Peppermint + Semaglutide
Semaglutide brand names: Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy.
We found no known interaction between Peppermint and Semaglutide in our sources. Absence of a documented interaction is not the same as proven safety, and does not guarantee one does not exist. Do not start, stop, or change a medication or supplement based on this page; confirm with your pharmacist or doctor first. Additionally, although there is no interaction, the two are separately associated with some of the same side effects, which would make a new symptom harder to attribute to one or the other.
Peppermint and Semaglutide
We checked these two against our interaction database. Here is what we found.
No Known Interaction Found
We did not find a documented interaction between Semaglutide and Peppermint in our sources. This does not guarantee that the combination is completely free of risk — there is often limited research on supplements and herbal products, especially around drug interactions.
If you decide to take both, the practical routine is simple: add one new thing at a time and note the date you started it. If the combination is going to disagree with you, it usually shows in the first days to a couple of weeks — and a start date turns “I’ve been feeling off” into something a pharmacist can actually work with. Do not stop a prescribed medicine on your own.
Always talk with your pharmacist or doctor before making changes to your medications or supplements, particularly if you take several medications or have an ongoing health condition.
Peppermint safety at a glance
Pregnancy & breastfeeding ratings are from Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) — the full detail is in the Special populations card below. Safety guidance is general; always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor for your situation.
Peppermint and peppermint oil have a number of theoretical interactions due to several lab and animal studies suggesting it can inhibit a variety of CYP metabolizing enzymes in the liver, including:
- CYP2C9
- CYP3A4
- CYP2C19
- CYP1A2
However, many of these interactions have not been seen in humans, and the likelihood of them being clinically significant is low. They are nevertheless important to be aware of.
There is no known interaction between peppermint and the drug in question here. They are considered safe to combine.
Why No Interaction Is Listed for Semaglutide
Interactions in our licensed database are recorded against drug classes, not just single drug names. Semaglutide is filed under 2 classifications — antidiabetes drugs, oral drugs. Peppermint has documented interactions with 5 drug classes — the most serious being cyclosporine (neoral, sandimmune) (moderate), cytochrome p450 2c19 (cyp2c19) substrates (moderate) and cytochrome p450 2c9 (cyp2c9) substrates (moderate) — and none of Semaglutide’s classifications are among them.
Classification data comes from our licensed Natural Medicines dataset. A medication can belong to classes beyond those recorded there, so this describes how the check was run — it is not a safety guarantee.
Peppermint Does Interact With Other Medications
Peppermint has 731 moderate, 65 minor known drug interactions in our database — Semaglutide isn’t one of them. If you take anything else, check it against the full list below.
Check Another of Your Medications Against Peppermint
We haven’t checked that one against Peppermint yet — ask our pharmacists directly.
Covers the 2,830 medications we’ve checked against Peppermint. Pick one to open its full report.
Peppermint in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
When used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. There is insufficient information available about the safety of using peppermint in medicinal amounts during pregnancy or lactation; avoid using.
DISCLAIMER: This tool is intended for informational purposes only, and should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Patients should consult with a qualified healthcare provider before making decisions about therapies and/or health conditions.© 2026 Therapeutic Research Center
Questions About Peppermint or Semaglutide
These are real questions from readers, answered by the pharmacists at HelloPharmacist — written by a person, not generated from a database. Each one covers Peppermint or Semaglutide, not necessarily both, but if one is close to what you were about to ask it will usually go further than a database entry can:
- Can You Divide an Ozempic 8mg Pen to Take 0.25mg Doses? ›
- Can You Dose 0.25mg Of Ozempic With The 2mg Pen? ›
- Is Inositol Safe With Ozempic (Semaglutide)? ›
Not quite your question? Ask our pharmacists directly — it is free, there is no account required, and answers usually come back within 24 hours.
See Every Supplement That Interacts With Semaglutide
This page covers Peppermint only. If you take other supplements — a multivitamin, a sleep aid, something for joints — the Semaglutide page lists 256 supplements it has a documented interaction with, worst first, each one explained.
The most serious there right now: Activated Charcoal (major), Siberian Cocklebur (major), Acai (moderate), African Wild Potato (moderate) and Agaricus Mushroom (moderate).
By severity: 2 major · 215 moderate · 39 minor.
From our pharmacist’s overview on the Semaglutide page
“Semaglutide (Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy) lowers blood sugar, and so do most of the 256 supplements on this page, which is why I read this list with real vigilance rather than a shrug. Nearly all of the entries either add to its glucose-lowering effect and raise the risk of hypoglycemia, or push sugar the other way and blunt it, as niaci…”
Reviewed by 2 · Jul 18, 2026
Taking Peppermint as Part of a Dietary Supplement Product? Check It for Interactions
We hold 1,980 real supplement products containing Peppermint, each one broken down to its full ingredient list — and combination products often carry several ingredients besides Peppermint. Even though Peppermint itself has no known interaction with Semaglutide, another ingredient on your label might. Find your product and we’ll check every ingredient on its label:
Where Peppermint and Semaglutide Sit Against Everything Else
Out of every supplement and medication people look up on HelloPharmacist, here is where these two land this week — and which way each has been moving.
#104 of 1,452 supplements looked up here in the last 7 days
#24 of 2,830 medications looked up here in the last 7 days
Position among everything looked up on this site, not a measure of how commonly either one is used or how important it is. A supplement can climb this list because of a news story. It counts every request to the page, automated ones included, and nothing here identifies anyone.
Where does our data come from?
- Source: the Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) clinical database — the evidence-graded professional reference for herb & supplement interactions.
- Citation library: 103,510 references behind our interaction content, 65,311 of them resolved to verified PubMed/DOI sources. See every Peppermint reference on this page ↓
- Freshness: we automatically re-check this combination every week — this pair was last verified September 13, 2026. The Peppermint and Semaglutide records this page draws on were last updated July 10, 2026.
- What “no known interaction” means: no documented interaction in the sources above — not a guarantee of safety. Supplements are studied far less than prescription drugs, so we say exactly what the evidence supports, and nothing more.
About Peppermint
What is Peppermint?
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- Indigestion and gas
- Nausea
- Tension headache (topical oil)
- Colds and congestion
- Freshening breath
Peppermint is a popular herb with the best evidence supporting enteric-coated peppermint oil for easing IBS symptoms. It is generally well tolerated for most adults, but it can cause heartburn and is not recommended in concentrated oil form for infants and young children. Check with your pharmacist or doctor before using it regularly, especially during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
Mentha x piperita · Lamiaceae · Leaves and essential oil · Tea, capsules (including enteric-coated peppermint oil), essential oil, tincture, topical creams
An interaction check asks whether these two react with each other — it does not ask whether Peppermint is a good idea for someone in your situation. Here is what our Peppermint record says about it on its own.
Peppermint: dosing
There is no single official dose for peppermint, and the right amount depends on the form and the reason you are using it. For IBS, products usually come as standardized enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules with directions on the label. Teas are made by steeping the dried leaves in hot water.Because product strength varies widely, the best approach is to follow the directions on your specific product and not to exceed the recommended amount. Concentrated essential oil should never be swallowed unless it is in a product made for that purpose.
From our Peppermint monograph — the full record covers uses, side effects and every documented interaction.
About Semaglutide
What Is Semaglutide Used For?
Brand names: Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy
Semaglutide is available as Wegovy (injection and tablet) and Ozempic (injection), and each product has its own approved uses. Wegovy injection is approved — alongside diet and exercise — to reduce excess body weight in adults and in children aged 12 and older with obesity, to lower the risk of serious heart events (heart attack, stroke, or cardiovascular death) in adults with obesity or overweight who also have established heart disease, and for treatment of a liver condition called MASH (metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, formerly called NASH) with moderate-to-advanced scarring in adults. Wegovy tablets share the cardiovascular risk reduction and weight management uses in adults, but are not approved for MASH or for use in children. Ozempic injection is approved to improve blood sugar control in adults with type 2 diabetes (alongside diet and exercise) and to reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes who also have established heart disease.
All forms are used alongside a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity. Ozempic is not approved for type 1 diabetes. The MASH approval for Wegovy injection is an accelerated approval, meaning continued approval may depend on results from a confirmatory study.
Other Drugs & Peppermint
Browse every other medication we’ve checked against Peppermint — both the ones with a known interaction and the ones without. Select any drug for the full detail.
No drugs match “”.
731 interactions
- Diclofenac Sodium ›
- Diltiazem ›
- Nifedipine ›
- Ibuprofen ›
- Hydrocortisone ›
- Naproxen ›
- Erythromycin ›
- Estradiol ›
- Propranolol ›
- Lidocaine ›
- Norethindrone ›
- Testosterone ›
- Verapamil ›
- Levonorgestrel ›
- Prednisone ›
- Quinidine ›
- Cyclosporine ›
- Dexamethasone ›
- Glyburide ›
- Triazolam ›
- Zopiclone ›
- Colchicine ›
- Fentanyl ›
- Flurbiprofen ›
- Oxybutynin ›
- Phenytoin ›
- Prednisolone ›
- Tacrolimus ›
- Temazepam ›
- Budesonide ›
- Carbamazepine ›
- Clindamycin ›
- Dextromethorphan ›
- Diclofenac Potassium ›
- Doxorubicin ›
- Fluticasone ›
- Formoterol ›
- Indomethacin ›
- Miconazole ›
- Trimipramine ›
- Buprenorphine ›
- Conjugated Estrogens ›
- Diazepam ›
- Everolimus ›
- Ivabradine ›
- Lofepramine ›
- Medroxyprogesterone ›
- Medroxyprogesterone Acetate ›
- Meloxicam ›
- Rifampin ›
- Testosterone Undecanoate ›
- Aripiprazole ›
- Caffeine (otc Drug) ›
- Ciclesonide ›
- Clonazepam ›
- Cyclobenzaprine ›
- Dapsone ›
- Desipramine ›
- Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate ›
- Erythromycin Stearate ›
Showing 60 of 731 moderate interactions — see all 731 on the Peppermint page.
65 interactions
- Theophylline ›
- Acetaminophen ›
- Nortriptyline ›
- Bendamustine ›
- Riluzole ›
- Asenapine ›
- Clozapine ›
- Propafenone ›
- Ropinirole ›
- Tizanidine ›
- Anagrelide ›
- Bendamustine Hydrochloride ›
- Chlordiazepoxide ›
- Fenfluamine ›
- Fezolinetant ›
- Fluvoxamine ›
- Grepafloxacin ›
- Mexiletine ›
- Olanzapine ›
- Paracetamol ›
- Pentazocine ›
- Pirfenidone ›
- Rasagiline ›
- Ropivacaine ›
- Tacrine ›
- Triclabendazole ›
- Acetaminophen, Butalbital ›
- Acetaminophen, Pseudoephedrine ›
- Guaifenesin, Theophylline ›
- Acetaminophen, Dichloralantipyrine, Isometheptene ›
- Acetaminophen, Oxycodone ›
- Acetaminophen, Propoxyphene ›
- Acetaminophen, Chlorzoxazone ›
- Acetaminophen, Diphenhydramine, Pseudoephedrine ›
- Acetaminophen, Pamabrom, Pyrilamine ›
- Acetaminophen, Chlorzoxazone, Codeine ›
- Acetaminophen, Codeine ›
- Acetaminophen, Codeine, Methocarbamol ›
- Acetaminophen, Diphenhydramine ›
- Acetaminophen, Phenyltoloxamine ›
- Ephedrine, Hydroxyzine, Theophylline ›
- Acetaminophen, Aspirin ›
- Acetaminophen, Brompheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine ›
- Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine ›
- Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine Phosphate ›
- Acetaminophen, Codeine, Doxylamine ›
- Acetaminophen, Dexbrompheniramine, Pseudoephedrine ›
- Acetaminophen, Dichloralphenazone, Isometheptene ›
- Acetaminophen, Dichlorophenazone, Isometheptane ›
- Acetaminophen, Doxylamine, Pseudoephedrine ›
- Acetaminophen, Meperidine ›
- Acetaminophen, Methocarbamol ›
- Acetaminophen, Orphenadrine ›
- Acetaminophen, Pentazocine ›
- Acetaminophen, Phenylpropanolamine ›
- Acetaminophen, Phenylpropanolamine, Phenyltoloxamine ›
- Acetaminophen, Phenyltoloxamine, Salicylamide ›
- Acetaminophen, Pseudoephedrine, Triprolidine ›
- Aspirin, Pentazocine ›
- Chlordiazepoxide, Clidinium Bromide ›
Showing 60 of 65 minor interactions — see all 65 on the Peppermint page.
No interaction 2,033 drugs checked — show the list
We also checked Peppermint against these medications and found no known interaction in our sources. Open any page to confirm.
- Levothyroxine ›
- Methylphenidate ›
- Metoprolol ›
- Aspirin ›
- Ivermectin ›
- Rosuvastatin ›
- Escitalopram ›
- Valacyclovir ›
- Docusate ›
- Hydroxyurea ›
- Methamphetamine ›
- Sumatriptan ›
- Tirzepatide ›
- Lisdexamfetamine ›
- Acyclovir ›
- Bupropion ›
- Metformin ›
- Amoxicillin ›
- Lisinopril ›
- Doxycycline ›
- Lamotrigine ›
- Methotrexate ›
- Gabapentin ›
- Amphetamine ›
- Pregabalin ›
- Isotretinoin ›
- Dextroamphetamine ›
- Azithromycin ›
- Methylene Blue ›
- Duloxetine ›
- Ciprofloxacin ›
- Bisoprolol ›
- Levothyroxine, Liothyronine ›
- Cyclopentolate ›
- Candesartan Cilexetil ›
- Mannitol ›
- Cephalexin ›
- Roxithromycin ›
- Pegunigalsidase Alfa-iwxj ›
- Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Doxylamine ›
- Daptomycin ›
- Hexobarbitone ›
- Dexmethylphenidate ›
- Levothyroxine Sodium ›
- Levetiracetam ›
- Mitomycin ›
- Minoxidil ›
- Cefaclor ›
- Factor 7a ›
- Carbidopa, Levodopa ›
- Thyroid Hormone ›
- Ezetimibe ›
- Levodopa ›
- Vancomycin ›
- Phenylephrine ›
- Spironolactone ›
- Venlafaxine ›
- Dirithromycin ›
- Procainamide ›
- Lenvatinib ›
Showing the 60 most looked-up of 2,033 medications checked with no known interaction — see the full Peppermint list.
Peppermint References
The 41 references that drive our Peppermint monograph and interaction data, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Citations with a link open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.
- Liu JH, Chen GH, Yeh HZ, et al. Enteric-coated peppermint-oil capsules in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective, randomized trial. J Gastroenterol 1997;32:765-8. PubMed
- Pittler MH, Ernst E. Peppermint oil for irritable bowel syndrome: a critical review and metaanalysis. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:1131-5. PubMed
- Kline RM, Kline JJ, Di Palma J, Barbero GJ. Enteric-coated, pH-dependent peppermint oil capsules for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in children. J Pediatr 2001;138:125-8. PubMed
- Madisch A, Heydenreich CJ, Wieland V, et al. Treatment of functional dyspepsia with a fixed peppermint oil and caraway oil combination preparation as compared to cisapride. A multicenter, reference-controlled, double-blind equivalence study. Arzneimittel
- May B, Kuntz HD, Kieser M, Kohler S. Efficacy of a fixed peppermint oil/caraway oil combination in non-ulcer dyspepsia. Arzneimittelforschung 1996;46:1149-53.
- Micklefield GH, Greving I, May B. Effects of peppermint oil and caraway oil on gastroduodenal motility. Phytother Res 2000;14:20-3. DOI
- Morton CA, Garioch J, Todd P, et al. Contact sensitivity to menthol and peppermint in patients with intra-oral symptoms. Contact Dermatitis 1995;32:281-4. PubMed
- May B, Kohler S, Schneider B. Efficacy and tolerability of a fixed combination of peppermint oil and caraway oil in patients suffering from functional dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000;14:1671-7. PubMed
- Nash P, Gould SR, Bernardo DE. Peppermint oil does not relieve the pain of irritable bowel syndrome. Br J Clin Pract 1986;40:292-3. DOI
- Rees WD, Evans BK, Rhodes J. Treating irritable bowel syndrome with peppermint oil. Br Med J 1979;2:835-6. PubMed
- Davies SJ, Harding LM, Baranowski AP. A novel treatment of postherpetic neuralgia using peppermint oil. Clin J Pain 2002;18:200-2. PubMed
- Weston CF. Anal burning and peppermint oil. Postgrad Med J 1987;63:717. PubMed
- Dresser GK, Wacher V, Wong S, et al. Evaluation of peppermint oil and ascorbyl palmitate as inhibitors of cytochrome P4503A4 activity in vitro and in vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;72:247-55. PubMed
- Wacher VJ, Wong S, Wong HT. Peppermint oil enhances cyclosporine oral bioavailability in rats: comparison with D-alpha-tocopheryl poly(ethylene glycol 1000) succinate (TPGS) and ketoconazole. J Pharm Sci 2002;91:77-90.
- Lawson MJ, Knight RE, Tran K, et al. Failure of enteric-coated peppermint oil in the irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized double-blind crossover study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1988;3:235-8. DOI
- Unger M, Frank A. Simultaneous determination of the inhibitory potency of herbal extracts on the activity of six major cytochrome P450 enzymes using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and automated online extraction. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2004;1 PubMed
- Maliakal PP, Wanwimolruk S. Effect of herbal teas on hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2001;53:1323-9. PubMed
- Rogers SN, Pahor AL. A form of stomatitis induced by excessive peppermint consumption. Dent Update 1995;22:36-7.
- Cappello G, Spezzaferro M, Grossi L, et al. Peppermint oil (Mintoil) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective double blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. Dig Liver Dis 2007;39:530-6. PubMed
- Moghadam BK, Gier R, and Thurlow T. Extensive oral mucosal ulcerations caused by misuse of a commercial mouthwash. Cutis 1999;64:131-134.
- Andersen, K. E. Contact allergy to toothpaste flavors. Contact Dermatitis 1978;4(4):195-198. PubMed
- Barnard, D. R. Repellency of essential oils to mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 1999;36(5):625-629. PubMed
- Tamir, S., Davidovich, Z., Attal, P., and Eliashar, R. Peppermint oil chemical burn. Otolaryngol.Head Neck Surg. 2005;133(5):801-802. PubMed
- Kalavala, M., Hughes, T. M., Goodwin, R. G., Anstey, A. V., and Stone, N. M. Allergic contact dermatitis to peppermint foot spray. Contact Dermatitis 2007;57(1):57-58. PubMed
- Vermaat, H., van Meurs, T., Rustemeyer, T., Bruynzeel, D. P., and Kirtschig, G. Vulval allergic contact dermatitis due to peppermint oil in herbal tea. Contact Dermatitis 2008;58(6):364-365. PubMed
- Merat, S., Khalili, S., Mostajabi, P., Ghorbani, A., Ansari, R., and Malekzadeh, R. The effect of enteric-coated, delayed-release peppermint oil on irritable bowel syndrome. Dig.Dis.Sci. 2010;55(5):1385-1390. PubMed
- Tran, A., Pratt, M., and DeKoven, J. Acute allergic contact dermatitis of the lips from peppermint oil in a lip balm. Dermatitis 2010;21(2):111-115. DOI
- Hitz, Lindenmuller, I and Lambrecht, J. T. Oral care. Curr Probl.Dermatol 2011;40:107-115.
- Shavakhi, A., Ardestani, S. K., Taki, M., Goli, M., and Keshteli, A. H. Premedication with peppermint oil capsules in colonoscopy: a double blind placebo-controlled randomized trial study. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2012;75(3):349-353.
- Lech, Y., Olesen, K. M., Hey, H., Rask-Pedersen, E., Vilien, M., and Ostergaard, O. [Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with peppermint oil. A double- blind study with a placebo]. Ugeskr.Laeger 10-3-1988;150(40):2388-2389.
- Parys, B. T. Chemical burns resulting from contact with peppermint oil mar: a case report. Burns Incl.Therm.Inj. 1983;9(5):374-375. PubMed
- Bayat R, Borici-Mazi R. A case of anaphylaxis to peppermint. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2014;10(1):6. PubMed
- Rich G, Shah A, Koloski N, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial on the effects of Menthacarin, a proprietary peppermint- and caraway-oil-preparation, on symptoms and quality of life in patients with functional dyspepsia. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2 PubMed
- Douros A, Bronder E, Andersohn F, et al. Herb-Induced Liver Injury in the Berlin Case-Control Surveillance Study. Int J Mol Sci 2016;17(1). PubMed
- Begas E, Tsioutsiouliti A, Kouvaras E, et al. Effects of peppermint tea consumption on the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, Xanthine Oxidase, N-acetyltranferase-2 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases-1A1/1A6 in healthy volunteers. Food Chem Toxicol 2017;100:80-9 PubMed
- Cash BD, Epstein MS, Shah SM. A Novel Delivery System of Peppermint Oil Is an Effective Therapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms. Dig Dis Sci 2016;61(2):560-71. PubMed
- Elsaie LT, El Mohsen AM, Ibrahim IM, Mohey-Eddin MH, Elsaie ML. Effectiveness of topical peppermint oil on symptomatic treatment of chronic pruritus. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2016;9:333-8. PubMed
- Wu J, Xu R, Zhan R, et al. Effective symptomatic treatment for severe and intractable pruritus associated with severe burn-induced hypertrophic scars: A prospective, multicenter, controlled trial. Burns 2016;42(5):1059-66. PubMed
- Weerts ZZRM, Masclee AAM, Witteman BJM, et al. Efficacy and safety of peppermint oil in a randomized, double-blind trial of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(1):123-136. PubMed
- Nee J, Ballou S, Kelley JM, et al. Peppermint Oil Treatment for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2021;116(11):2279-2285. PubMed
- Ingrosso MR, Ianiro G, Nee J, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: efficacy of peppermint oil in irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022;56(6):932-41. PubMed
Medication overviews come from MedlinePlus (NIH); supplement label data from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists — see our data sources and editorial standards.
Semaglutide Is Linked to Lower Levels of One Nutrient
Natural Medicines records Semaglutide as a medicine that can lower these. This is not an interaction with Peppermint — it is a separate effect of the medicine, and it is a reason some people are advised to supplement rather than to avoid one:
Read the full Semaglutide nutrient depletion report ›
Depletion records come from the licensed Natural Medicines database. Do not start a supplement on the strength of this page — ask your pharmacist or doctor whether it applies to you.
Taking Peppermint and Semaglutide Together: Common Questions
Is it safe to take Peppermint with Semaglutide?
Do Peppermint and Semaglutide have any of the same side effects?
How was the Peppermint and Semaglutide combination checked?
Does Peppermint interact with any other medications?
Does Semaglutide interact with any supplements?
Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy
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This information is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always check with your pharmacist or doctor before starting, stopping, or combining supplements and medications.