Periwinkle Ingredients & Drug Interactions
by Hawaii Pharm
What is this page for?
First and foremost: checking Periwinkle against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.
Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy
Periwinkle is a dietary supplement by Hawaii Pharm with 1 active ingredient. Its ingredients are commonly taken for memory and cognitive support, circulation problems, dizziness and ringing in the ears.Based on those ingredients, 172 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.
Check Your Meds Against Periwinkle by Hawaii Pharm
Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Periwinkle by Hawaii Pharm — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.
AI summaries are generated from our interaction database for education only — always confirm with your pharmacist. How we use AI
Ask the Pharmacist
A licensed pharmacist will answer your question by email — free, usually within 24 hours.
Got it — thank you!
A licensed pharmacist will answer within 24 hours. Keep an eye on your email (worth checking spam, just in case).
HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Periwinkle by Hawaii Pharm
Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.
What’s inside
Full disclosure
This product contains one active ingredient: Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry. The extract includes alkaloid compounds, chiefly vincamine, which affect blood pressure and have other systemic effects.
The liquid also contains alcohol, water, and glycerin as inactive ingredients.
Does it work?
Couldn't assess
We hold no effectiveness ratings for periwinkle in our data, so the evidence for what it may accomplish isn't established here.
How safe is it?
Well-documented data
Periwinkle is generally regarded as unsafe for oral use. The alkaloids it contains—particularly the vinca alkaloids—can cause serious damage to your liver, kidneys, and nervous system, along with gastrointestinal upset, skin flushing, and dangerously low blood pressure.
Because of these potent alkaloids and limited safety data, periwinkle should be avoided during pregnancy and while breastfeeding. The product carries a caution that it should only be used under professional guidance and at careful doses.
Meds to double-check
Moderate interaction found
If you take any blood pressure medication (antihypertensive), check it against the search tool below before using this product. Periwinkle may increase its effect and lower your blood pressure too much.
The bottom line
Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with no assessable stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.
Periwinkle is a high-risk herbal extract with documented toxicity and serious drug interactions. It's not a first-choice supplement for most people.
If you're considering it, you need your pharmacist or doctor's direct supervision beforehand—do not self-dose. Pregnant or breastfeeding?
Skip it entirely.
Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI
Assessment coverage: 1 of 1 active ingredient matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Oct 24, 2023.
This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed
General information
Key facts about Periwinkle, straight from the product label.
| Brand | Hawaii Pharm |
|---|---|
| Barcode (UPC) | 840253640932 |
| Net contents | 4 Fluid Ounce(s); 120 mL |
| Market status | On market |
| Date entered into DSLD | Oct 24, 2023 |
| DSLD ID | 301707 |
| Product type | Botanical |
| Supplement form | Liquid |
| Dietary claims / uses | All Other, Structure/Function |
| Intended target group(s) | Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free |
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.
Supplement Facts
The label details for Periwinkle by Hawaii Pharm, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.
Supplement Facts
| Ingredient | Amount | % DV |
|---|---|---|
| Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry | 983 mg | -- |
Other ingredients: Alcohol, Water, Glycerin
Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Brand IP Statement(s)
Hawaii Pharm Herbal Extract Highest quality since 2008
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions
Suggested use: Shake well before using. For adults add about 20-30 drops (0.7-1 mL, one full squeeze of the dropper bulb) to some juice or water, up to 4 times a day.
Precautions
Warning: We recommend to seek expert medical advice before taking.
Do not use if you are allergic to any ingredients.
Consult your physician before giving to children under 18, during pregnancy, if nursing or taking medications.
Consult your physician before giving to children under 18, during pregnancy, if nursing or taking medications.
May affect the ability to drive and operate machinery. May have contraindications, can cause side effects and adverse reactions. Do not use if seal is broken or missing.
Keep out of the reach of children!
Storage
Store in a cool dry place.
Seals/Symbols
cGMP Made in compliance with cGMP 21 CFR 111 in an FDA registered and inspected facility.
Organic Alcohol Based USA Made in United States of America
FDA Disclaimer Statement
This product has not been evaluated by the FDA and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
General Statements
Scan this QR-code to get 15% discount on your next purchase. Limited time deal.
Formula
Vinca minor
Organic Alcohol Based
Formulation
Only natural ingredients Purity is laboratory tested and verified
All the raw materials are gluten-free by their nature No artificial colors, flavors, or preservatives
Not tested on animals
Organic Alcohol Based
Made in USA, Hawaii
FDA Statement of Identity
Herbal Supplement
Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.
Periwinkle by Hawaii Pharm label
The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.
Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.
View the full label (PDF)The Ingredients in Periwinkle by Hawaii Pharm
This is the 1 active ingredient this product is made of. Select it to open its full monograph.
Serving size0.7 mL Dosage formLiquid Servings per container120 Amounts shown are per serving.
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry
Interacts with172 drugs
Periwinkle (Vinca minor) is a flowering plant whose alkaloids are the source of vinpocetine, a compound marketed for memory and brain circulation. Evi...
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry monograph & interactionsOther (inactive) ingredients: Alcohol, Water, Glycerin. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.
Periwinkle by Hawaii Pharm Drug Interactions
HelloPharmacist Interaction Report
Periwinkle Leaf Extract by Hawaii Pharm interacts with blood pressure medications.
The extract contains vincamine, an alkaloid that can boost the effects of antihypertensive drugs (medications that lower blood pressure), which means your blood pressure could drop lower than intended—a Moderate-severity interaction.
Read the full breakdown — every affected drug type, severity by severity
Alpogether, these interactions span 170 individual medications.
Before you start this product, check your exact blood pressure medications against the tool on this page. If you're on any antihypertensive, talk with your pharmacist or doctor first—your dose or monitoring may need to change.
Check your own medications below · Editorial policy · How we use AI
Want to check YOUR meds against Periwinkle?
Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.
Go to the checkerIngredients driving the most interactions
Individual Drug Interactions
The ingredients in Periwinkle interact with 172 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.
1 of the 1 ingredient in Periwinkle interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry
AcebutololRhotral, Sectral
How Acebutolol interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Acebutolol interactionAcetazolamideAk-Zol, Diamox
How Acetazolamide interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Acetazolamide interactionAliskirenTekturna
How Aliskiren interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Aliskiren interactionAmbrisentanLetairis, Volibris
How Ambrisentan interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Ambrisentan interactionAmilorideAmilamont, Midamor
How Amiloride interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Amiloride interactionAmiloride, HydrochlorothiazideAmil-Co, Amilzide, Moduret 25, Moduretic
How Amiloride, Hydrochlorothiazide interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Amiloride, Hydrochlorothiazide interactionAmlodipineNorliqva
How Amlodipine interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Amlodipine interactionAmlodipine BenzoateKaterzia
How Amlodipine Benzoate interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Amlodipine Benzoate interactionAmlodipine BesilateIstin
How Amlodipine Besilate interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Amlodipine Besilate interactionAmlodipine BesylateNorvasc
How Amlodipine Besylate interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Amlodipine Besylate interactionAmlodipine Besylate, BenazeprilLotrel
How Amlodipine Besylate, Benazepril interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Amlodipine Besylate, Benazepril interactionAmlodipine, CelecoxibConsensi
How Amlodipine, Celecoxib interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Amlodipine, Celecoxib interactionAmmonium ChlorideAmmonium Chloride
How Ammonium Chloride interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Ammonium Chloride interactionAprocitentanTryvio
How Aprocitentan interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Aprocitentan interactionAtenololAtenix, Tenormin
How Atenolol interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Atenolol interactionAtenolol, ChlortalidoneAtenixCo, Tenoret 50, Totaretic
How Atenolol, Chlortalidone interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Atenolol, Chlortalidone interactionAtenolol, ChlorthalidoneTenoretic
How Atenolol, Chlorthalidone interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Atenolol, Chlorthalidone interactionAzilsartanEdarbi
How Azilsartan interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Azilsartan interactionAzilsartan, ChlorthalidoneEdarbyclor
How Azilsartan, Chlorthalidone interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Azilsartan, Chlorthalidone interactionBenazeprilLotensin
How Benazepril interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Benazepril interactionBenazepril, HydrochlorothiazideLotensin HCT
How Benazepril, Hydrochlorothiazide interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Benazepril, Hydrochlorothiazide interactionBendroflumethiazideAprinox, Naturetin, Neo-NaClex
How Bendroflumethiazide interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Bendroflumethiazide interactionBendroflumethiazide, NadololCorzide
How Bendroflumethiazide, Nadolol interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Bendroflumethiazide, Nadolol interactionBendroflumethiazide, Rauwolfia SerpentinaRauzide
How Bendroflumethiazide, Rauwolfia Serpentina interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Bendroflumethiazide, Rauwolfia Serpentina interactionBenzthiazideExna
How Benzthiazide interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Benzthiazide interactionBetaxololBetoptic, Kerlone
How Betaxolol interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Betaxolol interactionBisoprololZebeta
How Bisoprolol interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Bisoprolol interactionBisoprolol, HydrochlorothiazideZiac
How Bisoprolol, Hydrochlorothiazide interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Bisoprolol, Hydrochlorothiazide interactionBosentanTracleer
How Bosentan interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Bosentan interactionBumetanideBurinex
How Bumetanide interacts with Periwinkle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry + Bumetanide interactionEach ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects
For each ingredient in Periwinkle with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.
Periwinkle Leaf Extract, Dry
Antihypertensive Drugs
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Brand information
Manufacturer and brand details for Periwinkle, from the product label.
Hawaii Pharm
See all Hawaii Pharm products- Name
- Hawaii Pharm LLC
- Street Address
- 510 Sumner St. Ste. 613
- City
- Honolulu
- State
- HI
- ZipCode
- 96817
- Phone Number
- 888-854-2924
- Web Address
- www.hawaiipharm.com
Periwinkle by Hawaii Pharm: Common Questions
Does Periwinkle by Hawaii Pharm interact with any medications?
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Where does this information come from?
What's actually in this product?
Can I take this while pregnant or breastfeeding?
What are the side effects I should watch for?
Is this safe to use long-term?
Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy
Not sure if Periwinkle is safe with your meds?
Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.
Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.
The Full Monographs Behind Periwinkle’s Ingredients
Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.
Sources & How We Checked
Periwinkle's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.
- NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) — The official product label on file for this supplement.
- Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) — Evidence-graded clinical reference behind the ingredient interaction data.
Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.
The 5 references behind this product’s interaction data
Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.
Periwinkle 5 references
- Blumenthal M, ed. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Trans. S. Klein. Boston, MA: American Botanical Council, 1998.
- McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
- Ellenhorn MJ, et al. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnoses and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1997.
- Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 1st ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc., 1998.
- Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.
DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.
© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC