Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Morphos Stack Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Douglas Laboratories

Morphos Stack label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Morphos Stack against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Morphos Stack is a dietary supplement by Douglas Laboratories with 4 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for muscle recovery and sports performance, gut health and 'leaky gut', recovery from severe illness or injury.Based on those ingredients, 647 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Chrysin, Tribulus Terrestris, L-Glutamine. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

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Check Your Meds Against Morphos Stack by Douglas Laboratories

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Morphos Stack by Douglas Laboratories — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Morphos Stack by Douglas Laboratories

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 4 of its 4 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

Morphos Stack contains 4 active ingredients. L-Glutamine is an amino acid that supports muscle and immune function, particularly studied in recovery from illness and injury.

Chrysin is a plant compound theoretically active against hormonal and inflammatory targets. Androstenedione is a hormone precursor — a controlled substance that the body can convert to estrogen and testosterone.

Tribulus Terrestris is a plant extract traditionally used for sexual function and athletic performance. The capsule also contains inactive ingredients: gelatin, cellulose, vegetable stearate, and silica.

Does it work?

Strong evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed

This product doesn't appear to be marketed for a specific use, so we graded its ingredients' overall clinical evidence instead.

Strong

Strong clinical evidence supports its ingredients for:

Why this rating?
  • We looked at the product name, claims, and label statements and couldn't find a stated purpose to grade.
  • Since the label doesn't commit to one use, we graded the ingredients' overall clinical evidence instead.
  • On file: Sickle cell disease — rated "Effective" (Glutamine) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Sexual dysfunction — rated "Possibly Effective" (Tribulus) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: HIV/AIDS-related wasting — rated "Possibly Effective" (Glutamine) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Critical illness (trauma) — rated "Possibly Effective" (Glutamine) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Postoperative recovery — rated "Possibly Effective" (Glutamine) (Natural Medicines).

The evidence is mixed and limited. L-Glutamine is rated Effective for sickle cell disease and Possibly Effective for HIV/AIDS-related wasting, recovery after surgery, and critical illness.

Chrysin has no reliable evidence for any of its marketed uses — anxiety, athletic performance, cancer, HIV/AIDS, muscle strength, and gout are all rated Insufficient. Androstenedione is rated Likely Ineffective for muscle strength; sexual dysfunction, athletic performance, erectile dysfunction, and fatigue are Insufficient.

Tribulus Terrestris is Possibly Effective for sexual dysfunction but Possibly Ineffective for athletic performance; benign prostatic hyperplasia is Insufficient.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Glutamine Chrysin Androstenedione Tribulus

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 3 of the 4 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 4 of 4.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 4 of 4.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

L-Glutamine is generally well tolerated orally, though people with kidney or liver disease should only use it under medical supervision. Common side effects in trials include belching, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, flatulence, headache, nausea, and vomiting.

Rare reports include dizziness and, in patients with bipolar disorder, mania or hypomania. Chrysin appears well tolerated short-term, but long-term safety is not well studied.

Androstenedione carries serious rare risks including liver toxicity and cancer (breast, endometrial, pancreatic, prostate); it also causes acne, hair loss, and skin changes. Tribulus terrestris is often well tolerated, though liver and kidney injury, seizures, and painful erection have been rarely reported.

For pregnancy: L-Glutamine is Likely Safe; Chrysin should be avoided; Androstenedione is Likely Unsafe; Tribulus is Possibly Unsafe. For breastfeeding, the data advises against L-Glutamine, Chrysin, and Tribulus; Androstenedione is Unsafe.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Glutamine Chrysin Androstenedione Tribulus

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 4 of the 4 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Tribulus, Androstenedione, Glutamine, Chrysin.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; seizure medications; diabetes medications; lithium.
  • For scale: 647 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check with your pharmacist before taking this product if you use estrogen-containing birth control or estrogen therapy, anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs (blood thinners like warfarin or aspirin), antihypertensive drugs (blood-pressure lowering), antidiabetes medications, lithium, diclofenac (Voltaren), aromatase inhibitors, mephenytoin (Mesantoin), or drugs metabolized by the cytochrome P450 1A2 enzyme or glucuronidated drugs. No interactions are documented for the inactive ingredients we could check.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with strong clinical evidence behind its ingredients' uses. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This stack is marketed for athletic performance and sexual function, but the evidence is weak or absent for most claims. The combination carries substantial medication interactions, especially with contraceptives, blood thinners, blood-pressure drugs, and diabetes medications.

If you take any prescription, run it through the checker below first — and avoid this product during pregnancy or while breastfeeding.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 4 of 4 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Jun 25, 2012.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Morphos Stack, straight from the product label.

Brand Douglas Laboratories
Net contents 90 Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Jun 25, 2012
DSLD ID 10321
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Dairy Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Morphos Stack by Douglas Laboratories, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
3 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
3 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
30
IngredientAmount% DV
L-Glutamine250 mg--
Chrysin100 mg--
Androstenedione100 mg--
Tribulus Terrestris750 mg--

Other ingredients: Gelatin, Cellulose, Vegetable Stearate, Silica

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Precautions

KEEP OUT OF REACHOF CHILDREN.

Tamper resistant package, do not use if outer seal is missing.

Storage

For optimal storage conditions, keep tightly closed and store in a cool, dry place. (59(0)-77(0)F/15(0)-25(0)C) (35-65% relative humidity)

General

Formula #98463

FDA Statement of Identity

A Dietary Supplement

Formulation

This product contains NO yeast, wheat gluten, soy protein, milk/dairy, corn, sodium, starch, artificial coloring or preservatives.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Morphos Stack by Douglas Laboratories label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Morphos Stack label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Morphos Stack by Douglas Laboratories

These are the 4 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size3 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

L-Glutamine

Interacts with
50 drugs
250 mg per serving

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body and is usually made in your muscles. A prescription form is FDA-approved to help reduce sickle c...

L-Glutamine monograph & interactions

Chrysin

Interacts with
358 drugs
100 mg per serving

Chrysin is a plant flavonoid sold mainly as a bodybuilding supplement claimed to raise testosterone or block estrogen, but human studies have not show...

Chrysin monograph & interactions

Androstenedione

Interacts with
41 drugs
100 mg per serving

Androstenedione is a prohormone that the body can convert into testosterone and estrogen, but studies have not shown that taking it reliably builds mu...

Androstenedione monograph & interactions

Tribulus Terrestris

Interacts with
259 drugs
750 mg per serving Form: Saponins

Tribulus is a plant supplement most often marketed to boost libido, testosterone, and athletic performance, but the human evidence behind these claims...

Tribulus Terrestris monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Gelatin, Cellulose, Vegetable Stearate, Silica. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Morphos Stack by Douglas Laboratories Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Morphos Stack?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
647Drugs
481 Moderate 166 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Chrysin 358
Tribulus Terrestris 259
L-Glutamine 50
Androstenedione 41

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Morphos Stack interact with 647 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

4 of the 4 ingredients in Morphos Stack interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Chrysin Tribulus Terrestris L-Glutamine Androstenedione

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Morphos Stack with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Chrysin9 drug types · 358 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, chrysin might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro evidence suggests that chrysin might inhibit platelet aggregation.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Aromatase Inhibitors

Theoretically, chrysin might increase the effects and adverse effects of aromatase inhibitors.
In vitro research suggests that chrysin might decrease estrogen synthesis by acting as an aromatase (estrogen synthetase) inhibitor..

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Contraceptive Drugs

Theoretically, chrysin might reduce the efficacy of estrogen-containing contraceptive drugs.
In vitro research suggests that chrysin might have antiestrogenic activity.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Diclofenac (Voltaren, Others)

Theoretically, chrysin might increase the effects and adverse effects of diclofenac.
In vitro research suggests that chrysin and its sulfate conjugate inhibit diclofenac metabolism. It is speculated that chrysin and its sulfate conjugate reduce the metabolism of diclofenac by inhibiting cytochrome P450 2C9. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Estrogens

Theoretically, chrysin might decrease the effects of estrogen therapy.
In vitro research suggests that chrysin might have antiestrogenic activity.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Mephenytoin (Mesantoin)

Theoretically, chrysin might increase the effects and adverse effects of mephenytoin.
In vitro research suggests that chrysin and its sulfate and glucuronide conjugates inhibit S-mephenytoin metabolism. It is speculated that chrysin and its conjugates reduce the metabolism of S-mephenytoin by inhibiting cytochrome P450 2C19. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, chrysin might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
In vitro research suggests that chrysin inhibits CYP1A2 isozymes. However, chrysin does not appear to inhibit CYP1A2-dependent caffeine metabolism in animals. Due to chrysin's low bioavailability and rapid metabolism to glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, this interaction is unlikely.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence D
Glucuronidated Drugs

Theoretically, chrysin might increase the clearance of drugs that are UGT1A1 substrates, thereby reducing their effectiveness.
In vitro research suggests that chrysin might induce UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1).

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence D
Testosterone

Theoretically, chrysin might increase the effects and adverse effects of testosterone.
In vitro research suggests that chrysin and its sulfate conjugate inhibit testosterone metabolism. It is speculated that chrysin and its sulfate conjugate reduce the metabolism of testosterone by inhibiting cytochrome P450 3A4. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Chrysin full monograph & interactions

Tribulus Terrestris3 drug types · 259 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Taking tribulus with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Clinical research shows that Tribulus can lower blood glucose levels in adults with type 2 diabetes who are taking antidiabetes medications.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, taking tribulus with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Animal research shows that tribulus can lower blood pressure by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Tribulus has also demonstrated hypotensive effects in pre-hypertensive adults.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Lithium

Theoretically, tribulus might increase the levels and clinical effects of lithium.
Tribulus is thought to have diuretic properties. Due to these potential diuretic effects, tribulus might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium. The dose of lithium might need to be decreased.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Tribulus Terrestris full monograph & interactions

L-Glutamine1 drug type · 50 drugs

Anticonvulsants

Theoretically, glutamine might antagonize the effects of anticonvulsant medications.
Glutamine is metabolized to the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Glutamate might have antagonistic effects with anticonvulsant drugs. However, this interaction has not yet been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
L-Glutamine full monograph & interactions

Androstenedione1 drug type · 41 drugs

Estrogens

Theoretically, androstenedione might increase the effects and adverse effects of estrogens.
Androstenedione is a precursor to estrogen and seems to increase estrogen levels. However, androstenedione is converted to estrogen only in low estrogen environments. Patients taking estrogen do not have low estrogen levels because of the estrogen treatment. Therefore, androstenedione is unlikely to be converted to estrogen in these patients. However, until more is known, use with caution or avoid using.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Androstenedione full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Morphos Stack, from the product label.

Douglas Laboratories

See all Douglas Laboratories products
Name
Douglas Laboratories
City
Pittsburgh
State
PA
ZipCode
15205
Web Address
www.douglaslabs.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Morphos Stack by Douglas Laboratories: Common Questions

Does Morphos Stack by Douglas Laboratories interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Morphos Stack has a known interaction with 647 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Morphos Stack contains 4 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is this safe to take if I'm trying to get pregnant or am pregnant?
No. L-Glutamine is Likely Safe, but Chrysin should be avoided, Androstenedione is Likely Unsafe, and Tribulus is Possibly Unsafe during pregnancy. Because the product contains ingredients with safety concerns, it's best to talk with your doctor before use.
What's androstenedione, and why is it in here?
Androstenedione is a hormone precursor — your body can convert it to estrogen or testosterone. It's a controlled substance included for muscle and sexual function, but evidence shows it's Likely Ineffective for muscle strength and carries serious rare risks like liver toxicity and cancer. It also commonly causes acne and hair loss.
Does this actually improve athletic performance?
The evidence doesn't support it. Chrysin, Androstenedione, and Tribulus are all rated either Insufficient or Ineffective for athletic performance. L-Glutamine isn't marketed for that use here.
Can I take this for sexual dysfunction?
Only Tribulus Terrestris in this stack has evidence for sexual dysfunction — it's rated Possibly Effective — but the evidence is modest. The other ingredients have no reliable data (Chrysin, Androstenedione) or don't target that use. Talk with your doctor about what might actually work.
What are the most common side effects?
L-Glutamine commonly causes belching, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, and nausea. Androstenedione causes acne, hair loss, and skin changes. Tribulus and Chrysin side effects are less well documented but can include gastrointestinal upset.
Is it safe to take long-term?
Long-term safety data are limited for Chrysin and Tribulus. Androstenedione carries serious rare risks — cancer and liver damage — so it's not a supplement to use casually or for long periods. Talk with your pharmacist about your individual situation.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Morphos Stack label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Morphos Stack’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Glutamine

Interacts with 50 drugs

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body and is usually made in your muscles. A prescription form is FDA-approved to help reduce sickle cell disease complications, but for most...

Read the full Glutamine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Chrysin

Interacts with 358 drugs

Chrysin is a plant flavonoid sold mainly as a bodybuilding supplement claimed to raise testosterone or block estrogen, but human studies have not shown these benefits, largely because the bo...

Read the full Chrysin monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Androstenedione

Interacts with 41 drugs

Androstenedione is a prohormone that the body can convert into testosterone and estrogen, but studies have not shown that taking it reliably builds muscle or improves athletic performance. I...

Read the full Androstenedione monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Tribulus

Interacts with 259 drugs

Tribulus is a plant supplement most often marketed to boost libido, testosterone, and athletic performance, but the human evidence behind these claims is weak and inconsistent. It is general...

Read the full Tribulus monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Morphos Stack's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 65 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Glutamine 11 references
  1. Miller AL. Therapeutic considerations of L-glutamine: a review of the literature. Altern Med Rev 1999;4:239-48..
  2. Bozzetti F, Biganzoli L, Gavazzi C, et al. Glutamine supplementation in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a double-blind randomized study. Nutrition 1997;13:748-51.. PubMed
  3. Mebane AH. L-Glutamine and mania. Am J Psychiatry 984;141:1302-3.
  4. Meldrum BS. Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology. J Nutr 2000;130:1007S-15S.. PubMed
  5. Garlick PJ. Assessment of the safety of glutamine and other amino acids. J Nutr 2001;131:2556S-61S.. PubMed
  6. Chapman AG. Glutamate and epilepsy. J Nutr 2000;130:1043S-5S.. PubMed
  7. Ziegler TR. Glutamine supplementation in cancer patients receiving bone marrow transplantation and high dose chemotherapy. J Nutr 2001;131:2578S-84S.. PubMed
  8. Laviano A, Molfino A, Lacaria MT, Canelli A, De Leo S, Preziosa I, Rossi Fanelli F. Glutamine supplementation favors weight loss in nondieting obese female patients. A pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014 Nov;68(11):1264-6. PubMed
  9. Endari (l-glutamine) [package insert]. Torrance, CA: Emmaus Medical,Inc; 2017.
  10. Niihara Y, Miller ST, Kanter J, et al. A Phase 3 Trial of l-Glutamine in Sickle Cell Disease. N Engl J Med 2018;379(3):226-35. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1715971.
  11. Ogden HB, Child RB, Fallowfield JL, et al. Gastrointestinal Tolerance of Low, Medium and High Dose Acute Oral l-Glutamine Supplementation in Healthy Adults: A Pilot Study. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):2953. PubMed

See these in context on the Glutamine monograph →

Chrysin 23 references
  1. Galijatovic A, Otake Y, Walle UK, Walle T. Extensive metabolism of the flavonoid chrysin by human Caco-2 and Hep G2 cells. Xenobiotica 1999;29:1241-56. PubMed
  2. Lee H, Yeom H, Kim YG, et al. Structure-related inhibition of human hepatic caffeine N3-demethylation by naturally occurring flavonoids. Biochem Pharmacol 1998;55:1369-75. PubMed
  3. Galijatovic A, Walle UK, Walle T. Induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase by the flavonoids chrysin and quercetin in Caco-2 cells. Pharm Res 2000;17:21-6.
  4. Walle UK, Galijatovic A, Walle T. Transport of the flavonoid chrysin and its conjugated metabolites by the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Biochem Pharmacol 1999;58:431-8. PubMed
  5. Kao YC, Zhou C, Sherman M, et al. Molecular basis of the inhibition of human aromatase (estrogen synthetase) by flavone and isoflavone phytoestrogens: A site-directed mutagenesis study. Environ Health Perspect 1998;106:85-92. PubMed
  6. Jeong HJ, Shin YG, Kim IH, Pezzuto JM. Inhibition of aromatase activity by flavonoids. Arch Pharm Res 1999;22:309-12. PubMed
  7. Walle T, Otake Y, Galijatovic A, et al. Induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A1 by the flavonoid chrysin in the human hepatoma cell line hep G2. Drug Metab Dispos 2000;28:1077-82. DOI
  8. Walle T, Otake Y, Brubaker JA, et al. Disposition and metabolism of the flavonoid chrysin in normal volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2001;51:143-6. DOI
  9. Galijatovic A, Otake Y, Walle UK, Walle T. Induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A1 by the flavonoid chrysin in Caco-2 cells--potential role in carcinogen bioinactivation. Pharm Res 2001;18:374-9. PubMed
  10. Lautraite S, Musonda AC, Doehmer J, et al. Flavonoids inhibit genetic toxicity produced by carcinogens in cells expressing CYP1A2 and CYP1A1. Mutagenesis 2002;17:45-53. PubMed
  11. Han, D. H., Denison, M. S., Tachibana, H., and Yamada, K. Relationship between estrogen receptor-binding and estrogenic activities of environmental estrogens and suppression by flavonoids. Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem 2002;66(7):1479-1487. PubMed
  12. O'Leary, K. A., de Pascual-Tereasa, S., Needs, P. W., Bao, Y. P., O'Brien, N. M., and Williamson, G. Effect of flavonoids and vitamin E on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) transcription. Mutat.Res 7-13-2004;551(1-2):245-254. PubMed
  13. Woodman, O. L. and Chan, E. C. Vascular and anti-oxidant actions of flavonols and flavones. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2004;31(11):786-790. PubMed
  14. Simons, A. L., Renouf, M., Hendrich, S., and Murphy, P. A. Human gut microbial degradation of flavonoids: structure-function relationships. J Agric.Food Chem 5-18-2005;53(10):4258-4263. PubMed
  15. Kim, H. J., Lee, S. B., Park, S. K., Kim, H. M., Park, Y. I., and Dong, M. S. Effects of hydroxyl group numbers on the B-ring of 5,7-dihydroxyflavones on the differential inhibition of human CYP 1A and CYP1B1 enzymes. Arch Pharm Res 2005;28(10):1114-1121 PubMed
  16. Moon, Y. J., Wang, X., and Morris, M. E. Dietary flavonoids: effects on xenobiotic and carcinogen metabolism. Toxicol In Vitro 2006;20(2):187-210. PubMed
  17. Landolfi, R., Mower, R. L., and Steiner, M. Modification of platelet function and arachidonic acid metabolism by bioflavonoids. Structure-activity relations. Biochem Pharmacol 5-1-1984;33(9):1525-1530. PubMed
  18. Tsyrlov, I. B., Mikhailenko, V. M., and Gelboin, H. V. Isozyme- and species-specific susceptibility of cDNA-expressed CYP1A P-450s to different flavonoids. Biochim.Biophys Acta 4-13-1994;1205(2):325-335. PubMed
  19. Collins, B. M., McLachlan, J. A., and Arnold, S. F. The estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities of phytochemicals with the human estrogen receptor expressed in yeast. Steroids 1997;62(4):365-372. PubMed
  20. Kuiper, G. G., Lemmen, J. G., Carlsson, B., Corton, J. C., Safe, S. H., van der Saag, P. T., van der Burg, B., and Gustafsson, J. A. Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor beta. Endocrinology 1998;139(10):4252-4263. PubMed
  21. Liu G, Xie W, He AD, et al. Antiplatelet activity of chrysin via inhibiting platelet aIIbß3-mediated signaling pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016;60(9):1984-93.
  22. Noh K, Oh do G, Nepal MR, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction of chrysin with caffeine in rats. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2016;24(4):446-52. PubMed
  23. Mohos V, Fliszár-Nyúl E, Ungvári O, et al. Effects of Chrysin and Its Major Conjugated Metabolites Chrysin-7-Sulfate and Chrysin-7-Glucuronide on Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and on OATP, P-gp, BCRP, and MRP2 Transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2020;48(10):1064-10 PubMed

See these in context on the Chrysin monograph →

Androstenedione 21 references
  1. van Weerden WM, van Kreuningen A, Elissen NM, et al. Effects of adrenal androgens on the transplantable human prostate tumor PC-82. Endocrinol 1992;131:2909-13.
  2. Mecenas CA, Giussani DA, Owiny JR, et al. Production of premature delivery in pregnant rhesus monkeys by androstenedione infusion. Nat Med 1996;2:443-8. PubMed
  3. Anon. Creatine and androstenedione, two dietary supplements. Med Lett Drugs Ther 1998;40:105-6.
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See these in context on the Androstenedione monograph →

Tribulus 10 references
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See these in context on the Tribulus monograph →

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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