Elderberry Plus Ingredients & Drug Interactions
What is this page for?
First and foremost: checking Elderberry Plus against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.
Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy
Elderberry Plus is a dietary supplement by Signature Supplements with 7 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for anxiety and stress, sleep problems, digestive upset.Based on those ingredients, 1,218 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Echinacea, Thyme, Lemon Balm. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.
Check Your Meds Against Elderberry Plus by Signature Supplements
Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Elderberry Plus by Signature Supplements — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.
AI summaries are generated from our interaction database for education only — always confirm with your pharmacist. How we use AI
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Elderberry Plus by Signature Supplements
Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.
What’s inside
Full disclosure
Elderberry Plus contains seven active ingredients: lemon balm, holy basil, echinacea, yarrow, oregano, thyme, and elderflower. These are combined with two inactive ingredients — cellulose and diatomaceous earth — which serve as capsule material and filler.
Each ingredient brings traditional or researched properties: lemon balm and holy basil are included for their calming potential, echinacea for immune support, and the others for various traditional uses including respiratory and skin health.
Does it work?
Moderate evidence
The evidence picture is mixed across these ingredients. Lemon balm is possibly effective for cold sores and stress-related concerns.
For everything else in this product — holy basil for anxiety, asthma, or diabetes; echinacea for anxiety or athletic performance; yarrow for wound healing or eczema; oregano for acne or respiratory issues; thyme for bronchitis or colds; and elderflower for sinus health or immunity — the evidence is insufficient to rate. That means we don't have enough reliable data yet to say whether they work for those purposes.
How safe is it?
Well-documented data
Most of these ingredients are generally well tolerated in the short term, though long-term safety data are limited for several. The main cautions: lemon balm may cause dizziness or sedation (though not more often than placebo); holy basil can cause loose stools or nausea in some people; echinacea may trigger allergic reactions, especially in people sensitive to ragweed and related plants, and rare cases of liver inflammation have been reported; thyme and yarrow may cause contact dermatitis if you're sensitive; and oregano at high doses is less studied than food amounts.
Pregnancy and breastfeeding: lemon balm and holy basil should be avoided in pregnancy unless your doctor advises otherwise, and safety data during breastfeeding are limited for most ingredients. Thyme is likely safe in food amounts during pregnancy and lactation.
Yarrow, oregano, echinacea, and elderflower have insufficient data — talk with your pharmacist or doctor before using during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
Meds to double-check
Moderate interaction found
Check with your pharmacist if you take blood thinners (anticoagulants) or antiplatelet drugs like warfarin or aspirin; sedating medications (CNS depressants) such as benzodiazepines or sleep aids; diabetes medications (antidiabetes drugs); thyroid hormone replacement; estrogen therapy; immunosuppressant drugs; or lithium. Echinacea may also affect how your body handles caffeine and certain medications broken down by liver enzymes — your pharmacist can help you sort through those.
No interactions are documented in our data for the ingredient we could not check.
The bottom line
Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.
Elderberry Plus may appeal to you if you're looking for herbal support for stress, cold sores, or immune health, but you'll want to double-check it against any blood thinners, diabetes medications, thyroid replacement, or sedating drugs you take. If you're pregnant, breastfeeding, or take lithium or immunosuppressants, discuss this product with your pharmacist first.
Run your specific medications through the checker below before you start.
Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI
Assessment coverage: 7 of 7 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Sep 25, 2025.
This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed
General information
Key facts about Elderberry Plus, straight from the product label.
| Brand | Signature Supplements |
|---|---|
| Net contents | 100 Capsule(s) |
| Market status | On market |
| Date entered into DSLD | Sep 25, 2025 |
| DSLD ID | 338681 |
| Product type | Botanical |
| Supplement form | Capsule |
| Dietary claims / uses | All Other, Structure/Function |
| Intended target group(s) | Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free, Dairy Free, Sugar Free |
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.
Supplement Facts
The label details for Elderberry Plus by Signature Supplements, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.
Supplement Facts
| Ingredient | Amount | % DV |
|---|---|---|
| Lemon Balm | 90 mg | -- |
| Holy Basil | 90 mg | -- |
| Echinacea | 90 mg | -- |
| Yarrow | 90 mg | -- |
| Oregano | 90 mg | -- |
| Thyme | 90 mg | -- |
| Elderflower | 300 mg | -- |
Other ingredients: Cellulose, Diatomaceous Earth
Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formulation
No: Chemical Fillers or Binders, Artificial coloring, artificial flavor, preservatives, yeast, corn, milk or milk derivatives, lactose, salt, sodium, soy, sugar, gluten, starch or wheat.
From a GMP Facility
Elderberry Plus: Although our immune systems cannot always prevent illness, we can help by naturally helping our body fight symptoms. This is a synergistic blend of ingredients designed to support the immune system and to be able to relax and rest.
FDA Statement of Identity
Dietary Supplement
Formula
Elderberry plus with Echinacea & Oregano
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions
Directions: For Adults take 2 capsules more if needed. Up to three times a day safely.
Precautions
As a reminder, discuss the supplements and medications you take with your health care providers.
Storage
Store in a dry place and avoid excessive heat.
FDA Disclaimer Statement
This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.
Elderberry Plus by Signature Supplements label
The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.
Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.
View the full label (PDF)The Ingredients in Elderberry Plus by Signature Supplements
These are the 7 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.
Serving size2 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container50 Amounts shown are per serving.
Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.
Lemon Balm
Interacts with264 drugs
Lemon balm is a gentle, lemon-scented mint-family herb traditionally used to ease stress, support sleep, and calm digestion, and topically for cold so...
Lemon Balm monograph & interactionsHoly Basil
Interacts with212 drugs
Holy basil (tulsi) is a traditional Ayurvedic herb most often used today for stress and general wellness, but the human evidence is mostly small and p...
Holy Basil monograph & interactionsEchinacea
Interacts with816 drugs
Echinacea is a popular herb taken to help prevent or shorten the common cold, but study results are mixed and the overall benefit appears small at bes...
Echinacea monograph & interactionsYarrow
Interacts with1 drug
Yarrow is a traditional herb long used for wounds, digestive complaints, and colds, but high-quality human studies are very limited, so its benefits a...
Yarrow monograph & interactionsOregano
Interacts with208 drugs
Oregano is a common Mediterranean cooking herb that is also sold as a concentrated oil or supplement, often standardized for a compound called carvacr...
Oregano monograph & interactionsThyme
Interacts with379 drugs
Thyme is a common kitchen herb that has long been used for coughs, sore throats, and digestive complaints. It is generally safe in the amounts found i...
Thyme monograph & interactionsElderflower
Interacts with86 drugs
Elderflower comes from the elder plant (Sambucus nigra) and is traditionally used as a tea or extract for colds, sinus congestion, and fever. Good-qua...
Elderflower monograph & interactionsOther (inactive) ingredients: Cellulose, Diatomaceous Earth. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.
Elderberry Plus by Signature Supplements Drug Interactions
HelloPharmacist Interaction Report
Elderberry Plus by Signature Supplements contains seven active ingredients, and several of them interact with medications.
The most serious interaction we've documented is lemon balm's moderate-severity effect on CNS depressants (sedating drugs like benzodiazepines and sleep aids) — concomitant use may add to their sedative effect.
Read the full breakdown — every affected drug type, severity by severity
The product also carries moderate-severity interactions with anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs (blood thinners like warfarin and aspirin): holy basil seed oil, oregano, and thyme may each theoretically increase bleeding risk. Echinacea presents moderate interactions with multiple drug types — it can inhibit how your body breaks down caffeine and certain other medications metabolized by liver enzymes (CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 substrates), and it may interfere with immunosuppressant therapy.
Holy basil and oregano both carry moderate risk with antidiabetes drugs (insulin, metformin, and others) due to potential additive blood-sugar-lowering effects. Lemon balm and thyme may each interfere with thyroid hormone replacement and estrogen therapy, respectively, and yarrow theoretically increases lithium levels.
Echinacea also carries minor interactions with warfarin clearance and HIV protease inhibitors. Thyme presents additional moderate concerns with anticholinergic and cholinergic drugs.
Altogether, these interactions span 1,203 individual medications.
To see whether any of your specific prescriptions are affected, use the medication checker on this page.
Check your own medications below · Editorial policy · How we use AI
Want to check YOUR meds against Elderberry Plus?
Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.
Go to the checkerIngredients driving the most interactions
Individual Drug Interactions
The ingredients in Elderberry Plus interact with 1,218 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.
7 of the 7 ingredients in Elderberry Plus interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Echinacea Thyme Lemon Balm Holy Basil Oregano Elderflower Yarrow
6-mercaptopurinePurinethol
How 6-mercaptopurine interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaImmunosuppressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea has immunostimulant activity which may interfere with immunosuppressant therapy.
Read the full Echinacea + 6-mercaptopurine interactionAdo-trastuzumab EmtansineKadcyla
How Ado-trastuzumab Emtansine interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4.
Read the full Echinacea + Ado-trastuzumab Emtansine interactionAbciximabReoPro
How Abciximab interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Holy BasilAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, holy basil seed oil might increase the risk of bleeding when used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Holy Basil + Abciximab interactionThymeAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, thyme leaf extract might have additive effects with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Thyme + Abciximab interactionOreganoAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, oregano might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Oregano + Abciximab interactionAbemaciclibVerzenio
How Abemaciclib interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4.
Read the full Echinacea + Abemaciclib interactionAbiraterone
How Abiraterone interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4.
Read the full Echinacea + Abiraterone interactionAbiraterone AcetateYonsa, Zytiga
How Abiraterone Acetate interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4.
Read the full Echinacea + Abiraterone Acetate interactionAbrocitinibCibinqo
How Abrocitinib interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 4 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
OreganoAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, oregano might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Oregano + Abrocitinib interactionEchinaceaImmunosuppressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea has immunostimulant activity which may interfere with immunosuppressant therapy.
Read the full Echinacea + Abrocitinib interactionThymeAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, thyme leaf extract might have additive effects with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Thyme + Abrocitinib interactionHoly BasilAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, holy basil seed oil might increase the risk of bleeding when used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Holy Basil + Abrocitinib interactionAcalabrutinibCalquence
How Acalabrutinib interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4.
Read the full Echinacea + Acalabrutinib interactionAcarboseGlucobay, Prandase, Precose
How Acarbose interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Holy BasilAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, holy basil might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Read the full Holy Basil + Acarbose interactionOreganoAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, oregano might increase the risk for hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Read the full Oregano + Acarbose interactionElderflowerAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, elderflower might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Read the full Elderflower + Acarbose interactionAcenocoumarolSintrom
How Acenocoumarol interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
ThymeAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, thyme leaf extract might have additive effects with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Thyme + Acenocoumarol interactionHoly BasilAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, holy basil seed oil might increase the risk of bleeding when used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Holy Basil + Acenocoumarol interactionOreganoAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, oregano might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Oregano + Acenocoumarol interactionAcepromazineAtravet
How Acepromazine interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Lemon BalmCns Depressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of lemon balm might have additive effects with CNS depressant drugs.
Read the full Lemon Balm + Acepromazine interactionThymeAnticholinergic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concurrent use of anticholinergic drugs and thyme essential oil might reduce the effects of anticholinergic drugs.
Read the full Thyme + Acepromazine interactionAcetaminophenChildren's Tylenol, Children's Tylenol Meltaways, Tylenol, Tylenol Ex Strength
How Acetaminophen interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen interactionAcetaminophen, AspirinGemnisyn
How Acetaminophen, Aspirin interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 4 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Aspirin interactionOreganoAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, oregano might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Oregano + Acetaminophen, Aspirin interactionThymeAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, thyme leaf extract might have additive effects with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Thyme + Acetaminophen, Aspirin interactionHoly BasilAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, holy basil seed oil might increase the risk of bleeding when used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Holy Basil + Acetaminophen, Aspirin interactionAcetaminophen, Aspirin, CaffeineExcedrin, Excedrin Extra Strength, Excedrin Migraine
How Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 4 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCaffeine, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea can increase plasma levels of caffeine by inhibiting its metabolism.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interactionHoly BasilAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, holy basil seed oil might increase the risk of bleeding when used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Holy Basil + Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interactionOreganoAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, oregano might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Oregano + Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interactionThymeAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, thyme leaf extract might have additive effects with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Thyme + Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interactionAcetaminophen, Brompheniramine, PhenylpropanolamineDimetapp Cold and Flu
How Acetaminophen, Brompheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Brompheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine interactionAcetaminophen, ButalbitalAxocet, Bancap, Bucet, Butex Forte, Esgic CF, Orbivan CF +5 more
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Butalbital interactionAcetaminophen, Butalbital, CaffeineEsgic, Esgic Plus, Fiogesic, Fioricet, Repan, Tecnal +1 more
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Caffeine +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine interactionAcetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, CodeineEsgic with Codeine, Fioricet w/ Codeine
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, Codeine interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, Codeine interactionLemon BalmCns Depressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of lemon balm might have additive effects with CNS depressant drugs.
Read the full Lemon Balm + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, Codeine interactionAcetaminophen, Butalbital, CodeineBancap w/ Codeine
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine interactionLemon BalmCns Depressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of lemon balm might have additive effects with CNS depressant drugs.
Read the full Lemon Balm + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine interactionAcetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine PhosphatePhrenilin #3
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine Phosphate interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Lemon BalmCns Depressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of lemon balm might have additive effects with CNS depressant drugs.
Read the full Lemon Balm + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine Phosphate interactionEchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine Phosphate interactionAcetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, PhenylephrineHycomine Compound
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, Phenylephrine interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Caffeine +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, Phenylephrine interactionThymeAnticholinergic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concurrent use of anticholinergic drugs and thyme essential oil might reduce the effects of anticholinergic drugs.
Read the full Thyme + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, Phenylephrine interactionLemon BalmCns Depressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of lemon balm might have additive effects with CNS depressant drugs.
Read the full Lemon Balm + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, Phenylephrine interactionAcetaminophen, Caffeine, CodeineGesic C15, Gesic C30, Gesic C8, Lenoltec 1, Lenoltec 2, Lenoltec 3 +1 more
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Lemon BalmCns Depressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of lemon balm might have additive effects with CNS depressant drugs.
Read the full Lemon Balm + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine interactionEchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Caffeine +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine interactionAcetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, SalicylamideCodalan No.1, Codalan No.2, Codalan No.3
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, Salicylamide interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, Salicylamide interactionLemon BalmCns Depressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of lemon balm might have additive effects with CNS depressant drugs.
Read the full Lemon Balm + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, Salicylamide interactionAcetaminophen, Caffeine, DihydrocodeineDHC Plus, Panlor DC, Panlor SS
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Dihydrocodeine interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCaffeine, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea can increase plasma levels of caffeine by inhibiting its metabolism.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Dihydrocodeine interactionLemon BalmCns Depressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of lemon balm might have additive effects with CNS depressant drugs.
Read the full Lemon Balm + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Dihydrocodeine interactionAcetaminophen, Caffeine, IsomethepteneMigralam
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Isometheptene interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Caffeine +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Isometheptene interactionAcetaminophen, Caffeine, PyrilamineMidol Max Strength Menstrual
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Pyrilamine interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Pyrilamine interactionThymeAnticholinergic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concurrent use of anticholinergic drugs and thyme essential oil might reduce the effects of anticholinergic drugs.
Read the full Thyme + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Pyrilamine interactionAcetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Dextromethorphan HbrVicks Formula 44M Cough, Cold & Flu Relief
How Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Dextromethorphan Hbr interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Dextromethorphan Hbr interactionThymeAnticholinergic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concurrent use of anticholinergic drugs and thyme essential oil might reduce the effects of anticholinergic drugs.
Read the full Thyme + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Dextromethorphan Hbr interactionAcetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Codeine, PhenylephrineColrex
How Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Codeine, Phenylephrine interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Codeine, Phenylephrine interactionLemon BalmCns Depressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of lemon balm might have additive effects with CNS depressant drugs.
Read the full Lemon Balm + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Codeine, Phenylephrine interactionThymeAnticholinergic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concurrent use of anticholinergic drugs and thyme essential oil might reduce the effects of anticholinergic drugs.
Read the full Thyme + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Codeine, Phenylephrine interactionAcetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, DextromethorphanCoricidin II Extra Strength Cold and Flu
How Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan interactionThymeAnticholinergic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concurrent use of anticholinergic drugs and thyme essential oil might reduce the effects of anticholinergic drugs.
Read the full Thyme + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan interactionAcetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan HydrobromideCoricidin HBP Maximum Strength Flu
How Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide interacts with Elderberry Plus — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
ThymeAnticholinergic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concurrent use of anticholinergic drugs and thyme essential oil might reduce the effects of anticholinergic drugs.
Read the full Thyme + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide interactionEchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide interactionEach ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects
For each ingredient in Elderberry Plus with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.
Echinacea
Caffeine
Echinacea can increase plasma levels of caffeine by inhibiting its metabolism.
Echinacea seems to increase plasma concentrations of caffeine by around 30%. This is likely due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) by echinacea.
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Echinacea appears to inhibit CYP1A2 enzymes in humans. Additionally, echinacea seems to increase plasma concentrations of caffeine, a CYP1A2 substrate, by around 30%. Theoretically, echinacea might increase levels of other drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates
Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4. This may increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Several clinical trials have shown that taking echinacea for up to one month does not significantly affect the metabolism of various CYP3A4 substrates, including midazolam, docetaxel, etravirine, lopinavir-ritonavir, and darunavir-ritonavir. However, other clinical research shows that echinacea may increase the clearance of midazolam, suggesting that echinacea might induce CYP3A4. The discrepancy is thought to be due to differing effects of echinacea on intestinal versus hepatic CYP3A4 enzymes. Echinacea appears to induce hepatic CYP3A4 but inhibit intestinal CYP3A4. In some cases, these effects might cancel each other out, but in others, drug levels may be increased or decreased depending on the level of effect at hepatic and intestinal sites. The effect of echinacea on CYP3A4 activity may differ depending on the CYP3A4 substrate.
Etoposide (Vepesid)
Echinacea may increase levels of etoposide.
In one report, concomitant use of etoposide and echinacea was associated with more severe thrombocytopenia than the use of etoposide alone, suggesting inhibition of etoposide metabolism. Etoposide is a cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrate. Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but some studies have reported inhibition of the enzyme.
Immunosuppressants
Echinacea has immunostimulant activity which may interfere with immunosuppressant therapy.
Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with immunosuppressant therapy because of its immunostimulant activity.
Darunavir (Prezista)
Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of darunavir; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Darunavir is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and is administered with the CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir to increase its plasma concentrations. Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but administration of an E. purpurea root extract (Arkocapsulas Echinacea, Arkopharma) 500 mg four times daily for 14 days did not affect darunavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics in 15 HIV-infected patients.
Dayquil Severe
Echinacea is reported to have varying effects on a number of Cytochrome P450 metabolizing enzymes in the liver, including CYP1A2 and CYP3A4, which play a role in acetaminophen and dextromethorphan metabolism (both contained in DayQuil Severe), respectively. Studies have reported both enzyme inhibition and induction, making it difficult to predict clinically significant drug interactions with reliability. Specific drug interaction studies reporting definitive results are rare, and potential drug interactions involving echinacea should likely be taken on a case-by-case basis. Based on what we know about how acetaminophen and dextromethorphan are metabolized, the risk of a clinically significant interaction between echinacea and DayQuil Severe is low.
Docetaxel (Taxotere)
Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of docetaxel; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Docetaxel is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but taking E. purpurea whole plant extract (Echinaforce, A. Vogel Biopharma AG) 20 drops three times daily for 2 weeks did not alter the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel in one clinical study.
Etravirine (Intelence)
Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of etravirine; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Etravirine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but taking E. purpurea root extract (Arkocapsulas Echinacea, Arkopharma) 500 mg three times daily for 14 days did not alter the pharmacokinetics of etravirine in HIV-infected patients.
Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Kaletra)
Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of lopinavir; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Lopinavir is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and is administered with the CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir to increase its plasma concentrations. Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but taking E. purpurea (Echinamide, Natural Factors Nutritional Products, Inc.) 500 mg three times daily for 14 days did not alter the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir in healthy volunteers.
Midazolam (Versed)
Theoretically, echinacea may increase the metabolism of intravenous midazolam.
Echinacea induces hepatic CYP3A4 and might decrease plasma levels of midazolam by about 20%, reducing the effectiveness of intravenous midazolam. Echinacea also appears to inhibit intestinal CYP3A4, which could theoretically increase the bioavailability of oral midazolam. This may cancel out the decrease in availability caused by induction of hepatic CYP3A4, such that overall plasma levels after oral administration of midazolam are not affected by echinacea.
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Echinacea seems to increase the clearance of warfarin, although the effect may not be clinically significant.
Preliminary clinical research in healthy male volunteers suggests that taking echinacea increases the clearance of the active S-isomer of warfarin after a single dose of warfarin, but there was not a clinically significant effect on the INR.
Thyme
Anticholinergic Drugs
Theoretically, concurrent use of anticholinergic drugs and thyme essential oil might reduce the effects of anticholinergic drugs.
In vitro evidence suggests that thyme essential oil and specific essential oil constituents like thymohydroquinone and carvacrol can inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE). However, this effect has not been observed in humans.
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs
Theoretically, thyme leaf extract might have additive effects with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro and animal research suggests that thyme leaf extract has antiplatelet effects. However, this effect has not been observed in humans.
Cholinergic Drugs
Theoretically, concurrent use of cholinergic drugs and thyme essential oil might cause additive cholinergic effects.
In vitro evidence suggests that thyme essential oil and specific essential oil constituents like thymohydroquinone and carvacrol can inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE). However, this effect has not been observed in humans.
Estrogens
Theoretically, thyme might competitively inhibit the effects of estrogen replacement therapy.
In vitro research shows that thyme has estrogen receptor-binding activity and phytoestrogen content. However, this effect has not been observed in humans.
Lemon Balm
Cns Depressants
Theoretically, concomitant use of lemon balm might have additive effects with CNS depressant drugs.
Lemon balm seems to have CNS depressant activity in animals and in humans.
Thyroid Hormone
Theoretically, lemon balm might interfere with thyroid hormone replacement therapy.
In vitro, constituents of lemon balm extract bind to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), preventing TSH receptor-binding and leading to the inhibition of TSH-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. In animals, lemon balm extract has been shown to decrease levels of circulating TSH and inhibit thyroid secretion.
Holy Basil
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs
Theoretically, holy basil seed oil might increase the risk of bleeding when used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Animal research shows that holy basil seed oil can prolong bleeding time, possibly due to inhibition of platelet aggregation. However, it is not known if this occurs in humans.
Antidiabetes Drugs
Theoretically, holy basil might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Small clinical studies show that taking holy basil can decrease fasting blood glucose and other measures of glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Pentobarbital (Nembutal)
Theoretically, holy basil seed oil might increase the sedative effects of pentobarbital.
Animal research shows that holy basil seed oil increases pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time. However, it is not known if this occurs in humans or if this applies to other barbiturates or sedatives.
Oregano
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs
Theoretically, oregano might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro research shows that aristolochic acid isolated from oregano leaves has antithrombin activity. It has also been reported that oregano oil inhibits arachidonic acid-induced, and ADP-induced, platelet aggregation.
Antidiabetes Drugs
Theoretically, oregano might increase the risk for hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
In vitro and animal research shows that oregano extracts might lower blood glucose levels.
Elderflower
Antidiabetes Drugs
Theoretically, elderflower might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
In vitro research suggests that elderflower might lower blood glucose levels. Monitor blood glucose levels closely.
Yarrow
Lithium
Theoretically, taking yarrow with lithium might increase the levels and adverse effects of lithium.
Animal research shows that yarrow has diuretic activity. Theoretically, due to these potential diuretic effects, yarrow might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium. The dose of lithium might need to be decreased.
Brand information
Manufacturer and brand details for Elderberry Plus, from the product label.
Signature Supplements
See all Signature Supplements products- Name
- Signature Supplements
- Street Address
- P.O. Box 1112
- City
- San Clemente
- State
- CA
- Web Address
- yoursignaturesupplements.com
Elderberry Plus by Signature Supplements: Common Questions
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Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy
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The Full Monographs Behind Elderberry Plus’s Ingredients
Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.
Lemon Balm
Interacts with 264 drugsLemon balm is a gentle, lemon-scented mint-family herb traditionally used to ease stress, support sleep, and calm digestion, and topically for cold sores. Early studies are promising but gen...
Read the full Lemon Balm monograph → Herb & supplement monographHoly Basil
Interacts with 212 drugsHoly basil (tulsi) is a traditional Ayurvedic herb most often used today for stress and general wellness, but the human evidence is mostly small and preliminary. It is generally well tolerat...
Read the full Holy Basil monograph → Herb & supplement monographEchinacea
Interacts with 816 drugsEchinacea is a popular herb taken to help prevent or shorten the common cold, but study results are mixed and the overall benefit appears small at best. It is generally well tolerated for sh...
Read the full Echinacea monograph → Herb & supplement monographYarrow
Interacts with 1 drugYarrow is a traditional herb long used for wounds, digestive complaints, and colds, but high-quality human studies are very limited, so its benefits are not well proven. It is generally used...
Read the full Yarrow monograph → Herb & supplement monographOregano
Interacts with 208 drugsOregano is a common Mediterranean cooking herb that is also sold as a concentrated oil or supplement, often standardized for a compound called carvacrol. While lab studies suggest it may hav...
Read the full Oregano monograph → Herb & supplement monographThyme
Interacts with 379 drugsThyme is a common kitchen herb that has long been used for coughs, sore throats, and digestive complaints. It is generally safe in the amounts found in food, and some cough products that com...
Read the full Thyme monograph → Herb & supplement monographElderflower
Interacts with 86 drugsElderflower comes from the elder plant (Sambucus nigra) and is traditionally used as a tea or extract for colds, sinus congestion, and fever. Good-quality human evidence is limited, so it sh...
Read the full Elderflower monograph →Sources & How We Checked
Elderberry Plus's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.
- NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) — The official product label on file for this supplement.
- Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) — Evidence-graded clinical reference behind the ingredient interaction data.
Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.
The 111 references behind this product’s interaction data
Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.
Lemon Balm 12 references
- Wolbling RH, Leonhardt K. Local therapy of herpes simplex with dried extract from Melissa officinalis. Phytomedicine 1994;1:25-31.
- Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M, Mohammadi M, et al. Melissa officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:863-6. PubMed
- Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Tildesley NT, et al. Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002;72:953-64. PubMed
- Albrecht M, Berger W, Laux P, Schmidt U, et al. Psychopharmaka und Verkehrssicherheit. Der Einfluß von Euvegal® - Dragees forte auf die Fahrtüchtigkeit und Kombinationswirkungen mit Alkohol Z Allg Med 1995;71:1215-25.
- Herberg, KW. Nebenwirkungen pflanzlicher Beruhigungsmittel/ Leistung und Befinden nach Einnahme einer Baldrian-Hopfen-Kombination. Z.Allg Med 1996;72:234-240.
- Soulimani R, Fleurentin J, Mortier F, et al. Neurotropic action of the hydroalcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis in the mouse. Planta Med. 1991 Apr;57:105-9.
- Sourgens H, Winterhoff H, Gumbinger HG, et al. Antihormonal effects of plant extracts. TSH- and prolactin-suppressing properties of Lithospermum officinale and other plants. Planta Med. 1982 Jun;45:78-86. DOI
- Auf'mkolk M, Ingbar JC, Amir SM, et al. Inhibition by certain plant extracts of the binding and adenylate cyclase stimulatory effect of bovine thyrotropin in human thyroid membranes. Endocrinology. 1984 Aug;115:527-34. PubMed
- Santini F, Vitti P, Ceccarini G, et al. In vitro assay of thyroid disruptors affecting TSH-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. J Endocrinol Invest. 2003 Oct;26:950-5. PubMed
- Alijaniha F, et al. Heart palpitation relief with Melissa officinalis leaf extract: double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial of efficacy and safety. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;164:378-384. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.007. Epub 2015 Feb 11. PubMed
- Araj-Khodaei M, Noorbala AA, Yarani R, et al. A double-blind, randomized pilot study for comparison of Melissa officinalis L. and Lavandula angustifolia Mill. with Fluoxetine for the treatment of depression. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1):207. PubMed
- Kucuk U, Pham M, Raza Raja MH, Saad Shaukat MH, Clark R. Transient complete atrioventricular block associated with herbal supplement use. S D Med 2023;76(7):311-313.
Holy Basil 8 references
- Agrawal P, Rai V, Singh RB. Randomized placebo-controlled, single blind trial of holy basil leaves in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996;34:406-9.
- Sakina MR, Dandiya PC, Hamdard ME, Hameed A. Preliminary psychopharmacological evaluation of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract. J Ethnopharmacol 1990;28:143-50. PubMed
- Singh S, Rehan HM, Majumdar DK. Effect of Ocimum sanctum fixed oil on blood pressure, blood clotting time and pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time. J Ethnopharmacol 2001;78:139-43. PubMed
- Mondal, S., Varma, S., Bamola, V. D., Naik, S. N., Mirdha, B. R., Padhi, M. M., Mehta, N., and Mahapatra, S. C. Double-blinded randomized controlled trial for immunomodulatory effects of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) leaf extract on healthy volunteers. J PubMed
- Agarwal, P. and Nagesh, L. Comparative evaluation of efficacy of 0.2% Chlorhexidine, Listerine and Tulsi extract mouth rinses on salivary Streptococcus mutans count of high school children--RCT. Contemp.Clin Trials 2011;32(6):802-808. PubMed
- Vohora, S. B., Garg, S. K., and Chaudhury, R. R. Antifertility screening of plants. 3. Effect of six indigenous plants on early pregnancy in albino rats. Indian J Med Res 1969;57(5):893-899.
- Khanna S, Gupta SR, Grover JK. Effect of long term feeding of tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn) on reproductive performance of adult albino rats. Indian J Exp Biol 1986;24(5):302-4.
- Somasundaram G, Manimekalai K, Salwe KJ, Pandiamunian J. Evaluation of the antidiabetic effect of Ocimum sanctum in type 2 diabetes patients. Int J Life Sci Pharma Res 2012;2(3):75-81.
Echinacea 51 references
- Mullins RJ. Echinacea-associated anaphylaxis. Med J Aust 1998;168:170-1. PubMed
- Mullins RJ. Allergic reactions to Echinacea. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;104:S340-341 (Abstract 1003).
- Chavez ML, Chavez PI. Echinacea. Hosp Pharm 1998;33:180-8.
- Grimm W, Muller HH. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of fluid extract of Echinacea purpurea on the incidence and severity of colds and respiratory infections. Am J Med 1999;106:138-43. PubMed
- Taylor JA, Weber W, Standish L, et al. Efficacy and safety of echinacea in treating upper respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290:2824-30.. PubMed
- Luettig B, Steinmuller C, Gifford GE, et al. Macrophage activation by the polysaccharide arabinogalactan isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81:669-75. PubMed
- Stimpel M, Proksch A, Wagner H, et al. Macrophage activation and induction of macrophage cytotoxicity by purified polysaccharide fractions from the plant Echinacea purpurea. Infect Immun 1984;46:845-9. PubMed
- Budzinski JW, Foster BC, Vandenhoek S, Arnason JT. An in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition by selected commercial herbal extracts and tinctures. Phytomedicine 2000;7:273-82. PubMed
- Gallo M, Sarkar M, Au W, et al. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to echinacea: A prospective controlled study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:3141-3. PubMed
- Soon SL, Crawford RI. Recurrent erythema nodosum associated with echinacea herbal therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:298-9. PubMed
- Mullins RJ, Heddle R. Adverse reactions associated with echinacea: the Australian experience. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002;88:42-51. PubMed
- Logan JL, Ahmed J. Critical hypokalemic renal tubular acidosis due to Sjogren's syndrome: association with the purported immune stimulant echinacea. Clin Rheumatol 2003;22:158-9.
- Schulten B, Bulitta M, Ballering-Bruhl B, et al. Efficacy of Echinacea purpurea in patients with a common cold. A placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung 2001;51:563-8.. PubMed
- Yale SH, Glurich I. Analysis of the inhibitory potential of Ginkgo biloba, Echinacea purpurea, and Serenoa repens on the metabolic activity of cytochrome P450 3A4, 2D6, and 2C9. J Altern Complement Med 2005;11:433-9.
- Yale SH, Liu K. Echinacea purpurea therapy for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1237-41. PubMed
- Gorski JC, Huang S, Zaheer NA, et al. The effect of echinacea (Echinacea purpurea root) on cytochrome P450 activity in vivo.Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;73 (Abstract PDII-A-8):P94. PubMed
- Lee AN, Werth VP. Activation of autoimmunity following use of immunostimulatory herbal supplements. Arch Dermatol 2004;140:723-7. PubMed
- Goel V, Lovlin R, Barton R, et al. Efficacy of a standardized echinacea preparation (Echinilin) for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther 2004;29:75-83.
- Barrett B. Medicinal properties of Echinacea: a critical review. Phytomedicine 2003;10:66-86. PubMed
- Huntley AL, Thompson Coon J, Ernst E. The safety of herbal medicinal products derived from Echinacea species: a systematic review. Drug Saf 2005;28:387-400. PubMed
- Turner RB, Bauer R, Woelkart K, et al. An evaluation of Echinacea angustifolia in experimental rhinovirus infections. N Engl J Med 2005;353:341-8.
- Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. In vivo assessment of botanical supplementation on human cytochrome P450 phenotypes: Citrus aurantium, Echinacea purpurea, milk thistle, and saw palmetto. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;76:428-40. .
- Perri D, Dugoua JJ, Mills E, Koren G. Safety and efficacy of echinacea (Echinacea augustafolia, e. purpurea and e. pallida) during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Clin Pharmacol 2006;13:e262-7.
- Kocaman O, Hulagu S, Senturk O. Echinacea-induced severe acute hepatitis with features of cholestatic autoimmune hepatitis. Eur J Intern Med 2008;19:148. PubMed
- Barrett B, Brown R, Rakel D. et al. Echinacea for treating the common cold: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2010;153:769-77. PubMed
- Press Release: Echinacea herbal products should not be used in children under 12 years old. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (UK). August 20, 2012. Available at: www.mhra.gov.uk/NewsCentre/Pressreleases/CON180627. (Accessed 21 October
- Barrett B, Brown R, Rakel D, Rabago D, et al. Placebo effects and the common cold: a randomized controlled trial. Ann.Fam.Med 2011;9:312-22. PubMed
- Haller J, Freund, TF, Pelczer, KG, et al. The anxiolytic potential and psychotropic side effects of an echinacea preparation in laboratory animals and healthy volunteers. Phytother.Res. 2013;27:54-61.
- Grbic J, Wexler I, Celenti R, et al. A phase II trial of a transmucosal herbal patch for the treatment of gingivitis. J Am Dent.Assoc. 2011;142:1168-75. PubMed
- Schapowal A, Berger D, Klein P, et al. Echinacea/sage or chlorhexidine/lidocaine for treating acute sore throats: a randomized double-blind trial. Eur.J Med Res 9-1-2009;14:406-12. PubMed
- Bossaer JB and Odle BL. Probable etoposide interaction with Echinacea. J.Diet.Suppl 2012;9:90-5.
- Abdul MI, Jiang X, Williams KM, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of echinacea and policosanol with warfarin in healthy subjects. Br J Clin.Pharmacol. 2010;69:508-15. PubMed
- Kemp, D. E. and Franco, K. N. Possible leukopenia associated with long-term use of echinacea. J Am Board Fam.Pract. 2002;15(5):417-419.
- Liatsos, G., Elefsiniotis, I., Todorova, R., and Moulakakis, A. Severe thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) induced or exacerbated by the immunostimulatory herb Echinacea. Am J Hematol. 2006;81(3):224.
- Penzak, S. R., Robertson, S. M., Hunt, J. D., Chairez, C., Malati, C. Y., Alfaro, R. M., Stevenson, J. M., and Kovacs, J. A. Echinacea purpurea significantly induces cytochrome P450 3A activity but does not alter lopinavir-ritonavir exposure in healthy s
- Maskatia, Z. K. and Baker, K. Hypereosinophilia associated with echinacea use. South.Med J 2010;103(11):1173-1174. PubMed
- Parnham MJ. Benefit-risk assessment of the squeezed sap of the purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) for long-term oral immunostimulation. Phytomed 1996;3:95-102. PubMed
- Schroder-Aasen T, Molden G, Nilsen OG. In vitro inhibition of CYP3A4 by the multiherbal commercial product Sambucus Force and its main constituents Echinacea purpurea and Sambucus nigra. Phytother Res 2012;26(11):1606-13.
- Moltó J, Valle M, Miranda C, et al. Herb-drug interaction between Echinacea purpurea and darunavir-ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55(1):326-30.
- Goey AK, Meijerman I, Rosing H, et al. The effect of Echinacea purpurea on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013;76(3):467-74.
- Moltó J, Valle M, Miranda C, et al. Herb-drug interaction between Echinacea purpurea and etravirine in HIV-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56(10):5328-31. PubMed
- Lawrenson JA, Walls T, Day AS. Echinacea-induced acute liver failure in a child. J Paediatr Child Health 2014;50(10):841.
- Hansen TS, Nilsen OG. In vitro CYP3A4 metabolism: inhibition by Echinacea purpurea and choice of substrate for the evaluation of herbal inhibition. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008;103:445-9.
- Gabranis I, Koufakis T1, Papakrivos I, Batala S. Echinacea-associated acute cholestatic hepatitis. J Postgrad Med. 2015;61(3):211-2. PubMed
- Jalloh MA, Gregory PJ, Hein D, et al. Dietary supplement interactions with antiretrovirals: a systematic review. Int J STD AIDS. 2017 Jan;28(1):4-15. PubMed
- Karsch-Völk M, Barrett B, Kiefer D, Bauer R, Ardjomand-Woelkart K, Linde K. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2014;(2):CD000530. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000530.pub3. PubMed
- Hoban CL, Byard RW, Musgrave IF. Analysis of spontaneous adverse drug reactions to echinacea, valerian, black cohosh and ginkgo in Australia from 2000 to 2015. J Integr Med. 2019;17(5):338-343. PubMed
- Ogal M, Johnston SL, Klein P, Schoop R. Echinacea reduces antibiotic usage in children through respiratory tract infection prevention: a randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial. Eur J Med Res. 2021 Apr 8;26(1):33. PubMed
- Lopresti AL, Smith SJ. An investigation into the anxiety-relieving and mood-enhancing effects of Echinacea angustifolia (EP107 ™): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord 2021;293:229-237.
- Weishaupt R, Buchkov A, Kolev E, Klein P, Schoop R. Reduction of viral load in patients with acute sore throats: Results from an observational clinical trial with Echinacea / Salvia lozenges [published online ahead of print, 2023 Mar 8]. Complement Med Re
- Sumer J, Keckeis K, Scanferla G, et al. Novel Echinacea formulations for the treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in adults-A randomized blinded controlled trial. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023;10:948787. PubMed
Yarrow 8 references
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