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Dietary supplement

Serenity With Passionflower Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Gaia Herbs SystemSupport

Serenity With Passionflower label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Botanical
Most serious interaction: Major
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Serenity With Passionflower against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Major

Serenity With Passionflower is a dietary supplement by Gaia Herbs SystemSupport with 1 active ingredient.Based on those ingredients, 1,239 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated major. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

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Check Your Meds Against Serenity With Passionflower by Gaia Herbs SystemSupport

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Serenity With Passionflower by Gaia Herbs SystemSupport — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Serenity With Passionflower by Gaia Herbs SystemSupport

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 0 of its 8 active ingredients.
  • “Total Alcohol Free Herb Blend Extracts” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (1,080 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “Proprietary Synergistic Extract Blend:” is a proprietary blend — the label doesn't break down how much of each component you get.

This product contains 8 active ingredients in a blend designed for relaxation and sleep support. Passionflower and kava kava are the primary herbal extracts, joined by American skullcap, wild oats, chamomile, mugwort, hops, and peppermint — all combined in what the label calls a proprietary synergistic extract blend.

These are suspended in vegetable glycerin and enclosed in a capsule. Each ingredient brings a different traditional use: passionflower and chamomile for calming, kava for anxiety, skullcap for nervous tension, oats for stress resilience, hops for sleep, and peppermint for digestive comfort.

The formula also includes inactive excipients — the vegetable glycerin and capsule material — to deliver the blend.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: promotes healthy response to stress.
  • We looked for evidence on: Anxiety, Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), Adjustment disorders, Insomnia, Stress management, Relaxation — and 2 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Passion Flower is rated "Possibly Effective" for Pre-procedural anxiety (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Passion Flower is rated "Possibly Effective" for Insomnia.
  • Also on file: Kava is rated "Possibly Ineffective" for Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).

The evidence for this product's individual ingredients is mixed. Passionflower is rated possibly effective for insomnia and pre-procedural anxiety, and chamomile and hops have insufficient evidence to rate for anxiety or insomnia.

Wild oats shows likely effectiveness for cholesterol and heart disease — benefits unrelated to the product's sleep-and-calm purpose. Kava is actually rated possibly ineffective for generalized anxiety disorder, its main marketed use.

American skullcap, mugwort, and peppermint (in this context) all lack established evidence for anxiety or sleep. The evidence we hold doesn't support a strong case that this blend will reliably improve sleep or reduce anxiety, though some individual ingredients have some research behind them.

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 8 of the 8 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 8 of 8.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 8 of 8.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Passionflower and most other herbs in this blend are generally well tolerated short-term but can cause drowsiness — a concern if you drive or operate machinery. The most serious safety flag is kava: it has been linked to over 100 reported cases of liver injury worldwide, especially with prolonged use.

Symptoms of liver damage can appear within 3–4 weeks and include yellowed skin and dark urine. For pregnancy: passionflower, kava, American skullcap, chamomile, and mugwort all carry safety warnings against pregnancy (ranging from possibly unsafe to likely unsafe), and all but wild oats and peppermint should be avoided while breastfeeding due to insufficient safety data.

Chamomile can trigger allergic reactions in people sensitive to ragweed and related plants, and mugwort pollen allergies have been reported. Most common side effects across the blend include dizziness, confusion, dry mouth, and gastrointestinal upset.

Meds to double-check

Major interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Major identified

At least one ingredient has a documented Major-severity interaction. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 7 of the 8 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Peppermint, Oats, Hops, Passion Flower, Kava, among others.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Major.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; diabetes medications.
  • For scale: 1,240 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking Serenity With Passionflower, double-check your medications against these types. Most critical: sedatives, antianxiety drugs, and other CNS depressants (Major severity from kava).

Also check hepatotoxic drugs, antipsychotics like haloperidol, Parkinson's drugs like ropinirole, CYP2C19/2C9/2E1 substrates, oral contraceptives, estrogen replacement, warfarin (blood thinners), tamoxifen (cancer drugs), cyclosporine, and antidiabetes drugs or insulin. No interactions are documented for mugwort in our data.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Major medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This blend is designed for people seeking herbal support for sleep and calm, but the evidence for effectiveness is sparse and the interaction profile is substantial — especially kava's risk of liver injury and combined CNS depressant effects with sedative medications. If you take any prescription drug, use the checker below before starting.

Pregnant or breastfeeding people should avoid this product. Talk to your pharmacist about whether it's appropriate for you, especially if you have liver concerns or take any CNS depressants.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 8 of 8 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Jun 25, 2012.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Serenity With Passionflower, straight from the product label.

Brand Gaia Herbs SystemSupport
Barcode (UPC) 751063396523
Net contents 60 Vegetarian Liquid Phyto-Cap(s)(TM)
Market status Off market
Date entered into DSLD Jun 25, 2012
DSLD ID 10051
Product type Botanical
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Serenity With Passionflower by Gaia Herbs SystemSupport, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
20
UPC/BARCODE
751063396523
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories30 {Calories}--
Passionflower0 NP--
Total Alcohol Free Herb Blend Extracts1080 mg--
Kava Kava0 NP--
Proprietary Synergistic Extract Blend:0 NP--
american Skullcap0 NP--
wild Oats0 NP--
Chamomile0 NP--
Mugwort0 NP--
Hops0 NP--
Peppermint0 NP--

Other ingredients: Vegetable Glycerin, Capsule

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Precautions

Caution: US FDA advises that a potential risk of rare, but severe, liver injury may be associated with kava-containing dietary supplements. Do not take if you have, or have had liver problems, drink alcohol, or take any medications. If you have a medical condition, use under the advice of a health practitioner. Stop use and see a doctor if you develop symptoms that may signal liver problems, including jaundice (yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes) and brown urine. Other nonspecific symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, light-colored stools, unexplained tiredness, weakness, stomach or abdominal pain, and loss of appetite.

Not for use by persons under 18 years of age, or by pregnant or breastfeeding women.

Not for use with alcoholic beverages. Excessive use, or use with products that cause drowsiness, may impair your ability to operate a vehicle or heavy equipment.

Safety sealed for your protection.

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Use only as directed on label.

Storage

Keep bottle capped at all times and store in a cool dry place.

General Statements

Natural separation may occur. This does not affect product quality.

Promotes a healthy response to stress*

BEST BY

FDA Statement of Identity

DIETARY SUPPLEMENT

Formula

Passionflower

Each 3 capsules contain 3,437 mg dry herb equivalent.

General

[006] 1240-0711

FDA Disclaimer Statement

*This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Brand IP Statement(s)

meetyourherbs(R) Enter ID # at GaiaHerbs.com

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Serenity With Passionflower by Gaia Herbs SystemSupport label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Serenity With Passionflower label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Serenity With Passionflower by Gaia Herbs SystemSupport

This is the 1 active ingredient this product is made of. Select it to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container20 Amounts shown are per serving.

Total Alcohol Free Herb Blend Extracts

1080 mg per serving
  • › Proprietary Synergistic Extract Blend:

Other (inactive) ingredients: Vegetable Glycerin, Capsule. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Serenity With Passionflower by Gaia Herbs SystemSupport Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Serenity With Passionflower?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,239Drugs
248 Major 972 Moderate 19 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Serenity With Passionflower interact with 1,239 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

0 of the 1 ingredient in Serenity With Passionflower interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible.

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Serenity With Passionflower with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Serenity With Passionflower, from the product label.

Gaia Herbs SystemSupport

See all Gaia Herbs SystemSupport products
Name
Gaia Herbs, Inc.
Street Address
101 Gaia Herbs Dr.
City
Brevard
State
NC
ZipCode
28712
Web Address
GaiaHerbs.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Serenity With Passionflower by Gaia Herbs SystemSupport: Common Questions

Does Serenity With Passionflower by Gaia Herbs SystemSupport interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Serenity With Passionflower has a known interaction with 1,239 medications, including 248 rated major. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Serenity With Passionflower contains a single active ingredient, and that one ingredient can interact with many different medications on its own. We check it against each medication and show the mechanism responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is this safe if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
No. Passionflower, kava, American skullcap, chamomile, and mugwort should all be avoided in pregnancy — some because they may affect the uterus, others due to lack of safety data. For breastfeeding, most ingredients here either shouldn't be used or don't have enough safety information. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist before considering this product in either situation.
Why is kava a concern if it's in here?
Kava has been linked to over 100 cases of liver injury worldwide. While most happen with excessive, long-term use, liver damage can show up within 3–4 weeks in susceptible people. The product label should warn you about this, and you should monitor for yellowed skin, dark urine, or abdominal pain. Liver risk increases if you also take other drugs that stress the liver.
Can I take this with my sleeping pill or anxiety medication?
Possibly not safely. Four ingredients in this blend — passionflower, kava, skullcap, and hops — all add to the effects of sedatives and anti-anxiety drugs, raising the risk of excessive drowsiness and loss of motor control. Kava's interaction is rated Major severity. Use the medication checker on this page with your exact drug before starting, or ask your pharmacist.
Does passionflower actually work for sleep?
The evidence says passionflower is possibly effective for insomnia, meaning some research supports it but it's not proven. Most of the other calming herbs in this blend — chamomile, hops, skullcap, mugwort — don't have enough reliable evidence to say whether they help sleep or anxiety.
What are the most common side effects?
Drowsiness is the most frequent; you may also experience dizziness, confusion, dry mouth, headache, or stomach upset. Kava can cause memory problems and tremor. If you're allergic to ragweed, you may react to chamomile or mugwort pollen. Stop and call your provider if you develop yellowed skin, dark urine, or severe nausea.
Will this interact with my blood thinner or oral contraceptive?
Chamomile in this blend may increase the bleeding risk if you take warfarin and could theoretically reduce the effectiveness of birth control pills or estrogen replacement. Use the checker below with your exact medications, and tell your pharmacist about any hormonal or anticoagulant drugs you're on.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Serenity With Passionflower is safe with your meds?

Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.

Ask a pharmacist

Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Serenity With Passionflower label
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Serenity With Passionflower's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 184 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Passion Flower 19 references
  1. Newall CA, Anderson LA, Philpson JD. Herbal Medicine: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. London, UK: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1996.
  2. The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
  3. Fisher AA, Purcell P, Le Couteur DG. Toxicity of Passiflora incarnata L. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2000;38:63-6.
  4. Akhondzadeh S, Naghavi HR, Shayeganpour A, et al. Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam. J Clin Pharm Ther 2001;26:363-7. PubMed
  5. Farnsworth N, Bingel A, Cordell G, et al. Potential value of plants as sources of new antifertility agents I. J Pharm Sci 1975;64:535-98. DOI
  6. Mori A, Hasegawa K, Murasaki M, et al. Clinical evaluation of Passiflamin (passiflora extract) on neurosis - multicenter double blind study in comparison with mexazolam. Rinsho Hyoka (Clinical Evaluation) 1993;21:383-440.
  7. Miyasaka LS, Atallah AN, Soares BG. Passiflora for anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(1):CD004518. DOI
  8. Speroni E., Minghetti A. Neuropharmacological activity of extracts from Passiflora incarnata. Planta Med. 1988;54:488-91.
  9. Capasso A., Sorrentino L. Pharmacological studies on the sedative and hypnotic effect of Kava kava and Passiflora extracts combination. Phytomedicine. 2005;12:39-45. PubMed
  10. Carrasco MC, Vallejo JR, Pardo-de-Santayana M, et al. Interactions of Valeriana officinalis L. and Passiflora incarnata L. in a patient treated with lorazepam. Phytother Res. 2009 Dec;23:1795-6.
  11. Smith, G. W., Chalmers, T. M., and Nuki, G. Vasculitis associated with herbal preparation containing Passiflora extract. Br J Rheumatol. 1993;32(1):87-88.
  12. Soulimani, R., Younos, C., Jarmouni, S., Bousta, D., Misslin, R., and Mortier, F. Behavioural effects of Passiflora incarnata L. and its indole alkaloid and flavonoid derivatives and maltol in the mouse. J Ethnopharmacol. 1997;57(1):11-20. PubMed
  13. Nojoumi M, Ghaeli P, Salimi S, Sharifi A, Raisi F. Effects of Passion Flower Extract, as an Add-On Treatment to Sertraline, on Reaction Time in Patients ?with Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. Iran J Psychiatry. 2016;1
  14. Rokhtabnak F, Ghodraty MR, Kholdebarin A, et al. Comparing the Effect of Preoperative Administration of Melatonin and Passiflora incarnata on Postoperative Cognitive Disorders in Adult Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery. Anesth Pain Med. 2016;7(1):e4123 PubMed
  15. Dantas LP, de Oliveira-Ribeiro A, de Almeida-Souza LM, Groppo FC. Effects of passiflora incarnata and midazolam for control of anxiety in patients undergoing dental extraction. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2017;22(1):e95-e101. PubMed
  16. Ozturk Z, Kalayci CC. Pregnancy outcomes in psychiatric patients treated with passiflora incarnata. Complement Ther Med. 2018 Feb;36:30-32. PubMed
  17. da Cunha RS, Amorim KS, Gercina AC, et al. Herbal medicines as anxiolytics prior to third molar surgical extraction. A randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2020. PubMed
  18. Schäfer AM, Gilgen PM, Spirgi C, et al. Constituents of Passiflora incarnata, but Not of Valeriana officinalis, Interact with the Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides (OATP)2B1 and OATP1A2. Planta Med. 2021. PubMed
  19. Mazzari ALDA, Lacerda MG, Milton FA, et al. In vitro effects of European and Latin-American medicinal plants in CYP3A4 gene expression, glutathione levels, and P-glycoprotein activity. Front Pharmacol 2022;13:826395. PubMed

See these in context on the Passion Flower monograph →

Kava 71 references
  1. Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
  2. Strahl S, Ehret V, Dahm HH, Maier KP. [Necrotizing hepatitis after taking herbal medication]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1998;123:1410-4.
  3. Spillane PK, et al. Neurological manifestations of kava intoxication. Med J Aust 1997;167:172-3. PubMed
  4. Swensen JN. Man convicted of driving under the influence of kava. Salt Lake City, UT: Deseret News, 1996.
  5. Pittler MH, Ernst E. Efficacy of kava extract for treating anxiety: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000;20:84-9. PubMed
  6. Volz HP, Kieser M. Kava-kava extract WS 1490 versus placebo in anxiety disorders--a randomized placebo-controlled 25-week outpatient trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 1997;30:1-5. PubMed
  7. Heinze HJ, Munthe TF, Steitz J, Matzke M. Pharmacopsychological effects of oxazepam and kava-extract in a visual search paradigm assessed with event-related potentials. Pharmacopsychiatry 1994;27:224-30. PubMed
  8. Munte TF, Heinze HJ, Matzke M, Steitz J. Effects of oxazepam and an extract of kava roots (Piper methysticum) on event-related potentials in a word recognition task. Neuropsychobiology 1993;27:46-53.
  9. Wheatley D. Stress-induced insomnia treated with kava and valerian: singly and in combination. Hum Psychopharmacol 2001;16:353-6. PubMed
  10. Schelosky L, Raffaup C, Jendroska K, Poewe W. Kava and dopamine antagonism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995;58:639-40. PubMed
  11. Norton SA, Ruze P. Kava dermopathy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:89-97.
  12. Pizzorno JE, Murray MT, eds. Textbook of Natural Medicine. 2nd ed. Edinburgh:Churchill Livingstone, 1999.
  13. Mathews JD, Riley MD, Fejo L, et al. Effects of heavy usage of kava on physical health: Summary of a pilot survey in an aboriginal community. Med J Aust 1988;148:548-55.
  14. Escher M, Desmeules J, Giostra E, Mentha G. Hepatitis associated with Kava, a herbal remedy for anxiety. BMJ 2001;322:139.
  15. Russmann S, Lauterburg BH, Helbling A. Kava hepatotoxicity [letter]. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:68-9.
  16. Liver Toxicity With Kava. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter. January 2001.
  17. Consultation letter MLX 286: Proposals to prohibit the herbal ingredient Kava-Kava (Piper methysticum) in unlicensed medicines. Medicines Control Agency, United Kingdom, July 19, 2002.
  18. Meseguer E, Taboada R, Sanchez V, et al. Life-threatening parkinsonism induced by kava-kava. Mov Disord 2002;17:195-6. PubMed
  19. Ruze P. Kava-induced dermopathy: a niacin deficiency? Lancet 1990;335:1442-5. PubMed
  20. Singh YN. Kava: an overview. J Ethnopharmacol 1992;37:13-45.
  21. Bilia AR, Gallori S, Vincieri FF. Kava-kava and anxiety: growing knowledge about the efficacy and safety. Life Sci 2002;70:2581-97. PubMed
  22. Wooltorton E. Herbal kava: reports of liver toxicity. CMAJ 2002;166:777.
  23. Mathews JM, Etheridge AS, Black SR. Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 activities by kava extract and kavalactones. Drug Metab Dispos 2002;30:1153-7. PubMed
  24. Logan JL, Ahmed J. Critical hypokalemic renal tubular acidosis due to Sjogren's syndrome: association with the purported immune stimulant echinacea. Clin Rheumatol 2003;22:158-9.
  25. Teschke R, Gaus W, Loew D. Kava extracts: safety and risks including rare hepatotoxicity. Phytomedicine 2003;10:440-6. PubMed
  26. Schmidt P, Boehncke WH. Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to kava-kava extract. Contact Dermatitis 2000;42:363-4.
  27. Schulze J, Raasch W, Siegers CP. Toxicity of kava pyrones, drug safety and precautions--a case study. Phytomedicine 2003;10:68-73.. PubMed
  28. Pittler MH, Ernst E. Kava extract for treating anxiety. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(1):CD003383.
  29. Cairney S, Maruff P, Clough AR, et al. Saccade and cognitive impairment associated with kava intoxication. Hum Psychopharmacol 2003;18:525-33. PubMed
  30. Moulds RF, Malani J. Kava: herbal panacea or liver poison? Med J Aust 2003;178:451-3. PubMed
  31. Gow PJ, Connelly NJ, Hill RL, et al. Fatal fulminant hepatic failure induced by a natural therapy containing kava. Med J Aust 2003;178:442-3. PubMed
  32. Unger M, Frank A. Simultaneous determination of the inhibitory potency of herbal extracts on the activity of six major cytochrome P450 enzymes using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and automated online extraction. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2004;1 PubMed
  33. Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. In vivo effects of goldenseal, kava kava, black cohosh, and valerian on human cytochrome P450 1A2, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4/5 phenotypes. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005;77:415-26. PubMed
  34. Weiss J, Sauer A, Frank A, Unger M. Extracts and kavalactones of Piper methysticum G. Forst (kava-kava) inhibit P-glycoprotein in vitro. Drug Metab Dispos 2005;33:1580-3. PubMed
  35. Gurley BJ, Swain A, Barone GW, et al. Effect of goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) and kava kava (Piper methysticum) supplementation on digoxin pharmacokinetics in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2007;35:240-5. PubMed
  36. Gurley BJ, Swain A, Hubbard MA, et al. Clinical assessement of CYP2D6-mediated herb-drug interactions in humans: Effects of milk-thistle, black cohosh, goldenseal, kava kava, St. John's wort, and Echinacea. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008;52:755-63.
  37. Li XZ, Ramzan I. Role of ethanol in kava hepatotoxicity. Phytother Res 2010;24:475-80. PubMed
  38. Bodkin R, Schneider S, Rekkerth D, et al. Rhabdomyolysis associated with kava ingestion. Am J Emerg Med 2012;30:635.el-3. PubMed
  39. Donadio V, Bonsi P, Zele I, et al. Myoglobinuria after ingestion of extracts of guarana, Ginkgo biloba and kava. Ginkgo biloba and kava. Neurol Sci 2000;21:124. PubMed
  40. Sarris J, Kavanagh DJ, Byrne G, et al. The Kava Anxiety Depression Spectrum Study (KADSS): a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial using an aqueous extract of Piper methysticum. Psychopharmacology 2009;205:399-407. PubMed
  41. Hannam S, Murray M, Romani L, Tuicakau M, J Whitfeld M. Kava dermopathy in Fiji: an acquired ichthyosis? Int J Dermatol 2014;53(12):1490-4. PubMed
  42. Huynh JC, Asgari MM, Moore MM. Sebotropic eruption associated with use of oral kava kava supplement. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014;39(7):816-8. PubMed
  43. Teschke R, Sarris J, Schweitzer I. Kava hepatotoxicity in traditional and modern use: the presumed Pacific kava paradox hypothesis revisited. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012;73(2):170-4. PubMed
  44. Scherer, J. Kava-kava extract in anxiety disorders: an outpatient observational study. Adv.Ther. 1998;15(4):261-269.
  45. Humberston, C. L., Akhtar, J., and Krenzelok, E. P. Acute hepatitis induced by kava kava. J Toxicol.Clin Toxicol. 2003;41(2):109-113. PubMed
  46. Schmidt, M. Are kavalactones the hepatotoxic principle of kava extracts? The pitfalls of the glutathione theory. J Altern Complement Med 2003;9(2):183-187. PubMed
  47. Stickel, F., Baumuller, H. M., Seitz, K., Vasilakis, D., Seitz, G., Seitz, H. K., and Schuppan, D. Hepatitis induced by Kava (Piper methysticum rhizoma). J Hepatol. 2003;39(1):62-67. PubMed
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Mugwort 7 references
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Hops 15 references
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Peppermint 41 references
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