Drug & supplement interaction

St. John's Wort + Phenobarbital, Phenytoin

Phenobarbital, Phenytoin brand name: Dilantin with PB.

Major Interaction
Medically reviewed by · Updated September 2026
The bottom line Major

Phenobarbital, Phenytoin falls into 5 drug categories that St. John's Wort can interact with; the most serious is rated major. St. John's wort decreases the levels and clinical effects of phenobarbital.

Read the full interaction report
SeverityMajor
LikelihoodLikely
Interactions5
EvidenceB
What do Severity, Likelihood & Evidence mean?
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Interaction report

St. John's Wort and Phenobarbital, Phenytoin

These two interact in 5 distinct ways. Each one is explained separately below.

Why Are There 5 Interactions?

St. John's Wort interacts with whole categories of medication. Phenobarbital, Phenytoin falls into 5 of those categories, so it can interact with St. John's Wort in 5 different ways. We’ve listed each one below — your overall risk is driven by the most serious of them (Major).

Major

PHENOBARBITAL (Luminal)

1 of 5
St. John's wort decreases the levels and clinical effects of phenobarbital.
St. John's wort may increase the metabolism of phenobarbital. Plasma concentrations of phenobarbital should be monitored carefully. The dose of phenobarbital may need to be increased when St. John's wort is started and decreased when it is stopped.
Severity Major Likelihood Likely Evidence B

Well-controlled human studies have demonstrated the likely existence of this interaction.

Dr. Brian Staiger, PharmD, BCPS
Dr. Brian Staiger explains PharmD, Clinical Pharmacist

Here's the concern with combining St. John's wort and your seizure medicine. The herb revs up some of the liver enzymes that clear these drugs from your body. That means it can speed up how fast phenobarbital (and phenytoin) get broken down, dropping their blood levels. Lower levels can mean less seizure protection, and that's a big deal if you take these to prevent seizures.

Both of these are narrow-therapeutic-index drugs, so even small shifts in their levels matter. If your level falls too low, a breakthrough seizure becomes more likely. Please don't start or stop St. John's wort on your own. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist first, since your dose and blood levels may need close monitoring.

Contact Dr. Brian directly if you have additional questions on this interaction
References
  1. Henderson L, Yue QY, Bergquist C, et al. St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): drug interactions and clinical outcomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;54:349-56..
Major

PHENYTOIN (Dilantin)

2 of 5
St. John's wort decreases the levels and clinical effects of phenytoin.
St. John's wort may increase the metabolism of phenytoin. Plasma concentrations of phenytoin should be monitored closely. The dose of phenytoin may need to be increased when St. John's wort is started and decreased when it is stopped.
Severity Major Likelihood Likely Evidence B

Well-controlled human studies have demonstrated the likely existence of this interaction.

Dr. Brian Staiger, PharmD, BCPS
Dr. Brian Staiger explains PharmD, Clinical Pharmacist

Here's the key thing to know if you're taking phenytoin (Dilantin) for seizures: St. John's wort revs up the liver enzymes that break this medicine down. That means your body clears the phenytoin faster, and the level in your blood can drop. Phenytoin is a narrow therapeutic index drug, so it has to stay in a fairly tight range to work. If the level falls too low, you could lose seizure control and have a breakthrough seizure.

This works in both directions. Starting the herb can drop your levels, and stopping it can let them climb again, which risks side effects like dizziness, unsteady walking, slurred speech, or double vision. Please don't add or stop St. John's wort on your own. Talk with your pharmacist or doctor first so your phenytoin level can be checked.

Contact Dr. Brian directly if you have additional questions on this interaction
References
  1. Henderson L, Yue QY, Bergquist C, et al. St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): drug interactions and clinical outcomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;54:349-56..
Moderate

CYTOCHROME P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) SUBSTRATES

3 of 5

Why this applies to Phenobarbital, Phenytoin

Phenobarbital, Phenytoin falls under CYTOCHROME P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) SUBSTRATES — the group St. John's Wort interacts with.

St. John's wort may increase the metabolism and reduce the levels of CYP2C19 substrates.
Preliminary clinical research in healthy males shows that taking St. John's wort for 14 days induces CYP2C19 and increases metabolism of mephenytoin (Mesantoin). In patients with wild-type 2C19 (2C19*1/*1) metabolism was almost 4-fold greater in subjects who received St. John's wort compared to placebo. In contrast, patients with 2C19*2/*2 and *2/*3 genotypes did not demonstrate a similar increase in metabolism. Theoretically, St. John's wort might increase metabolism of other CYP2C19 substrates.
Severity Moderate Likelihood Possible Evidence B

Interaction has been documented in animal or in lab research, or the interaction has been documented in humans but is limited to case reports or conflicting clinical research exists.

Dr. Brian Staiger, PharmD, BCPS
Dr. Brian Staiger explains PharmD, Clinical Pharmacist

Here's the thing about combining St. John's wort with phenytoin (and phenobarbital): the herb tends to speed up the liver enzymes that break these medicines down. That means your body may clear the drug faster and your blood levels could drift lower than your doctor intended.

For a seizure medicine like phenytoin, lower levels are a real concern because it has a narrow safe range. Even small drops can mean less protection and a higher chance of breakthrough seizures. The direct evidence here is fairly limited and based on a related drug, so this is more of a caution than a certainty, but I wouldn't take the risk casually. Please loop in your pharmacist or doctor before starting or stopping anything.

Contact Dr. Brian directly if you have additional questions on this interaction
References
  1. Wang LS, Zhu B, Abd El-Aty A, et al. The influence of St. John's wort on CYP2C19 activity with respect to genotype. J Clin Pharmacol 2004;44:577-81. PubMed
Moderate

CYTOCHROME P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) SUBSTRATES

4 of 5

Phenobarbital, Phenytoin also falls under CYTOCHROME P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) SUBSTRATES.

St. John's wort may increase the metabolism and reduce the levels of CYP2C9 substrates.
There is contradictory research about the effect of St. John's wort on CYP2C9. Some in vitro research shows that St. John's wort induces CYP2C9, but to a lesser extent than CYP3A4. St. John's wort also induces metabolism of the S-warfarin isomer, which is a CYP2C9 substrate. Other research shows that St. John's wort 300 mg three times daily for 21 days does not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of a single 400 mg dose of ibuprofen, which is also a CYP2C9 substrate. Until more is known, use St. John's wort cautiously in patients who are taking CYP2C9 substrates.
Severity Moderate Likelihood Possible Evidence B

Interaction has been documented in animal or in lab research, or the interaction has been documented in humans but is limited to case reports or conflicting clinical research exists.

Dr. Brian Staiger, PharmD, BCPS
Dr. Brian Staiger explains PharmD, Clinical Pharmacist

Here's the concern with this combo. St. John's wort can speed up the liver enzymes that clear medicines like phenytoin (Dilantin) and phenobarbital. If your body breaks these drugs down faster, the levels in your blood can drop, and that can mean less seizure protection. With seizure medicines, even small dips matter, because a breakthrough seizure can be serious.

These are narrow therapeutic index drugs, so I'd be cautious. The research here is mixed and not super strong, but I wouldn't gamble with seizure control. Please don't start or stop anything on your own. Talk with your pharmacist or doctor first, since they may want to check your drug levels if St. John's wort is added or removed.

Contact Dr. Brian directly if you have additional questions on this interaction
References
  1. Henderson L, Yue QY, Bergquist C, et al. St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): drug interactions and clinical outcomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;54:349-56..
  2. Foster BC, Vandenhoek S, Hana J, et al. In vitro inhibition of human cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of marker substrates by natural products. Phytomedicine 2003;10:334-42.. PubMed
  3. Komoroski BJ, Zhang S, Cai H, et al. Induction and inhibition of cytochromes P450 by the St. John's wort constituent hyperforin in human hepatocyte cultures. Drug Metab Dispos 2004;32:512-8. PubMed
  4. Jiang X, Williams KM, Liauw WS, et al. Effect of St John's wort and ginseng on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004;57:592-9. PubMed
  5. Bell EC, Ravis WR, Lloyd KB, Stokes TJ. Effects of St. John's wort supplementation on ibuprofen pharmacokinetics. Ann Pharmacother 2007;41:229-34. PubMed
Moderate

CYTOCHROME P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) SUBSTRATES

5 of 5

Phenobarbital, Phenytoin also falls under CYTOCHROME P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) SUBSTRATES.

St. John's wort may increase the metabolism and reduce the levels of CYP2B6 substrates.
Clinical research shows that taking St. John's wort 325 mg three times daily for 14 days along with bupropion, a CYP2B6 substrate, reduces the area under the concentration-time curve by approximately 14% and increases the clearance of bupropion by approximately 20%.
Severity Moderate Likelihood Possible Evidence B

Interaction has been documented in animal or in lab research, or the interaction has been documented in humans but is limited to case reports or conflicting clinical research exists.

Dr. Brian Staiger, PharmD, BCPS
Dr. Brian Staiger explains PharmD, Clinical Pharmacist

Here's the gist for these two seizure medicines. St. John's wort tends to speed up the liver enzymes that break certain drugs down (including the CYP2B6 pathway). For phenobarbital and phenytoin, that could mean your body clears the medicine a little faster, which may lower your drug levels. The worry there is reduced seizure protection, so a breakthrough seizure becomes more of a concern.

Both of these are narrow therapeutic index drugs, meaning small shifts in blood level can matter a lot, either slipping too low or, if you later stop the herb, climbing back up. The direct evidence here is modest (mostly from a bupropion study), but with seizure meds I'd play it safe. Please don't change anything on your own. Talk with your pharmacist or doctor first, since they can check levels if needed.

Contact Dr. Brian directly if you have additional questions on this interaction
References
  1. Lei HP, Yu XY, Xie HT, et al. Effect of St. John's wort supplementation on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion in healthy male Chinese volunteers. Xenobiotica 2010;40(4):275-81. PubMed

What These Ratings Mean

Every interaction above is graded three ways — here’s the key to each label.

Severity how clinically significant the interaction is
Major

Clinically significant. Avoid the combination, or use only under close professional supervision.

Moderate

Usually worth avoiding or managing — may need monitoring, a dose change, or timing apart.

Minor

Generally not serious. Be aware of it and mention it to your pharmacist.

Likelihood how strong the evidence is that the interaction actually happens in people
  • LikelyWell-controlled human studies have demonstrated the likely existence of this interaction.
  • ProbableInteraction has not been documented in well-controlled studies, however, the interaction has been demonstrated in some small human studies or in controlled animal studies in conjunction with multiple case reports.
  • PossibleInteraction has been documented in animal or in lab research, or the interaction has been documented in humans but is limited to case reports or conflicting clinical research exists.
  • UnlikelyInteraction has been demonstrated in animal or in lab research but has been shown not to occur in humans.
Evidence the quality of the studies behind the rating (graded A–D)
  • AHigh-quality meta-analysis (quantitative systematic review).
  • BCase-control study.
  • CConsensus.
  • DAnecdotal evidence.

These ratings are for information only. Never start, stop, or otherwise change your therapy before speaking with your provider.

Keep it in perspective

St. John's Wort Also Interacts With Other Medications

St. John's Wort has 754 major, 388 moderate known drug interactions in our database — the Phenobarbital, Phenytoin one above is among them. If you take anything else, check it against the full list below.

Major 754 Moderate 388 No known interaction 1,688 (incl. Phenobarbital, Phenytoin)
Taking anything else?

Check Another of Your Medications Against St. John's Wort

Covers the 2,830 medications we’ve checked against St. John's Wort. Pick one to open its full report.

From our Q&A

Questions About St. John's Wort or Phenobarbital, Phenytoin

These are real questions from readers, answered by the pharmacists at HelloPharmacist — written by a person, not generated from a database. Each one covers St. John's Wort or Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, not necessarily both, but if one is close to what you were about to ask it will usually go further than a database entry can:

Not quite your question? Ask our pharmacists directly — it is free, there is no account required, and answers usually come back within 24 hours.

Everything else you take

See Every Supplement That Interacts With Phenobarbital, Phenytoin

This page covers St. John's Wort only. If you take other supplements — a multivitamin, a sleep aid, something for joints — the Phenobarbital, Phenytoin page lists 229 supplements it has a documented interaction with, worst first, each one explained.

The most serious there right now: 1,4-butanediol (major), Activated Charcoal (major), Beer (major), Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (ghb) (major) and Kava (major).

By severity: 9 major · 192 moderate · 28 minor.

From our pharmacist’s overview on the Phenobarbital, Phenytoin page

“If your seizure medicine is the phenobarbital and phenytoin combination (Dilantin with PB), read this list carefully before you add any supplement. Nine of the 229 entries rate major, and most of the risk runs through two channels.”

Reviewed by 2 · Jul 18, 2026

Open the Phenobarbital, Phenytoin interaction page

One more smart check

Taking St. John's Wort as Part of a Dietary Supplement Product? Check It for Interactions

We hold 1,159 real supplement products containing St. John's Wort, each one broken down to its full ingredient list — and combination products often carry several ingredients besides St. John's Wort. Your product may carry other ingredients that interact with Phenobarbital, Phenytoin too, on top of St. John's Wort — and those would not show on this page. Find your product and we’ll check every ingredient on its label:

How much people look this up

Where St. John's Wort and Phenobarbital, Phenytoin Sit Against Everything Else

Out of every supplement and medication people look up on HelloPharmacist, here is where these two land this week — and which way each has been moving.

Supplement St. John's Wort
Top 10%

#145 of 1,452 supplements looked up here in the last 7 days

29 days ago today
Medication Phenobarbital, Phenytoin
Top half

#1,339 of 2,830 medications looked up here in the last 7 days

29 days ago today

Position among everything looked up on this site, not a measure of how commonly either one is used or how important it is. A supplement can climb this list because of a news story. It counts every request to the page, automated ones included, and nothing here identifies anyone.

Supplement

About St. John's Wort

What is St. John's Wort?

St. John's Wort
  • Mild to moderate depression
  • Anxiety and stress
  • Sleep problems
  • Menopausal symptoms
  • Wound healing (topical)

St. John's wort is a well-studied herb most often used for mild to moderate depression, and some research suggests it may help with this. However, it has many serious interactions with prescription medicines and is not safe for everyone, so always talk to your pharmacist or doctor before taking it.

Read the full St. John's Wort monograph & all interactions
Keep checking

Other Drugs & St. John's Wort

Browse every other medication we’ve checked against St. John's Wort — both the ones with a known interaction and the ones without. Select any drug for the full detail.

754Major
388Moderate
0Minor
1,687No known interaction
754 Major 388 Moderate 1,687 No interaction
Major

754 interactions

Showing 60 of 754 major interactions — see all 754 on the St. John's Wort page.

Moderate

388 interactions

Showing 60 of 388 moderate interactions — see all 388 on the St. John's Wort page.

No interaction 1,687 drugs checked — show the list

We also checked St. John's Wort against these medications and found no known interaction in our sources. Open any page to confirm.

Showing the 60 most looked-up of 1,687 medications checked with no known interaction — see the full St. John's Wort list.

See the full St. John's Wort interactions page
See every supplement checked against Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, ranked by severity
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Interaction details are evidence-graded and sourced from the Natural Medicines database. The medication overview comes from MedlinePlus.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

Keep exploring
St. John's Wort monograph › Uses, safety, and every drug interaction in one place Phenobarbital, Phenytoin supplement interactions › Every supplement checked against Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, ranked by severity Supplement interaction checker › Check any supplement or product against your medications Browse medications A–Z › Every drug we've checked against herbs & supplements Ask a pharmacist › Free, personal answer from our licensed team
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Taking St. John's Wort and Phenobarbital, Phenytoin Together: Common Questions

Can you take St. John's Wort with Phenobarbital, Phenytoin?
This is rated a major interaction, so the combination is best avoided unless your doctor or pharmacist has specifically told you otherwise. Read the full details on this page and confirm with your pharmacist before combining them.
Why are there 5 interactions listed for St. John's Wort and Phenobarbital, Phenytoin?
Phenobarbital, Phenytoin belongs to more than one drug category, and St. John's Wort interacts with each of those categories a little differently. We list every one so nothing is missed — your overall risk is driven by the most serious of them.
How serious is the St. John's Wort and Phenobarbital, Phenytoin interaction?
We rate it Major. This is a clinically significant combination that is generally best avoided, or used only under the direct supervision of your physician or pharmacist.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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This information is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always check with your pharmacist or doctor before starting, stopping, or combining supplements and medications.