Major interaction on record — check this product against your medications before combining. Based on 4 of 6 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Absolute Focus Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Bright Brain

Absolute Focus label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Major
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Absolute Focus against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Major

Absolute Focus is a dietary supplement by Bright Brain with 6 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for memory and thinking, brain health and aging, stroke recovery support.Based on those ingredients, 1,084 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated major. The ingredients most likely to interact are Adrafinil, Glutamine. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

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Check Your Meds Against Absolute Focus by Bright Brain

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Absolute Focus by Bright Brain — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Absolute Focus by Bright Brain

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Partial disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Partial

Most active ingredients list an amount, but at least one is hidden in a blend or missing.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 4 of its 6 active ingredients.

Absolute Focus contains 6 ingredients total. The active ones are citicoline (a building block for brain cell membranes), gelatin (the capsule material), glutamine (an amino acid), noopept, adrafinil (a stimulant-like compound that converts to modafinil in your body), and phenylpiracetam.

There are no other inactive ingredients listed.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Daily nootropic for mental performance and cognitive abilities.
  • We looked for evidence on: Age-related cognitive decline, Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Mental alertness, Brain fog, Executive function, Processing speed — and 1 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Citicoline is rated "Possibly Effective" for Age-related cognitive decline (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Glutamine is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  • Also on file: Citicoline is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

The evidence for these ingredients is mixed. Citicoline is possibly effective for age-related cognitive decline and glaucoma, but the data for Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and cardiac arrest isn't solid enough to rate.

Glutamine is effective for sickle cell disease and possibly effective for HIV/AIDS-related weight loss and recovery after surgery. For adrafinil — which is what the product is partly counting on for mental sharpness — the evidence we hold doesn't establish that it works for age-related decline, mental alertness, athletic performance, or obesity.

The effectiveness data for noopept and phenylpiracetam isn't in our files.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Citicoline Gelatin Glutamine Adrafinil

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 4 of the 4 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 4 of 4.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 4 of 4.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Citicoline is generally well tolerated in studies, though long-term safety isn't fully mapped out. Common side effects include abdominal pain, back pain, blurred vision, headache, and insomnia.

Avoid it in pregnancy and while breastfeeding — there's not enough safety data. Glutamine is generally well tolerated in healthy adults but needs medical supervision if you have kidney or liver disease.

Common side effects are belching, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, headache, nausea, and vomiting. Avoid supplemental doses in pregnancy and while breastfeeding unless your doctor advises otherwise.

Adrafinil has limited safety information, but because it converts to a prescription stimulant, it may stress your liver and shouldn't be used casually. Reported side effects include headache, disturbed sleep, and stimulation; it's unsafe in pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Gelatin is generally well tolerated as a food ingredient but can cause belching, bloating, and indigestion at supplement doses; allergic reactions are rare but possible.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Citicoline Gelatin Glutamine Adrafinil

Meds to double-check

Major interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Major identified

At least one ingredient has a documented Major-severity interaction. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 2 of the 4 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Glutamine, Adrafinil.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Major.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; seizure medications.
  • For scale: 1,085 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check before using this product if you take modafinil (Provigil) — this combination is a Major concern. Also double-check if you're on blood pressure medications, seizure drugs (anticonvulsants), blood thinners, antidepressants, heart rhythm drugs, ADHD stimulants, or any other prescription.

Adrafinil alters how your body processes multiple drug types, so your pharmacist needs to see your full list.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glancePartially disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Major medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product is aimed at people looking to sharpen focus and mental clarity, but it carries real medication risks — especially if you take a blood pressure drug, seizure medication, or any stimulant. If you're pregnant or breastfeeding, skip it.

Talk to your pharmacist before starting, and bring a full list of your prescriptions and other supplements.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 4 of 6 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Aug 22, 2024.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Absolute Focus, straight from the product label.

Brand Bright Brain
Net contents 30 Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Aug 22, 2024
DSLD ID 318240
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Absolute Focus by Bright Brain, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
30
IngredientAmount% DV
Citicoline135 mg--
Gelatin0 NP--
Glutamine0 NP--
Noopept15 mg--
Adrafinil150 mg--
Phenylpiracetam100 mg--

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formulation

Focus Energy Memory Cognition Concentration Neuroprotection Mood enhancement Daily nootropic for mental performance & cognitive abilities

Focus Cognition Concentration Mood/Energy Memory Neuroprotection

Seals/Symbols

Made in America

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested use Take 1 pill in the morning and 1 pill in the afternoon, if needed. Take no more than 2 pills daily, separated by 8 hours.

Formula

Absolute focus provides a lab tested combination of ingredients, developed through years of clinical research. It is intended to boost your mental performance and cognitive abilities. It targets the brain and its pathways to help to increase performance over time.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Precautions

Keep out of reach of children & pets.

Consult your physician before use if you are pregnant, nursing, or have a medical condition & are taking any prescribed medications.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Absolute Focus by Bright Brain label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Absolute Focus label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Absolute Focus by Bright Brain

These are the 6 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Citicoline

No known
interactions
135 mg per serving

Citicoline is a naturally occurring compound involved in making brain cell membranes and the messenger chemical acetylcholine. It is popularly taken f...

Citicoline monograph & interactions

Gelatin

No known
interactions
0 NP per serving

Gelatin is a protein made from animal collagen, used as a food, a capsule ingredient, and a supplement for joint, skin, and bone health. For most heal...

Gelatin monograph & interactions

Glutamine

Interacts with
50 drugs
0 NP per serving

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body and is usually made in your muscles. A prescription form is FDA-approved to help reduce sickle c...

Glutamine monograph & interactions

Noopept

15 mg per serving

Adrafinil

Interacts with
1,057 drugs
150 mg per serving

Adrafinil is a synthetic compound that the body converts into modafinil, a prescription wakefulness-promoting drug. It is sometimes sold as a nootropi...

Adrafinil monograph & interactions

Phenylpiracetam

100 mg per serving
Interaction report

Absolute Focus by Bright Brain Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Absolute Focus?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,084Drugs
1 Major 1,083 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Adrafinil 1,057
Glutamine 50

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Absolute Focus interact with 1,084 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

2 of the 6 ingredients in Absolute Focus interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Adrafinil Glutamine

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Absolute Focus with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Adrafinil11 drug types · 1,057 drugs

Modafinil (Provigil)

Concomitant use might increase the risk for serious adverse effects.
Adrafinil is a precursor to the stimulant prescription drug modafinil. Concomitant use with modafinil would be expected to result in increased clinical and adverse effects.

Likelihood Likely Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, adrafinil might reduce the effects of antihypertensive drugs.
Adrafinil is a precursor to the stimulant prescription drug modafinil. Modafinil has been shown to increase diastolic and systolic blood pressure. Retrospective analyses show that patients taking modafinil had a small but increased rate of requiring new antihypertensive drugs or increased use of antihypertensive drugs when compared with placebo.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, adrafinil might reduce the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Adrafinil is a precursor to the stimulant prescription drug modafinil. Modafinil has been shown to weakly induce CYP1A2 activity in vitro.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (Cyp2B6) Substrates

Theoretically, adrafinil might reduce the levels and clinical effects of CYP2B6 substrates.
Adrafinil is a precursor to the stimulant prescription drug modafinil. Modafinil has been shown to weakly induce CYP2B6 activity in vitro.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (Cyp2C19) Substrates

Theoretically, adrafinil might increase the levels and clinical effects of CYP2C19 substrates.
Adrafinil is a precursor to the stimulant prescription drug modafinil. Modafinil has been shown to inhibit CYP2C19 activity in vitro.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, adrafinil might increase the levels and clinical effects of CYP2C9 substrates.
Adrafinil is a precursor to the stimulant prescription drug modafinil. Modafinil has been shown to reduce CYP2C9 expression in vitro.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Inhibitors

Theoretically, drugs that inhibit CYP3A4 might increase the levels and clinical effects of adrafinil.
Adrafinil is a precursor to the stimulant prescription drug modafinil. Modafinil is metabolized by CYP3A4.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, adrafanil might reduce levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Adrafinil is a precursor to the stimulant prescription drug modafinil. Modafinil has been shown to weakly induce CYP3A4 activity.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (Maois)

Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the risk for serious adverse effects.
Adrafinil is a precursor to the stimulant prescription drug modafinil. Modafinil, and a related drug, armodafinil, have been associated with reports of serious adverse effects, such as hypertensive crisis and hyperthermia, when used in combination with MAOIs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Stimulant Drugs

Theoretically, taking adrafinil with stimulant drugs might have additive stimulant effects.
Adrafinil is a precursor to the prescription drug modafinil, which has stimulant effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, adrafinil might alter the effects and adverse effects of warfarin.
Adrafinil is a precursor to the stimulant prescription drug modafinil. Although pharmacokinetic research shows that modafinil does not alter levels of warfarin, this study was limited to a single dose. Experts recommend monitoring international normalized ratio (INR) in patients who are taking warfarin and initiating treatment with modafinil.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Adrafinil full monograph & interactions

Glutamine1 drug type · 50 drugs

Anticonvulsants

Theoretically, glutamine might antagonize the effects of anticonvulsant medications.
Glutamine is metabolized to the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Glutamate might have antagonistic effects with anticonvulsant drugs. However, this interaction has not yet been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Glutamine full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Absolute Focus, from the product label.

Bright Brain

See all Bright Brain products
Name
Bright Brain
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Absolute Focus by Bright Brain: Common Questions

Does Absolute Focus by Bright Brain interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Absolute Focus has a known interaction with 1,084 medications, including 1 rated major. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Absolute Focus contains 6 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take Absolute Focus if I'm pregnant?
No. Citicoline and adrafinil both lack sufficient safety data in pregnancy, and adrafinil is rated possibly unsafe. Talk with your doctor before considering any focus supplement while pregnant.
What does citicoline actually do?
Citicoline is a compound that helps build and maintain your brain cell membranes. It's possibly effective for age-related cognitive decline and glaucoma, but the evidence for other brain conditions like Alzheimer's is too weak to say whether it works.
Is adrafinil the same as modafinil?
No, but your body converts adrafinil into modafinil. That's why it acts as a stimulant and why taking it with the actual drug modafinil is dangerous — you'd be doubling up on a powerful prescription compound.
What side effects are most common with this product?
The most frequent ones are headache, insomnia, back pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, bloating, and constipation. If you notice disturbed sleep or feel overstimulated, that's a sign to stop and talk to your pharmacist.
Can I breastfeed while taking Absolute Focus?
No. Citicoline and adrafinil both advise against breastfeeding because there's not enough safety data. Glutamine also lacks reliable breastfeeding data. Talk to your doctor before using this product while nursing.
Why does the product interact with so many medications?
Adrafinil converts to modafinil, a stimulant that changes how your liver processes many drugs. It also raises blood pressure, which conflicts with blood pressure medications. That's why the interaction count is high — one ingredient touches many different drug types.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Absolute Focus is safe with your meds?

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Absolute Focus label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Absolute Focus’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Citicoline

Citicoline is a naturally occurring compound involved in making brain cell membranes and the messenger chemical acetylcholine. It is popularly taken for memory, focus, and brain aging, and s...

Read the full Citicoline monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Gelatin

Gelatin is a protein made from animal collagen, used as a food, a capsule ingredient, and a supplement for joint, skin, and bone health. For most health uses, the evidence is limited or mixe...

Read the full Gelatin monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Glutamine

Interacts with 50 drugs

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body and is usually made in your muscles. A prescription form is FDA-approved to help reduce sickle cell disease complications, but for most...

Read the full Glutamine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Adrafinil

Interacts with 1,057 drugs

Adrafinil is a synthetic compound that the body converts into modafinil, a prescription wakefulness-promoting drug. It is sometimes sold as a nootropic supplement, but it is unregulated, car...

Read the full Adrafinil monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Absolute Focus's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 40 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Citicoline 11 references
  1. Spiers PA, Myers D, Hochanadel GS, et al. Citicoline improves verbal memory in aging. Arch Neurol 1996;53:441-8. PubMed
  2. Fioravanti M, Yanagi M. Cytidinediphosphocholine (CDP-choline) for cognitive and behavioural disturbances associated with chronic cerebral disorders in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(2):CD000269. PubMed
  3. Conant R, Schauss AG. Therapeutic applications of citicoline for stroke and cognitive function in the elderly: A review of the literature. Altern Med Rev 2004;9:17-31.
  4. Warach, S., Pettigrew, L. C., Dashe, J. F., Pullicino, P., Lefkowitz, D. M., Sabounjian, L., Harnett, K., Schwiderski, U., and Gammans, R. Effect of citicoline on ischemic lesions as measured by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Citicoline 0 DOI
  5. Lukas, S. E., Kouri, E. M., Rhee, C., Madrid, A., and Renshaw, P. F. Effects of short-term citicoline treatment on acute cocaine intoxication and cardiovascular effects. Psychopharmacology.(Berl.) 2001;157(2):163-167. PubMed
  6. Dinsdale, J. R., Griffiths, G. K., Castello, J., Maddock, J., Ortiz, J. A., and Aylward, M. CDP-choline: repeated oral dose tolerance studies in adult healthy volunteers. Arzneimittelforschung. 1983;33(7A):1061-1065.
  7. Clark BC, Georgekutty J, Berul CI. Myocardial ischemia secondary to synthetic cannabinoid (K2) use in pediatric patients. J Pediatr 2015;167(3):757-61.e1. PubMed
  8. Ghajar A, Gholamian F, Tabatabei-Motlagh M, et al. Citicoline (CDP-choline) add-on therapy to risperidone for treatment of negative symptoms in patients with stable schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2
  9. Castagna A, Manzo C, Fabbo A, Lacava R, Ruberto C, Ruotolo G. The CITIMERIVA Study: CITIcoline plus MEmantina plus RIVAstigmine in Older Patients Affected with Alzheimer's Disease. Clin Drug Investig. 2021 Feb;41(2):177-182. PubMed
  10. Jeong H, Yoon S, Sung YH, et al. Effects of cytidine-5'-diphosphate choline on gray matter volumes in methamphetamine-dependent patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Psychiatr Res 2021;143:215-221. PubMed
  11. Nakazaki E, Mah E, Sanoshy K, Citrolo D, Watanabe F. Citicoline and Memory Function in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. J Nutr 2021;151(8):2153-2160. PubMed

See these in context on the Citicoline monograph →

Gelatin 11 references
  1. Lewis CJ. Letter to reiterate certain public health and safety concerns to firms manufacturing or importing dietary supplements that contain specific bovine tissues. FDA. Available at: www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/dspltr05.html.
  2. Schwick HG, Heide K. Immunochemistry and immunology of collagen and gelatin. Bibl Haematol 1969;33:111-25. PubMed
  3. Moskowitz RW. Role of collagen hydrolysate in bone and joint disease.Semin Arthritis Rheum 2000;30:87-99. PubMed
  4. Kelso JM. The gelatin story. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:200-2.
  5. Nakayama T, Aizawa C, Kuno-Sakai H. A clinical analysis of gelatin allergy and determination of its causal relationship to the previous administration of gelatin-containing acellular pertussis vaccine combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. J Allerg PubMed
  6. Sakaguchi M, Inouye S. Anaphylaxis to gelatin-containing rectal suppositories. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108:1033-4. PubMed
  7. PDR Electronic Library. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc., 2001.
  8. de la Fuente Tornero E, Vega Castro A, de Sierra Hernández PÁ, et al. Kounis syndrome during anesthesia: Presentation of indolent systemic mastocytosis: A case report. A Case Rep. 2017;8(9):226-228. PubMed
  9. Ventura Spagnolo E, Calapai G, Minciullo PL, Mannucci C, Asmundo A, Gangemi S. Lethal anaphylactic reaction to intravenous gelatin in the course of surgery. Am J Ther. 2016;23(6):e1344-e1346. PubMed
  10. Li Y, He H, Yang L, Li X, Li D, Luo S. Therapeutic effect of Colla corii asini on improving anemia and hemoglobin compositions in pregnant women with thalassemia. Int J Hematol. 2016;104(5):559-565. PubMed
  11. Coury JR, Skaggs KF, Marciano GF, et al. Intraoperative Anaphylaxis to the Bovine Flowable Gelatin Matrix: A Report of 2 Cases. JBJS Case Connect 2022;12(1). PubMed

See these in context on the Gelatin monograph →

Glutamine 11 references
  1. Miller AL. Therapeutic considerations of L-glutamine: a review of the literature. Altern Med Rev 1999;4:239-48..
  2. Bozzetti F, Biganzoli L, Gavazzi C, et al. Glutamine supplementation in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a double-blind randomized study. Nutrition 1997;13:748-51.. PubMed
  3. Mebane AH. L-Glutamine and mania. Am J Psychiatry 984;141:1302-3.
  4. Meldrum BS. Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology. J Nutr 2000;130:1007S-15S.. PubMed
  5. Garlick PJ. Assessment of the safety of glutamine and other amino acids. J Nutr 2001;131:2556S-61S.. PubMed
  6. Chapman AG. Glutamate and epilepsy. J Nutr 2000;130:1043S-5S.. PubMed
  7. Ziegler TR. Glutamine supplementation in cancer patients receiving bone marrow transplantation and high dose chemotherapy. J Nutr 2001;131:2578S-84S.. PubMed
  8. Laviano A, Molfino A, Lacaria MT, Canelli A, De Leo S, Preziosa I, Rossi Fanelli F. Glutamine supplementation favors weight loss in nondieting obese female patients. A pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014 Nov;68(11):1264-6. PubMed
  9. Endari (l-glutamine) [package insert]. Torrance, CA: Emmaus Medical,Inc; 2017.
  10. Niihara Y, Miller ST, Kanter J, et al. A Phase 3 Trial of l-Glutamine in Sickle Cell Disease. N Engl J Med 2018;379(3):226-35. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1715971.
  11. Ogden HB, Child RB, Fallowfield JL, et al. Gastrointestinal Tolerance of Low, Medium and High Dose Acute Oral l-Glutamine Supplementation in Healthy Adults: A Pilot Study. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):2953. PubMed

See these in context on the Glutamine monograph →

Adrafinil 7 references
  1. Urban AE, Cubala WJ. The role of eugeroics in the treatment of affective disorders. Psychiatr Pol. 2020;54(1):21-33. PubMed
  2. Lowe DW, Dobson E, Jewett AG, Whisler EE. Adrafinil: Psychostimulant and purported nootropic? Am J Psych Res J. 2021;17(1):7-9. DOI
  3. Thobois S, Xie J, Mollion H, Benatru I, Broussolle E. Adrafinil-induced orofacial dyskinesia. Mov Disord 2004;19(8):965-6. PubMed
  4. Chariot J, Appia F, Vaille C, Rozé C. Effect of modafinil on pancreatic exocrine secretion in rats. A comparison with adrafinil and related drugs. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1987;1(4):243-52. PubMed
  5. Kumar R. Approved and investigational uses of modafinil: an evidence-based review. Drugs. 2008;68(13):1803-39. PubMed
  6. Provigil (modafinil) [package insert]. North Wales, PA: Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. Published: January 2015. Accessed on: Nov 11, 2022.
  7. Kinslow, CJ, Shapiro SD, Grunebaum MF, Miller EC. Acute hypertensive crisis and severe headache after concurrent use of armodafinil and tranylcypromine: Case report and review of the literature. Clinical Short Communication. October 2018; 393:1-3. PubMed

See these in context on the Adrafinil monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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