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Dietary supplement

40x Aloe Vera Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Purium

Liquid Category: Botanical
Most serious interaction: Major
The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Major

40x Aloe Vera is a dietary supplement by Purium with 1 active ingredient. Its ingredients are commonly taken for minor burns and skin irritation, wound healing, constipation.Based on those ingredients, 461 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated major. The ingredients most likely to interact are 40x Aloe Vera concentrate. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

HelloPharmacist Scorecard of 40x Aloe Vera by Purium

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 1 of its 1 active ingredient.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

This product contains one active ingredient: 40x aloe vera concentrate — a potent extract of the aloe plant. The liquid also includes two inactive preservatives (potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate) to keep it shelf-stable.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed

This product doesn't appear to be marketed for a specific use, so we graded Aloe's overall clinical evidence instead.

Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports Aloe for:

Why this rating?
  • We looked at the product name, claims, and label statements and couldn't find a stated purpose to grade.
  • Since the label doesn't commit to one use, we graded the ingredient's overall clinical evidence instead.
  • On file: Acne — rated "Possibly Effective" (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Burns — rated "Possibly Effective" (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Constipation — rated "Possibly Effective" (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Diabetes — rated "Possibly Effective" (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Obesity — rated "Possibly Effective" (Natural Medicines).

The data shows aloe vera is possibly effective for acne, obesity, diabetes, psoriasis, burns, and constipation. That means there's some clinical evidence supporting its use for these purposes, but the research isn't definitive enough to call it proven — which is why we say 'possibly' rather than 'effective'.

If you're considering it for one of these reasons, talk it over with your doctor to see if it fits your situation.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Aloe

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 1 of the 1 matched ingredient.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 1 of 1.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 1 of 1.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Topical aloe gel is generally well tolerated in normal doses. Oral aloe latex, though, carries greater risk — especially in high doses or with long-term use.

The most common side effects are abdominal pain, cramping, and diarrhea. Long-term abuse can lead to serious effects like significant potassium loss (hypokalemia), muscle weakness, and irregular heartbeats.

There's also a rare pigmentation change in the colon called pseudomelanosis coli, which is believed to be harmless and usually reverses when you stop taking aloe. Pregnancy and breastfeeding safety data advise against this product.

The latex may stimulate the uterus and act as a strong laxative during pregnancy, and there isn't enough safety data for breastfeeding — plus the laxative effects could be problematic. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist before taking aloe if you're pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Aloe

Meds to double-check

Major interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Major identified

At least one ingredient has a documented Major-severity interaction. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 1 of the 1 matched ingredient can interact with medications — Aloe.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Major.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; diabetes medications; heart-rhythm medications.
  • For scale: 461 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking this aloe concentrate, double-check with your doctor or pharmacist if you take digoxin or other heart medications (Major risk), blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs, diabetes medications, diuretic water pills, other laxatives, warfarin, or drugs your liver processes via the CYP1A2 pathway. The risk ranges from Major with heart drugs down to Minor with certain liver-metabolized medications.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence behind its ingredients' uses. Major medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This aloe concentrate is possibly effective for acne, burns, diabetes, constipation, obesity, and psoriasis — but the evidence isn't ironclad. It does carry interaction risk with heart drugs, blood thinners, diabetes medications, water pills, and laxatives, and oral aloe latex can cause cramping, diarrhea, and serious potassium loss with overuse.

If you take any prescription medications or have heart, kidney, or blood-clotting issues, check with your doctor or pharmacist before starting it.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 1 of 1 active ingredient matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated May 23, 2024.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about 40x Aloe Vera, straight from the product label.

Brand Purium
Barcode (UPC) 764934021509
Net contents 125 mL
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD May 23, 2024
DSLD ID 313456
Product type Botanical
Supplement form Liquid
Dietary claims / uses All Other
Intended target group(s) Vegan, Vegetarian, Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free, Dairy Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for 40x Aloe Vera by Purium, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
0.17 Ounce(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
0.17 Ounce(s)
Servings per container
25
UPC/BARCODE
764934021509
IngredientAmount% DV
40x Aloe Vera concentrate0.167 Ounce(s)--

Other ingredients: Potassium Sorbate, Sodium Benzoate

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements

Pure + Premium = Purium Co-founders Amy Venner and Dave Sandoval are passionate about making the world a better place. With over 60 years combined experience, they provide the highest quality superfood nutrition while practicing commerce with a conscience and serving their community.

The quality of food you eat is equal to the quality of life you live. Learn more about Purium

The Transformation Company

Formulation

Their decision safeguards Purium's commitment to provide pure and premium superfoods; grown, manufactured and tested to the highest standards. From farm to family, Purium delivers the finest nutrition with the lowest possible environmental impact.

Vegan & gluten-free

Vegan & gluten-free Non GMO Project Verified nongmoproject.org

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested use: Dilute 1 tsp into water, juice, or any beverage and drink daily.

Precautions

Caution: Keep out of reach of children.

Do not drink undiluted.

Notice: This product contains Aloe barbadensis (aloe vera). Read and follow directions carefully. Do not use if you have or develop diarrhea, loose stools, or abdominal pain because aloe vera may worsen these conditions and be harmful to your health.

Consult your physician if you have frequent diarrhea or if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medication or have a medical condition.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place. Cover tightly.

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Formula

40x Aloe Vera Concentrated Extract

Seals/Symbols

Non GMO Project Verified nongmoproject.org

See for yourself

40x Aloe Vera by Purium label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

What’s inside

The Ingredients in 40x Aloe Vera by Purium

This is the 1 active ingredient this product is made of. Select it to open its full monograph.

Serving size0.17 Ounce(s) Dosage formLiquid Servings per container25 Amounts shown are per serving.

40x Aloe Vera concentrate

Interacts with
461 drugs
0.167 Ounce(s) per serving

Aloe vera gel is widely used on the skin for minor burns and irritation, and some research suggests it may help. Aloe latex (the yellow part) is a str...

40x Aloe Vera concentrate monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Potassium Sorbate, Sodium Benzoate. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

40x Aloe Vera by Purium Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against 40x Aloe Vera?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

Go to the checker
461Drugs
1 Major 304 Moderate 156 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in 40x Aloe Vera with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

40x Aloe Vera concentrate7 drug types · 461 drugs

Digoxin (Lanoxin)

Theoretically, aloe latex might increase the risk of adverse effects when taken with cardiac glycosides.
Overuse of aloe latex can increase the risk of adverse effects from cardiac glycoside drugs, such as digoxin, due to potassium depletion. Overuse of aloe, along with cardiac glycoside drugs, can increase the risk of toxicity.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, aloe gel might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro research shows that aloe gel can inhibit platelet aggregation. This inhibition was greater than that seen with celecoxib, but less than that seen with aspirin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antidiabetes Drugs

Aloe might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Preliminary clinical research suggests aloe gel might lower blood glucose levels and have additive effects when used with antidiabetes drugs. Monitor blood glucose levels closely.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Diuretic Drugs

Theoretically, aloe latex might increase the risk of hypokalemia when taken with diuretic drugs.
Overuse of aloe latex might compound diuretic-induced potassium loss, increasing the risk of hypokalemia.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Stimulant Laxatives

Theoretically, aloe latex might increase the risk for fluid and electrolyte loss when taken with stimulant laxatives.
Due to cathartic laxative effects of aloe latex, concomitant use with other stimulant laxatives might compound fluid and electrolyte loss.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, aloe latex might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with warfarin.
Aloe latex has stimulant laxative effects. In some people aloe latex can cause diarrhea. Diarrhea can increase the effects of warfarin, increase international normalized ratio (INR), and increase the risk of bleeding. Advise patients who take warfarin not to take excessive amounts of aloe vera.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, aloe might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
In vitro research shows that aloe extract induces CYP1A2 enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for 40x Aloe Vera, from the product label.

Purium

See all Purium products
Name
Purium
Street Address
2610 Homestead Place
City
Rancho Dominguez
State
CA
ZipCode
90220
Phone Number
1-888-747-6733
Web Address
ishoppurium.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

40x Aloe Vera by Purium: Common Questions

Does 40x Aloe Vera by Purium interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, 40x Aloe Vera has a known interaction with 461 medications, including 1 rated major. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
40x Aloe Vera contains a single active ingredient, and that one ingredient can interact with many different medications on its own. We check it against each medication and show the mechanism responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take this if I use warfarin or another blood thinner?
No — not without checking with your doctor first. Aloe's laxative effects can cause diarrhea, which boosts how well warfarin works and raises your bleeding risk. Your pharmacist or doctor needs to evaluate whether it's safe for you and how to monitor it.
Is this safe to take long-term?
The safety data we have advises caution with long-term oral aloe latex use — it's associated with diarrhea, potassium loss, and rarely muscle weakness and heart rhythm problems. Short-term use in typical doses is generally well tolerated, but if you're thinking about taking it for months, talk to your doctor first.
Can I use this if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
No. The safety data advises against oral aloe during pregnancy — the latex may stimulate the uterus and work as a strong laxative. It's also not recommended while breastfeeding due to limited safety data and laxative effects. Talk with your doctor about safe alternatives.
Does it really work for diabetes?
The evidence shows aloe is possibly effective for diabetes — meaning there's some clinical research suggesting it may help lower blood sugar. But the evidence isn't definitive, and you should never use it as a replacement for your diabetes medication without your doctor's guidance.
What are the most common side effects?
With oral aloe latex, cramping, abdominal pain, and diarrhea are the most common. High doses or long-term use raise the risk of more serious effects like potassium loss. Topical aloe gel is better tolerated, though some people may experience burning, redness, or itching on the skin.
Why is the interaction count so high (461 medications)?
That high number reflects the range of drugs affected by aloe's major interactions — especially the CYP1A2 substrates category, which includes many commonly prescribed medications your liver processes. Even though the interactions are documented, most are Minor or Moderate, not Major; the digoxin and blood-thinner categories carry the greatest concern.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if 40x Aloe Vera is safe with your meds?

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

40x Aloe Vera label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind 40x Aloe Vera’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Sources

Sources & How We Checked

40x Aloe Vera's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 41 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Aloe 41 references
  1. Newall CA, Anderson LA, Philpson JD. Herbal Medicine: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. London, UK: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1996.
  2. Wichtl MW. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. Ed. N.M. Bisset. Stuttgart: Medpharm GmbH Scientific Publishers, 1994.
  3. Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
  4. Nusko G, Schneider B, Schneider I, et al. Anthranoid laxative use is not a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia: results of a prospective case control study. Gut 2000;46:651-5. PubMed
  5. Luyckx VA, Ballantine R, Claeys M, et al. Herbal remedy-associated acute renal failure secondary to Cape aloes. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;39:E13. PubMed
  6. Rajasekaran S, Sivagnanam K, Ravi K, Subramanian S. Hypoglycemic effect of Aloe vera gel on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in experimental rats. J Med Food 2004;7:61-6.
  7. Williams MS, Burk M, Loprinzi CL, et al. Phase III double-blind evaluation of an aloe vera gel as a prophylactic agent for radiation-induced skin toxicity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996;36:345-9. PubMed
  8. Vogler BK, Ernst E. Aloe vera: a systematic review of its clinical effectiveness. Br J Gen Pract 1999;49:823-8.
  9. Bottenberg MM, Wall GC, Harvey RL, Habib S. Oral aloe vera-induced hepatitis. Ann Pharmacother 2007;41:1740-3. PubMed
  10. Rabe C, Musch A, Schirmacher P, et al. Acute hepatitis induced by an Aloe vera preparation: a case report. World J Gastroenterol 2005;11:303-4. PubMed
  11. Kanat O, Ozet A, Ataergin S. Aloe vera-induced acute toxic hepatitis in a healthy young man. Eur J Int Med 2006;17:589. PubMed
  12. Mueller SO, Stopper H. Characterization of the genotoxicity of anthraquinones in mammalian cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999;1428:406-14. PubMed
  13. Schorkhuber M, Richter M, Dutter A, et al. Effect of anthraquinone laxatives on the proliferation and urokinase secretion of normal, premalignant and malignant colonic epithelial cells. Eur J Cancer 1998;34:1091-8. PubMed
  14. Yang HN, Kim DJ, Kim YM, et al. Aloe-induced toxic hepatitis. J Korean Med Sci 2010;25:492-5. PubMed
  15. Choonhakarn C, Busaracome P, Sripanidkulchai B, et al. A prospective, randomized clinical trial comparing topical aloe vera with 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide in mild to moderate plaque psoriasis. J.Eur.Acad.Dermatol.Venereol. 2010;24:168-72. PubMed
  16. Ishii Y, Tanizawa H, Takino Y. Studies of aloe. IV. Mechanism of cathartic effect. (3). Biol Pharm Bull. 1994;17:495-7. PubMed
  17. Ishii Y, Tanizawa H, Takino Y. Studies of aloe. V. Mechanism of cathartic effect. (4). Biol Pharm Bull. 1994;17:651-3. PubMed
  18. Nelemans FA. Clinical and toxicological aspects of anthraquinone laxatives. Pharmacology. 1976;14 Suppl 1:73-7. PubMed
  19. Paulsen E, Korsholm L, Brandrup F. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a commercial Aloe vera gel in the treatment of slight to moderate psoriasis vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2005;19:326-31.
  20. Huseini HF, Kianbakht S, Hajiaghaee R, et al. Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hypercholesterolemic effects of Aloe vera leaf gel in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Planta Med. 2012;78:311-6
  21. Ferreira, M., Teixeira, M., Silva, E., and Selores, M. Allergic contact dermatitis to Aloe vera. Contact Dermatitis 2007;57(4):278-279.
  22. Choonhakarn, C., Busaracome, P., Sripanidkulchai, B., and Sarakarn, P. The efficacy of aloe vera gel in the treatment of oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 2008;158(3):573-577. PubMed
  23. Baretta, Z., Ghiotto, C., Marino, D., and Jirillo, A. Aloe-induced hypokalemia in a patient with breast cancer during chemotherapy. Ann.Oncol. 2009;20(8):1445-1446. PubMed
  24. Hunter, D. and Frumkin, A. Adverse reactions to vitamin E and aloe vera preparations after dermabrasion and chemical peel. Cutis 1991;47(3):193-196.
  25. Alvarez-Perea, A., Garcia, A. P., Hernandez, A. L., de, Barrio M., and Baeza, M. L. Urticaria due to aloe vera: a new sensitizer? Ann.Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;105(5):404-405. PubMed
  26. Hogan, D. J. Widespread dermatitis after topical treatment of chronic leg ulcers and stasis dermatitis. CMAJ. 2-15-1988;138(4):336-338.
  27. Savchak VI. Acute bullous allergic dermatitis due to local application of aloe leaves. Vestnik Dermatologii i Venerologii 1977;12:44-45.
  28. Nakamura, T. and Kotajima, S. Contact dermatitis from aloe arborescens. Contact Dermatitis 1984;11(1):51. PubMed
  29. Shoji, A. Contact dermatitis to Aloe arborescens. Contact Dermatitis 1982;8(3):164-167. PubMed
  30. Morrow, D. M., Rapaport, M. J., and Strick, R. A. Hypersensitivity to aloe. Arch Dermatol. 1980;116(9):1064-1065. DOI
  31. Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final report on the safety assessment of AloeAndongensis Extract, Aloe Andongensis Leaf Juice,aloe Arborescens Leaf Extract, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Juice, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Protoplasts, Aloe Barbadensis Flower E
  32. Bhalang K, Thunyakitpisal P, Rungsirisatean N. Acemannan, a polysaccharide extracted from Aloe vera, is effective in the treatment of oral aphthous ulceration. J Altern Complement Med 2013;19(5):429-34.
  33. Hajheydari Z, Saeedi M, Morteza-Semnani K, Soltani A. Effect of Aloe vera topical gel combined with tretinoin in treatment of mild and moderate acne vulgaris: a randomized, double-blind, prospective trial. J Dermatolog Treat 2014;25(2):123-9.
  34. Jiménez-Encarnación E, Ríos G, Muñoz-Mirabal A, Vilá LM. Euforia-induced acute hepatitis in a patient with scleroderma. BMJ Case Rep 2012;2012. PubMed
  35. Lee J, Lee MS, Nam KW. Acute toxic hepatitis caused by an aloe vera preparation in a young patient: a case report with a literature review. Korean J Gastroenterol 2014;64(1):54-8. PubMed
  36. Guo X, Mei N. Aloe Vera - A Review of Toxicity and Adverse Clinical Effects. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 2016;34(2):77-96.
  37. Hoogenboom TCH, Patel N, Cook NA, Williams R, Taylor-Robinson SD, Lim AKP. The effect of Aloe vera juice on liver enzymes and hepatic structure in a healthy population. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2020;19(3):30-4.
  38. Mushtaq S, Mushtaq Z, Sarfraz J, et al. Comparison of effect of aloe vera gel with aspirin and celecoxib on platelet aggregation. Professional Med J. 2020; 27(5):973-978. DOI
  39. Haron MH, Dale O, Martin K, et al. Evaluation of the Herb-Drug Interaction Potential of Commonly Used Botanicals on the US Market with Regard to PXR- and AhR-Mediated Influences on CYP3A4 and CYP1A2. J Diet Suppl 2022. PubMed
  40. Sabbaghzadegan S, Soltani MH, Kamalinejad M, Bahrami M, Kabir A, Dadmehr M. The effect of a standardized capsule of Aloe vera gel on the quality of life in patients with systolic heart failure: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.
  41. Lewis ED, Crowley DC, Guthrie N, Evans M. Healthy adults supplemented with a nutraceutical formulation containing Aloe vera gel, rosemary and Poria cocos enhances the effect of influenza vaccination in a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PubMed

See these in context on the Aloe monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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