004022. PubMed
  28. Giatti S, Santos RB, Aielo AN, et al. Association of sodium with obstructive sleep apnea. The ELSA-Brasil study. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021;18(3):502-510. PubMed
  29. Nan X, Lu H, Wu J, et al. The interactive association between sodium intake, alcohol consumption and hypertension among elderly in northern China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2021;21(1):135. PubMed
  30. Kyozuka H, Fukusda T, Murata T, et al. Impact of preconception sodium intake on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children's study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021;23:66-72. PubMed
  31. Zhao L, Ogden CL, Yang Q, et al. Association of usual sodium intake with obesity among US children and adolescents, NHANES 2009-2016. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021;29(3):587-594. PubMed
  32. Ma Y, He FJ, Sun Q, et al. 24-Hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2022;386(3):252-263. PubMed
  33. Liu J, Yang X, Zhang P, et al. Association of urinary sodium excretion and left ventricular hypertrophy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021;12:728493. PubMed
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Astaxanthin 3 references
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Flaxseed Oil 21 references
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Boswellia Serrata 16 references
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See these in context on the Boswellia Serrata monograph →

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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