Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 6 of 10 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Imunohills Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Herbal Hills

Imunohills label
See full label image
Softgel Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Imunohills against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Imunohills is a dietary supplement by Herbal Hills with 10 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for digestive upset, respiratory and cough complaints, boosting absorption of other supplements.Based on those ingredients, 1,404 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Haridra, Neempatra, Pippali. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Imunohills by Herbal Hills

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Imunohills by Herbal Hills — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
Prefer a human? Send your question to our licensed pharmacists — free, answered by email within 24 hours.

HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Imunohills by Herbal Hills

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Aug 6, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 10 of its 10 active ingredients.
  • “Processed by the method of Siddha Ghruta in” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label doesn't break down how much of each component you get.
  • “Quath Dravya of” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label doesn't break down how much of each component you get.

Imunohills contains 10 ingredients, including several active herbal components: pippali (Indian long pepper), guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), haridra (turmeric), amalaki (Indian gooseberry), neem leaf, tribulus, and three others we cannot verify — triphala, bhumiamalaki, and two carrier substances (cow milk and go-ghruta, a traditional ghee blend). The product uses a traditional Siddha preparation method and quath dravya (herbal decoction) as its base.

There are no inactive fillers listed.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Immunity support.
  • We looked for evidence on: Allergic rhinitis (hay fever), Asthma, Bronchitis, Common cold, Cough, Immune function — and 2 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Turmeric is rated "Possibly Effective" for Allergic rhinitis (hay fever) (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Indian Long Pepper is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Bronchitis, Asthma, Common cold, Cough.
  • Also on file: Neem is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Asthma, Cough.

The evidence for Imunohills' ingredients is mixed and often limited. Turmeric is possibly effective for depression, high cholesterol, hay fever, and indigestion.

Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) is possibly effective for type 2 diabetes. Amalaki (Indian gooseberry) is possibly effective for acid reflux and high cholesterol.

Neem leaf is possibly effective for gingivitis, lice, dental plaque, and acne. Tribulus is possibly effective for sexual function but appears ineffective for athletic performance.

Pippali, Indian long pepper, has insufficient evidence for bronchitis, asthma, cancer, heart disease, and liver disease. We don't hold effectiveness data for cow milk, go-ghruta, triphala, or bhumiamalaki.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Indian Long Pepper Tinospora Cordifolia Turmeric Indian Gooseberry Neem Tribulus

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 5 of the 6 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 6 of 6.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 6 of 6.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Turmeric is generally well tolerated as a food but can cause stomach upset (constipation, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting) and rare liver injury with long-term supplement use; about 70 cases of liver damage have been reported over weeks to months. Pippali (Indian long pepper) lacks strong safety data in supplement form and should not be used in medicinal amounts during pregnancy or while breastfeeding.

Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) is traditionally used but has been linked to liver injury — in 49 reported cases, patients developed hepatitis or acute liver failure after 42–90 days; two required transplants and four died. Avoid it during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Amalaki (Indian gooseberry) is well tolerated; a small number of trial participants reported stomach discomfort, fatigue, or muscle pain. Neem leaf is likely safe short-term but neem oil can be toxic if swallowed; avoid during pregnancy because it may affect hormones, and avoid while breastfeeding.

Tribulus is often well tolerated short-term but rare cases of liver or kidney injury and seizures have been reported; avoid in pregnancy and while breastfeeding.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Indian Long Pepper Tinospora Cordifolia Turmeric Indian Gooseberry Neem Tribulus

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 6 of the 6 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Tribulus, Indian Long Pepper, Neem, Turmeric, Indian Gooseberry, among others.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; cancer treatments; diabetes medications; lithium.
  • For scale: 1,405 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking Imunohills, check with your doctor or pharmacist if you take diabetes medications (risk of low blood sugar), blood thinners or aspirin (increased bleeding risk), heart or blood pressure medications, immunosuppressants, lithium, liver enzyme substrates (CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, CYP2C8, P-glycoprotein, or OATP transporters), chemotherapy drugs, theophylline, pentobarbital, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, methotrexate, tamoxifen, sulfasalazine, tramadol, or propranolol. No interactions are documented for the ingredients we could not check.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

Imunohills is a traditional herbal blend primarily studied in Ayurvedic medicine with modest evidence for some uses like blood sugar control and inflammation. However, it carries Moderate interactions with many common medications — especially diabetes drugs, blood thinners, heart medications, and drugs your liver breaks down — and some ingredients have been linked to liver injury.

If you take any prescription medications, have diabetes or bleeding disorders, or are pregnant or breastfeeding, talk with your doctor or pharmacist before starting this product.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 6 of 10 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Jun 24, 2019.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Imunohills, straight from the product label.

Brand Herbal Hills
Barcode (UPC) 8906008260397
Net contents 900 Soft Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Jun 24, 2019
DSLD ID 203652
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Softgel Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Imunohills by Herbal Hills, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
2 Not Present
Maximum serving Sizes:
2 Not Present
UPC/BARCODE
8906008260397
IngredientAmount% DV
Processed by the method of Siddha Ghruta in0 NP--
Cow Milk500 mg--
Quath Dravya of0 NP--
Go-Ghruta500 mg--
Pippali11.1 mg--
Triphala44.45 mg--
Guduchi133.35 mg--
Haridra44.45 mg--
Amalaki88.9 mg--
Neempatra44.45 mg--
Bhumiamalaki44.45 mg--
Gokshura88.9 mg--

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
FDA Statement of Identity

Herbal Supplement

Formula

Herbal formulation processed with Cow Ghee

General Statements

Mfg. Lic. No. MB/AYU/001-A/11 M.R.P. (Inclusive of all taxes)

Immunity Support Ayurvedic Proprietary Medicine

Permitted colours used in capsule shell

Customer Care : 91 22 28686868 (10 a.m to 6 p.m on weekdays) 110716

Seals/Symbols

GMP Good Manufacturing Practice

Storage

Store in a cool dry place away from direct sunlight

Precautions

Keep out of reach of children.

Do not use if inner seal is broken or missing

Caution : Pregnant or lactating women are advised to consume herbal products under the advice of the physician.

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Direction for use : Take 2 soft gel capsules daily in the morning or as recommended by the physician. It should ideally be taken on empty stomach before meals. For better results it should be taken with warm water or milk.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Imunohills by Herbal Hills label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Imunohills label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Imunohills by Herbal Hills

These are the 10 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size2 Not Present Dosage formSoftgel Capsule Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Processed by the method of Siddha Ghruta in

0 NP per serving
  • › Cow Milk
  • › Go-Ghruta

Quath Dravya of

0 NP per serving
Interaction report

Imunohills by Herbal Hills Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Imunohills?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,404Drugs
1,399 Moderate 5 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Haridra 1,133
Neempatra 1,013
Pippali 896
Guduchi 612
Gokshura 259

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Imunohills interact with 1,404 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

6 of the 10 ingredients in Imunohills interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Haridra Neempatra Pippali Guduchi Gokshura Amalaki

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Imunohills with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Haridra24 drug types · 1,133 drugs

Alkylating Agents

Turmeric has antioxidant effects. Theoretically, this may reduce the activity of chemotherapy drugs that generate free radicals. However, research is conflicting.
In vitro research suggests that curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, inhibits mechlorethamine-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells by up to 70%. Also, animal research shows that curcumin inhibits cyclophosphamide-induced tumor regression. However, some in vitro research shows that curcumin does not affect the apoptosis capacity of etoposide. Also, other laboratory research suggests that curcumin might augment the cytotoxic effects of alkylating agents. Reasons for the discrepancies may relate to the dose of curcumin and the specific chemotherapeutic agent. Lower doses of curcumin might have antioxidant effects while higher doses might have pro-oxidant effects. More evidence is needed to determine what effect, if any, turmeric might have on alkylating agents.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Amlodipine (Norvasc)

Taking turmeric with amlodipine may increase levels of amlodipine.
Animal research shows that giving amlodipine 1 mg/kg as a single dose following the use of turmeric extract 200 mg/kg daily for 2 weeks increases the maximum concentration and area under the curve by 53% and 56%, respectively, when compared with amlodipine alone. Additional animal research shows that taking amlodipine 1 mg/kg with a curcumin 2 mg/kg pretreatment for 10 days increases the maximum concentration and area under the curve by about 2-fold when compared with amlodipine alone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Turmeric may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs. However, research is conflicting.
Curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, has demonstrated antiplatelet effects in vitro. Furthermore, two case reports have found that taking turmeric along with warfarin or fluindione was associated with an increased international normalized ratio (INR). However, one clinical study in healthy volunteers shows that taking curcumin 500 mg daily for 3 weeks, alone or with aspirin 100 mg, does not increase antiplatelet effects or bleeding risk. It is possible that the dose of turmeric used in this study was too low to produce a notable effect.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking turmeric with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Animal research and case reports suggest that curcumin, a turmeric constituent, can reduce blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes. Furthermore, clinical research in adults with type 2 diabetes shows that taking curcumin 475 mg daily for 10 days prior to taking glyburide 5 mg decreased postprandial glucose levels for up to 24 hours when compared with glyburide alone, despite the lack of a significant pharmacokinetic interaction. Other clinical studies in patients with diabetes show that taking curcumin daily can reduce blood glucose levels when compared with placebo.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antitumor Antibiotics

Turmeric has antioxidant effects. Theoretically, this may reduce the activity of chemotherapy drugs that generate free radicals. However, research is conflicting.
In vitro and animal research shows that curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, inhibits doxorubicin-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells by up to 65%. However, curcumin does not seem to affect the apoptosis capacity of daunorubicin. In fact, some research shows that curcumin might augment the cytotoxic effects of antitumor antibiotics, increasing their effectiveness. Reasons for the discrepancies may relate to the dose of curcumin and the chemotherapeutic agent. Lower doses of curcumin might have antioxidant effects while higher doses might have pro-oxidant effects. More evidence is needed to determine what effects, if any, antioxidants such as turmeric have on antitumor antibiotics.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Turmeric might increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
In vitro and animal research show that turmeric and its constituents curcumin and curcuminoids inhibit CYP3A4. Also, 8 case reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) adverse drug reaction database describe increased toxicity in patients taking turmeric and cancer medications that are CYP3A4 substrates, including everolimus, ruxolitinib, ibrutinib, and palbociclib, and bortezomib. In another case report, a transplant patient presented with acute nephrotoxicity and elevated tacrolimus levels after consuming turmeric powder at a dose of 15 or more spoonfuls daily for ten days prior. It was thought that turmeric increased levels of tacrolimus due to CYP3A4 inhibition.
Conversely, other in vitro research suggests that turmeric induces CYP3A4 activity, leading to reduced levels of CYP3A4 substrates. An animal model suggests that induction of CYP3A4 occurs after daily curcumin use for 1 week. However, the induction of CYP3A4 by turmeric has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Hepatotoxic Drugs

Theoretically, turmeric might increase the risk of liver damage when taken with hepatotoxic drugs.
There is concern that turmeric might cause hepatotoxicity, especially when highly bioavailable formulations are used in high doses.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Methotrexate (Trexall, Others)

Theoretically, turmeric might have additive effects when used with hepatotoxic drugs such as methotrexate.
In one case report, a 39-year-old female taking methotrexate, turmeric, and linseed oil developed hepatotoxicity.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide Substrates (Oatp)

Theoretically, turmeric might increase blood levels of OATP4C1 substrates.
In vitro research shows that the turmeric constituent curcumin competitively inhibits OATP4C1 transport. This transporter is expressed in the kidney and facilitates the renal excretion of certain drugs. Theoretically, taking turmeric might decrease renal excretion of OATP substrates.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)

Turmeric might increase the effects and adverse effects of sulfasalazine.
Clinical research shows that taking the turmeric constituent, curcumin, can increase blood levels of sulfasalazine by 3.2-fold.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Tacrolimus (Prograf)

Turmeric might increase the effects and adverse effects of tacrolimus.
In one case report, a transplant patient presented with acute nephrotoxicity and elevated tacrolimus levels of 29 ng/mL. The patient previously had tacrolimus levels within the therapeutic range at 9.7 ng/mL. Ten days prior to presenting at the emergency room the patient started consumption of turmeric powder at a dose of 15 or more spoonfuls daily. It was thought that turmeric increased levels of tacrolimus due to cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibition. In vitro and animal research show that turmeric and its constituent curcumin inhibit CYP3A4.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Talinolol

Turmeric may reduce the absorption of talinolol in some situations.
Clinical research shows that taking curcumin for 6 days decreases the bioavailability of talinolol when taken together on the seventh day. The clinical significance of this effect is unclear.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)

Theoretically, turmeric might reduce the levels and clinical effects of tamoxifen.
In a small clinical trial in patients with breast cancer taking tamoxifen 20-30 mg daily, adding curcumin 1200 mg plus piperine 10 mg three times daily reduces the 24-hour area under the curve of tamoxifen and the active metabolite endoxifen by 12.8% and 12.4%, respectively, as well as the maximum concentrations of tamoxifen, when compared with tamoxifen alone. However, in the absence of piperine, the area under the curve for endoxifen and the maximum concentration of tamoxifen were not significantly reduced. Effects were most pronounced in patients who were extensive cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 metabolizers.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Topoisomerase I Inhibitors

Turmeric has antioxidant effects. There is some concern that this may reduce the activity of chemotherapy drugs that generate free radicals. However, research is conflicting.
In vitro research shows that curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, inhibits camptothecin-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells by up to 71%. However, other in vitro research shows that curcumin augments the cytotoxic effects of camptothecin. Reasons for the discrepancies may relate to the dose of curcumin and the chemotherapeutic agents. Lower doses of curcumin might have antioxidant effects while higher doses might have pro-oxidant effects. More evidence is needed to determine what effect, if any, turmeric might have.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tramadol (Ultram)

Theoretically, turmeric might increase or decrease levels of tramadol.
Animal research suggests that a single dose of curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, may increase tramadol's maximum concentration (Cmax) by inhibiting metabolism, while continued daily use for 7 days may reduce the area under the curve (AUC) due to the induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes such as cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Turmeric might increase the risk of bleeding with warfarin.
One case of increased international normalized ratio (INR) has been reported for a patient taking warfarin who began taking turmeric. Prior to taking turmeric, the patient had stable INR measurements. Within a few weeks of starting turmeric supplementation, the patient's INR increased to 10. Additionally, curcumin, the active constituent in turmeric, has demonstrated antiplatelet effects in vitro, which may produce additive effects when taken with warfarin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, turmeric might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2. However, research is conflicting.
In vitro and animal research show that the turmeric constituent, curcumin, inhibits CYP1A2. However, other in vitro research suggests that curcumin does not significantly affect CYP1A2.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Docetaxel (Taxotere)

Theoretically, turmeric might increase blood levels of oral docetaxel.
Animal research suggests that the turmeric constituent, curcumin, enhances the oral bioavailability of docetaxel. However, the significance of this interaction is unclear, as this drug is typically administered intravenously in clinical settings.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Estrogens

Theoretically, large amounts of turmeric might interfere with hormone replacement therapy through competition for estrogen receptors.
In vitro research shows that curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, displaces the binding of estrogen to its receptors.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Glyburide (Diabeta, Others)

Theoretically, taking turmeric and glyburide in combination might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Clinical research shows that taking curcumin 475 mg daily for 10 days prior to taking glyburide 5 mg increases blood levels of glyburide by 12% at 2 hours after the dose in patients with type 2 diabetes. While maximal blood concentrations of glyburide were not affected, turmeric modestly decreased postprandial glucose levels for up to 24 hours when compared to glyburide alone, possibly due to the hypoglycemic effect of turmeric demonstrated in animal research.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Losartan (Cozaar)

Theoretically, turmeric might increase the effects of losartan.
Research in hypertensive rats shows that taking turmeric can increase the hypotensive effects of losartan.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Norfloxacin (Noroxin)

Theoretically, turmeric might increase the effects and adverse effects of norfloxacin.
Animal research shows that taking curcumin, a turmeric constituent, can increase blood levels of orally administered norfloxacin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
P-Glycoprotein Substrates

Theoretically, turmeric might increase the absorption of P-glycoprotein substrates.
In vitro and animal research shows that curcuminoids and other constituents found in turmeric can inhibit P-glycoprotein expression and activity.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Paclitaxel (Abraxane, Onxol)

Theoretically, turmeric might alter blood levels of paclitaxel, although any effect may not be clinically relevant.
Clinical research in adults with breast cancer receiving intravenous paclitaxel suggests that taking turmeric may modestly alter paclitaxel pharmacokinetics. Patients received paclitaxel on day 1, followed by either no treatment or turmeric 2 grams daily from days 2-22. Pharmacokinetic modeling suggests that turmeric reduces the maximum concentration and area under the curve of paclitaxel by 12.1% and 7.7%, respectively. However, these changes are not likely to be considered clinically relevant. Conversely, animal research suggests that curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, enhances the oral bioavailability of paclitaxel. However, the significance of this interaction is unclear, as this drug is typically administered intravenously in clinical settings.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Haridra full monograph & interactions

Neempatra7 drug types · 1,013 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Neem might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Some clinical research shows that neem can lower blood glucose levels in adults with type 2 diabetes, including those already taking metformin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, neem leaf extract might increase the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
In vitro research shows that neem leaf extract inhibits CYP1A2 enzymes. So far, this reaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (Cyp2C8) Substrates

Theoretically, neem leaf extract might increase the levels and clinical effects of CYP2C8 substrates.
In vitro research shows that neem leaf methanol extract inhibits CYP2C8 enzymes. So far, this reaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, neem leaf extract might increase the levels and clinical effects of CYP2C9 substrates.
In vitro research shows that neem leaf methanol extract inhibits CYP2C9 enzymes. So far, this reaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, neem leaf extract might increase the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
In vitro research shows that neem leaf methanol extract inhibits CYP3A4 enzymes. So far, this reaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Theoretically, neem might decrease the effectiveness of immunosuppressants.
Animal research suggests that neem might have immunostimulant effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
P-Glycoprotein Substrates

Theoretically, neem leaf extract might increase the levels and clinical effects of P-glycoprotein substrates.
In vitro research shows that neem leaf methanol extract inhibits renal P-glycoprotein transport activity. So far, this reaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Neempatra full monograph & interactions

Pippali14 drug types · 896 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro research shows that Indian long pepper extract inhibits platelet aggregation.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Animal research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, can reduce blood glucose levels. Monitor blood glucose levels closely. Dose adjustments might be necessary.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)

Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the effects and adverse effects of cyclosporine.
In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, increases the bioavailability of cyclosporine.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the effects and adverse effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, inhibits CYP3A4.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Nevirapine (Viramune)

Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase blood levels of nevirapine.
A small pharmacokinetic study shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, increases the plasma concentration and systemic exposure of nevirapine. However, no adverse effects were associated with the elevated plasma levels of nevirapine.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
P-Glycoprotein Substrates

Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase levels of P-glycoprotein substrates.
In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, can inhibit P-glycoprotein.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Pentobarbital (Nembutal)

Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the sedative effects of pentobarbital.
Animal research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, can increase pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Phenytoin (Dilantin)

Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase blood levels of phenytoin.
A small pharmacokinetic study shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, increases phenytoin serum levels and slows its elimination.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Propranolol (Inderal)

Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase blood levels of propranolol.
A small pharmacokinetic study shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, accelerates absorption and increases serum concentrations of propranolol.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Rifampin (Rifadin)

Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase blood levels of rifampin.
Piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, seems to increase absorption and serum levels of rifampin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Theophylline

Indian long pepper might increase blood levels of theophylline.
A small pharmacokinetic study shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, increases serum concentrations and slows elimination of theophylline.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Amoxicillin (Amoxil, Trimox)

Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the effects and adverse effects of amoxicillin.
Evidence from animal research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, increases the plasma levels of amoxicillin when taken concomitantly.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)

Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase blood levels of carbamazepine.
A small pharmacokinetic study in patients taking carbamazepine 300 mg or 500 mg twice daily shows that a single 20 mg dose of purified piperine, which is a constituent of Indian long pepper, increases carbamazepine levels. Piperine may increase absorption by increasing blood flow to the GI tract, increasing the surface area of the small intestine, or by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibition in the gut wall. Absorption was significantly increased by 7-10 mcg/mL/hour. The time to eliminate carbamazepine was also increased by 4-8 hours. Although carbamazepine levels were increased, this did not appear to increase side effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cefotaxime (Claforan)

Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the effects and adverse effects of cefotaxime.
Animal research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, increases the plasma levels of cefotaxime when taken concomitantly.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Pippali full monograph & interactions

Guduchi6 drug types · 612 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, Tinospora cordifolia might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Clinical research in adults with type 2 diabetes shows that Tinospora cordifolia can reduce fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin. Additionally, animal research shows that Tinospora cordifolia has hypoglycemic effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence A
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, Tinospora cordifolia might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
In vitro research shows that Tinospora cordifolia extract inhibits CYP1A2 at high concentrations. However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (Cyp2C19) Substrates

Theoretically, Tinospora cordifolia might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C19.
In vitro research shows that Tinospora cordifolia extract inhibits CYP2C19 at high concentrations. However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, Tinospora cordifolia might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
In vitro research shows that Tinospora cordifolia extract inhibits CYP2C9. Animal research shows that Tinospora cordifolia extract 400 mg/kg twice daily for 14 days reduces the clearance and increases plasma levels of glyburide, a CYP2C9 substrate. However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (Cyp2D6) Substrates

Theoretically, Tinospora cordifolia might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
In vitro research shows that Tinospora cordifolia extract inhibits CYP2D6 at high concentrations. However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Theoretically, Tinospora cordifolia might reduce the effectiveness of immunosuppressants.
In vitro and animal research shows that Tinospora cordifolia has immunostimulant effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Guduchi full monograph & interactions

Gokshura3 drug types · 259 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Taking tribulus with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Clinical research shows that Tribulus can lower blood glucose levels in adults with type 2 diabetes who are taking antidiabetes medications.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, taking tribulus with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Animal research shows that tribulus can lower blood pressure by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Tribulus has also demonstrated hypotensive effects in pre-hypertensive adults.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Lithium

Theoretically, tribulus might increase the levels and clinical effects of lithium.
Tribulus is thought to have diuretic properties. Due to these potential diuretic effects, tribulus might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium. The dose of lithium might need to be decreased.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Gokshura full monograph & interactions

Amalaki4 drug types · 208 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, Indian gooseberry may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs; however, research is conflicting.
Clinical research shows that taking Indian gooseberry 500 mg as a single dose or twice daily for 10 days reduces platelet aggregation by about 24% to 36%, increases bleeding time by about 3.8-5.9 seconds, and increases clotting time by about 9.8-12.7 seconds when compared to baseline. However, taking Indian gooseberry 500 mg along with clopidogrel 75 mg or ecosprin 75 mg, as a single dose or for 10 days, does not significantly reduce platelet aggregation or increase bleeding time or clotting time when compared with clopidogrel 75 mg or ecosprin 75 mg alone. Until more is known, use caution when taking Indian gooseberry in combination with anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antidiabetes Drugs

Taking Indian gooseberry with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Clinical research shows that taking Indian gooseberry fruit or fruit extract alone or in conjunction with antidiabetes medications can lower blood glucose levels. Dose adjustments to diabetes medications might be necessary.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Aspirin

Theoretically, Indian gooseberry may increase the risk of bleeding if used with aspirin; however, research is conflicting.
Clinical research shows that taking Indian gooseberry 500 mg as a single dose or twice daily for 10 days reduces platelet aggregation by about 24% to 36%, increases bleeding time by about 3.8-5.9 seconds, and increases clotting time by about 9.8-12.7 seconds when compared to baseline. However, taking a single dose of Indian gooseberry 500 mg along with ecosprin 75 mg, or taking a combination of Indian gooseberry 500 mg twice daily plus ecosprin 75 mg once daily for 10 days, does not significantly reduce platelet aggregation or increase bleeding time or clotting time when compared with ecosprin 75 mg alone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Clopidogrel (Plavix)

Theoretically, Indian gooseberry may increase the risk of bleeding if used with clopidogrel; however, research is conflicting.
Clinical research shows that taking Indian gooseberry 500 mg as a single dose or twice daily for 10 days reduces platelet aggregation by about 24% to 36%, increases bleeding time by about 3.8-5.9 seconds, and increases clotting time by about 9.8-12.7 seconds when compared to baseline. However, taking a single dose of Indian gooseberry 500 mg along with clopidogrel 75 mg, or taking a combination of Indian gooseberry 500 mg twice daily plus clopidogrel 75 mg once daily for 10 days, does not significantly reduce platelet aggregation or increase bleeding time or clotting time when compared with clopidogrel 75 mg alone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Amalaki full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Imunohills, from the product label.

Herbal Hills

See all Herbal Hills products
Name
Isha Agro Developers Pvt. Ltd.
Street Address
Plot # 33, Govt. Indl. Estate, Charkop,
City
Kandivali (W), Mumbai-400 067
State
Maharashtra
Phone Number
91 22 28686868
Web Address
www.herbalhills.in
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Imunohills by Herbal Hills: Common Questions

Does Imunohills by Herbal Hills interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Imunohills has a known interaction with 1,404 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Imunohills contains 10 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is Imunohills safe to take during pregnancy?
No. Pippali should be avoided in medicinal amounts during pregnancy. Guduchi and neem are likely unsafe and should be avoided. Turmeric food amounts are likely safe, but supplement doses need your doctor's approval. Tribulus may affect hormones and its safety is not established. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist before taking this product if you are pregnant.
Is it safe while breastfeeding?
There is not enough reliable safety information for most of these ingredients in supplement form while breastfeeding. Pippali, guduchi, amalaki, neem, and tribulus should all be avoided. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist before using this product if you are nursing.
Can Imunohills help with diabetes?
Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) is possibly effective for type 2 diabetes, and amalaki (Indian gooseberry) and other ingredients may help lower blood glucose. However, this also means they carry a risk of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) if taken with diabetes medications — your doctor may need to adjust your dose. Check with your healthcare provider before starting.
What are the most common side effects?
Turmeric may cause constipation, diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting. Guduchi has caused headache and nasal pain in some people. Most adverse effects reported have been mild, but liver injury is a rare serious concern with turmeric and guduchi over long-term use (weeks to months).
Does this product contain fillers or inactive ingredients?
No — the product facts list no inactive fillers or excipients. It is made up of 10 active herbal ingredients, including carrier substances like cow milk and traditional ghee.
What is pippali and why is it in this product?
Pippali is Indian long pepper, a traditional Ayurvedic spice used to support digestion and immunity. However, it has insufficient evidence for conditions like bronchitis and asthma, and it interacts with many medications, so it should be checked with your doctor or pharmacist before use.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Imunohills is safe with your meds?

Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.

Ask a pharmacist

Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Imunohills label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Imunohills’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Indian Long Pepper

Interacts with 896 drugs

Indian long pepper (pippali) is a spice long used in Ayurvedic medicine and is best known for its piperine content, which may increase how well the body absorbs certain other substances. Mod...

Read the full Indian Long Pepper monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Tinospora Cordifolia

Interacts with 612 drugs

Tinospora cordifolia, known as Guduchi or Giloy in Ayurvedic medicine, is a climbing plant traditionally used to support immunity and treat fevers. Early laboratory and small human studies s...

Read the full Tinospora Cordifolia monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Turmeric

Interacts with 1,133 drugs

Turmeric is a popular spice whose main active compounds, curcuminoids, are studied mostly for inflammation and joint pain. Some research is promising, but quality is mixed and curcumin is po...

Read the full Turmeric monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Indian Gooseberry

Interacts with 208 drugs

Indian gooseberry (amla) is a vitamin C-rich fruit used in Ayurvedic medicine for many purposes, from antioxidant support to cholesterol and digestion. Early research is promising for some u...

Read the full Indian Gooseberry monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Neem

Interacts with 1,013 drugs

Neem is a tree from India used for centuries in traditional medicine, especially for skin, dental, and antimicrobial purposes. Some small studies are promising for oral health and skin, but...

Read the full Neem monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Tribulus

Interacts with 259 drugs

Tribulus is a plant supplement most often marketed to boost libido, testosterone, and athletic performance, but the human evidence behind these claims is weak and inconsistent. It is general...

Read the full Tribulus monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Imunohills's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 174 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Indian Long Pepper 12 references
  1. Bano G, Amla V, Raina RK, et al. The effect of piperine on pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in healthy volunteers. Planta Med 1987;53:568-9. PubMed
  2. Bano G, et al. Effect of piperine on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of propranolol and theophylline in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991;41;615-7. PubMed
  3. Bhardwaj RK, Glaeser H, Becquemont L, et al. Piperine, a major constituent of black pepper, inhibits human P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;302:645-50. PubMed
  4. Pattanaik S, Hota D, Prabhakar S, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction of a single dose of piperine with steady-state carbamazepine in epilepsy patients. Phytother Res 2009;23:1281-6.
  5. Kasibhatta, R. and Naidu, M. U. Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of nevirapine under fasting conditions: a randomised, crossover, placebo-controlled study. Drugs R.D. 2007;8(6):383-391. PubMed
  6. Mujumdar, A. M., Dhuley, J. N., Deshmukh, V. K., Raman, P. H., Thorat, S. L., and Naik, S. R. Effect of piperine on pentobarbitone induced hypnosis in rats. Indian J Exp.Biol. 1990;28(5):486-487.
  7. Panda, S. and Kar, A. Piperine lowers the serum concentrations of thyroid hormones, glucose and hepatic 5'D activity in adult male mice. Horm.Metab Res. 2003;35(9):523-526. PubMed
  8. Hiwale, A. R., Dhuley, J. N., and Naik, S. R. Effect of co-administration of piperine on pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics in rats. Indian J Exp.Biol. 2002;40(3):277-281.
  9. Han, Y., Chin Tan, T. M., and Lim, L. Y. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the effects of piperine on P-gp function and expression. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 8-1-2008;230(3):283-289. PubMed
  10. Sharma, P., Varma, M. V., Chawla, H. P., and Panchagnula, R. In situ and in vivo efficacy of peroral absorption enhancers in rats and correlation to in vitro mechanistic studies. Farmaco 2005;60(11-12):874-883. PubMed
  11. Zutshi, R. K., Singh, R., Zutshi, U., Johri, R. K., and Atal, C. K. Influence of piperine on rifampicin blood levels in patients of pulmonary tuberculosis. J Assoc.Physicians India 1985;33(3):223-224.
  12. Yadav V, Krishnan A, Vohora D. A systematic review on Piper longum L.: Bridging traditional knowledge and pharmacological evidence for future translational research. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;247:112255. PubMed

See these in context on the Indian Long Pepper monograph →

Tinospora Cordifolia 16 references
  1. Stanely Mainzen Prince P, Menon VP. Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic action of alcohol extract of Tinospora cordifolia roots in chemical induced diabetes in rats. Phytother Res 2003;17:410-3.
  2. Grover JK, Vats V, Rathi SS. Anti-hyperglycemic effect of Eugenia jambolana and Tinospora cordifolia in experimental diabetes and their effects on key metabolic enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;73:461-70. PubMed
  3. Manjrekar PN, Jolly CI, Narayanan S. Comparative studies of the immunomodulatory activity of Tinospora cordifolia and Tinospora sinensis. Fitoterapia 2000;71:254-7. PubMed
  4. Prince PS, Menon VP. Antioxidant activity of Tinospora cordifolia roots in experimental diabetes. J Ethnopharmacol 1999;65:277-81. PubMed
  5. Stanely Mainzen Prince P, Menon VP, Gunasekaran G. Hypolipidaemic action of Tinospora cordifolia roots in alloxan diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1999;64:53-7. PubMed
  6. Badar VA, Thawani VR, Wakode PT, et al. Efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia in allergic rhinitis. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;96:445-9. PubMed
  7. Kapil A, Sharma S. Immunopotentiating compounds from Tinospora cordifolia. J Ethnopharmacol 1997;58:89-95. PubMed
  8. Nair PK, Rodriguez S, Ramachandran R, et al. Immune stimulating properties of a novel polysaccharide from the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia. Int Immunopharmacol 2004;4:1645-59. PubMed
  9. Castillo AL, Osi MO, Ramos JD, De Francia JL, Dujunco MU, Quilala PF. Efficacy and safety of Tinospora cordifolia lotion in Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis-infected pediatric patients: A single blind, randomized controlled trial. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2 PubMed
  10. Sahu R, Ahmed T, Sangana R, Punde R, Subudhi BB. Effect of Tinospora cordifolia aqua-alcoholic extract on pharmacokinetic of glibenclamide in rat: an herb-drug interaction study. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2018;151:310-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.01.010. PubMed
  11. Patial V, Katoch S, Chhimwal J, Singh PP, Suresh PS, Padwad Y. Tinospora cordifolia activates PPAR? pathway and mitigates glomerular and tubular cell injury in diabetic kidney disease. Phytomedicine 2021;91:153663. PubMed
  12. Kulkarni AV, Hanchanale P, Prakash V, et al. Tinospora Cordifolia (Giloy)-Induced Liver Injury During the COVID-19 Pandemic-Multicenter Nationwide Study From India. Hepatol Commun 2022;6(6):1289-1300. PubMed
  13. Nagral A, Adhyaru K, Rudra OS, Gharat A, Bhandare S. Herbal Immune Booster-Induced Liver Injury in the COVID-19 Pandemic - A Case Series. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2021;11(6):732-738. PubMed
  14. Chattopadhyay K, Wang H, Kaur J, et al. Effectiveness and Safety of Ayurvedic Medicines in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:821810. Published 2022 Jun 8. PubMed
  15. Nnamani I, Tolu-Akinnawo O, Dufera RR, Akintunde A, Maliakkal B. Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy)-Induced Liver Injury: A Case Review. Cureus 2023;15(5):e39793. PubMed
  16. May K, Jeitler M, Murthy V, Stapelfeldt E, Kessler CS. A Case Report of Acute Hepatitis Involving the Medicinal Herb Tinospora cordifolia Along with Other Variables. J Integr Complement Med 2023;29(5):327-333.

See these in context on the Tinospora Cordifolia monograph →

Turmeric 102 references
  1. McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
  2. Sharma RA, McLelland HR, Hill KA, et al. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study of oral Curcuma extract in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2001;7:1894-900..
  3. Shah BH, Nawaz Z, Pertani SA. Inhibitory effect of curcumin, a food spice from turmeric, on platelet-activating factor- and arachidonic acid-mediated platelet aggregation through inhibition of thromboxane formation and Ca2+ signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 1 PubMed
  4. Hata M, Sasaki E, Ota M, et al . Allergic contact dermatitis from curcumin (turmeric). Contact Dermatitis 1997;36:107-8. PubMed
  5. Kuttan R, Sudheeran PC, Josph CD. Turmeric and curcumin as topical agents in cancer therapy. Tumori 1987;73:29-31.. PubMed
  6. Thapliyal R, Deshpande SS, Maru GB. Mechanism(s) of turmeric-mediated protective effects against benzo(a)pyrene-derived DNA adducts. Cancer Lett 2002;175:79-88. PubMed
  7. Lee SW, Nah SS, Byon JS, et al. Transient complete atrioventricular block associated with curcumin intake. Int J Cardiol 2011;150:e50-2. PubMed
  8. Kuptniratsaikul V, Thanakhumtorn S, Chinswangwatanakul P, et al. Efficacy and safety of Curcuma domestica extracts in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Altern Complement Med 2009;15:891-7.
  9. Carroll RE, Benya RV, Turgeon DK, et al. Phase IIa clinical trial of curcumin for the prevention of colorectal neoplasia. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011;4:354-64. PubMed
  10. Junyaprasert, V. B., Soonthornchareonnon, N., Thongpraditchote, S., Murakami, T., and Takano, M. Inhibitory effect of Thai plant extracts on P-glycoprotein mediated efflux. Phytother.Res 2006;20(1):79-81. PubMed
  11. Ampasavate, C., Sotanaphun, U., Phattanawasin, P., and Piyapolrungroj, N. Effects of Curcuma spp. on P-glycoprotein function. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(7):506-512. PubMed
  12. Hou, X. L., Takahashi, K., Tanaka, K., Tougou, K., Qiu, F., Komatsu, K., Takahashi, K., and Azuma, J. Curcuma drugs and curcumin regulate the expression and function of P-gp in Caco-2 cells in completely opposite ways. Int.J Pharm 6-24-2008;358(1-2):224-2 PubMed
  13. Choi, B. H., Kim, C. G., Lim, Y., Shin, S. Y., and Lee, Y. H. Curcumin down-regulates the multidrug-resistance mdr1b gene by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/NF kappa B pathway. Cancer Lett. 1-18-2008;259(1):111-118.
  14. Zhang, W., Tan, T. M., and Lim, L. Y. Impact of curcumin-induced changes in P-glycoprotein and CYP3A expression on the pharmacokinetics of peroral celiprolol and midazolam in rats. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007;35(1):110-115. PubMed
  15. Limtrakul, P., Chearwae, W., Shukla, S., Phisalphong, C., and Ambudkar, S. V. Modulation of function of three ABC drug transporters, P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), mitoxantrone resistance protein (ABCG2) and multidrug resistance protein 1 (ABCC1) by tetrahydrocu
  16. Holland, M. L., Panetta, J. A., Hoskins, J. M., Bebawy, M., Roufogalis, B. D., Allen, J. D., and Arnold, J. C. The effects of cannabinoids on P-glycoprotein transport and expression in multidrug resistant cells. Biochem.Pharmacol 4-14-2006;71(8):1146-1154 PubMed
  17. Tang, X. Q., Bi, H., Feng, J. Q., and Cao, J. G. Effect of curcumin on multidrug resistance in resistant human gastric carcinoma cell line SGC7901/VCR. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2005;26(8):1009-1016. PubMed
  18. Nabekura, T., Kamiyama, S., and Kitagawa, S. Effects of dietary chemopreventive phytochemicals on P-glycoprotein function. Biochem.Biophys.Res Commun. 2-18-2005;327(3):866-870. PubMed
  19. Romiti, N., Tongiani, R., Cervelli, F., and Chieli, E. Effects of curcumin on P-glycoprotein in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Life Sci. 1998;62(25):2349-2358. PubMed
  20. Yue, G. G., Cheng, S. W., Yu, H., Xu, Z. S., Lee, J. K., Hon, P. M., Lee, M. Y., Kennelly, E. J., Deng, G., Yeung, S. K., Cassileth, B. R., Fung, K. P., Leung, P. C., and Lau, C. B. The role of turmerones on curcumin transportation and P-glycoprotein acti
  21. Shenouda, N. S., Zhou, C., Browning, J. D., Ansell, P. J., Sakla, M. S., Lubahn, D. B., and MacDonald, R. S. Phytoestrogens in common herbs regulate prostate cancer cell growth in vitro. Nutr.Cancer 2004;49(2):200-208. PubMed
  22. Appiah-Opong, R., Commandeur, J. N., Vugt-Lussenburg, B., and Vermeulen, N. P. Inhibition of human recombinant cytochrome P450s by curcumin and curcumin decomposition products. Toxicology 6-3-2007;235(1-2):83-91. PubMed
  23. Hou, X. L., Takahashi, K., Kinoshita, N., Qiu, F., Tanaka, K., Komatsu, K., Takahashi, K., and Azuma, J. Possible inhibitory mechanism of Curcuma drugs on CYP3A4 in 1alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 treated Caco-2 cells. Int.J Pharm 6-7-2007;337(1-2):169-177.
  24. Valentine, S. P., Le Nedelec, M. J., Menzies, A. R., Scandlyn, M. J., Goodin, M. G., and Rosengren, R. J. Curcumin modulates drug metabolizing enzymes in the female Swiss Webster mouse. Life Sci. 4-11-2006;78(20):2391-2398. PubMed
  25. Price, R. J., Scott, M. P., Giddings, A. M., Walters, D. G., Stierum, R. H., Meredith, C., and Lake, B. G. Effect of butylated hydroxytoluene, curcumin, propyl gallate and thiabendazole on cytochrome P450 forms in cultured human hepatocytes. Xenobiotica 2 PubMed
  26. Ganta, S., Devalapally, H., and Amiji, M. Curcumin enhances oral bioavailability and anti-tumor therapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel upon administration in nanoemulsion formulation. J Pharm Sci 2010;99(11):4630-4641. PubMed
  27. Lamb, S. R. and Wilkinson, S. M. Contact allergy to tetrahydrocurcumin. Contact Dermatitis 2003;48(4):227. PubMed
  28. Joshi, J., Ghaisas, S., Vaidya, A., Vaidya, R., Kamat, D. V., Bhagwat, A. N., and Bhide, S. Early human safety study of turmeric oil (Curcuma longa oil) administered orally in healthy volunteers. J Assoc.Physicians India 2003;51:1055-1060.
  29. Mahesh, T., Balasubashini, M. S., and Menon, V. P. Effect of photo-irradiated curcumin treatment against oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Med.Food 2005;8(2):251-255. PubMed
  30. Thompson, D. A. and Tan, B. B. Tetrahydracurcumin-related allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55(4):254-255. PubMed
  31. Patumraj, S., Wongeakin, N., Sridulyakul, P., Jariyapongskul, A., Futrakul, N., and Bunnag, S. Combined effects of curcumin and vitamin C to protect endothelial dysfunction in the iris tissue of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Clin Hemorheol.Microcirc. 2006;3
  32. Liddle, M., Hull, C., Liu, C., and Powell, D. Contact urticaria from curcumin. Dermatitis 2006;17(4):196-197. PubMed
  33. Juan, H., Terhaag, B., Cong, Z., Bi-Kui, Z., Rong-Hua, Z., Feng, W., Fen-Li, S., Juan, S., Jing, T., and Wen-Xing, P. Unexpected effect of concomitantly administered curcumin on the pharmacokinetics of talinolol in healthy Chinese volunteers. Eur.J Clin PubMed
  34. Murugan, P. and Pari, L. Influence of tetrahydrocurcumin on erythrocyte membrane bound enzymes and antioxidant status in experimental type 2 diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 9-25-2007;113(3):479-486. PubMed
  35. Seo, K. I., Choi, M. S., Jung, U. J., Kim, H. J., Yeo, J., Jeon, S. M., and Lee, M. K. Effect of curcumin supplementation on blood glucose, plasma insulin, and glucose homeostasis related enzyme activities in diabetic db/db mice. Mol.Nutr.Food Res 2008;5
  36. Weisberg, S. P., Leibel, R., and Tortoriello, D. V. Dietary curcumin significantly improves obesity-associated inflammation and diabetes in mouse models of diabesity. Endocrinology 2008;149(7):3549-3558. PubMed
  37. Jain, S. K., Rains, J., Croad, J., Larson, B., and Jones, K. Curcumin supplementation lowers TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 secretion in high glucose-treated cultured monocytes and blood levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, MCP-1, glucose, and glycosylated hemog
  38. Yu, Y., Hu, S. K., and Yan, H. [The study of insulin resistance and leptin resistance on the model of simplicity obesity rats by curcumin]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi.Xue.Za Zhi. 2008;42(11):818-822.
  39. Pavithra, B. H., Prakash, N., and Jayakumar, K. Modification of pharmacokinetics of norfloxacin following oral administration of curcumin in rabbits. J Vet.Sci. 2009;10(4):293-297. PubMed
  40. Yan, Y. D., Kim, D. H., Sung, J. H., Yong, C. S., and Choi, H. G. Enhanced oral bioavailability of docetaxel in rats by four consecutive days of pre-treatment with curcumin. Int J Pharm 10-31-2010;399(1-2):116-120. PubMed
  41. Epelbaum, R., Schaffer, M., Vizel, B., Badmaev, V., and Bar-Sela, G. Curcumin and gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Nutr Cancer 2010;62(8):1137-1141. PubMed
  42. Madkor, H. R., Mansour, S. W., and Ramadan, G. Modulatory effects of garlic, ginger, turmeric and their mixture on hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-nicotinamide diabetic rats. Br J Nutr 2011;105(8):1210-1217. PubMed
  43. Pungcharoenkul, K. and Thongnopnua, P. Effect of different curcuminoid supplement dosages on total in vivo antioxidant capacity and cholesterol levels of healthy human subjects. Phytother Res 2011;25(11):1721-1726.
  44. Kusuhara, H., Furuie, H., Inano, A., Sunagawa, A., Yamada, S., Wu, C., Fukizawa, S., Morimoto, N., Ieiri, I., Morishita, M., Sumita, K., Mayahara, H., Fujita, T., Maeda, K., and Sugiyama, Y. Pharmacokinetic interaction study of sulphasalazine in healthy
  45. Mohammadi, A., Sahebkar, A., Iranshahi, M., Amini, M., Khojasteh, R., Ghayour-Mobarhan, M., and Ferns, G. A. Effects of supplementation with curcuminoids on dyslipidemia in obese patients: a randomized crossover trial. Phytother Res 2013;27(3):374-379. PubMed
  46. Chuengsamarn, S., Rattanamongkolgul, S., Luechapudiporn, R., Phisalaphong, C., and Jirawatnotai, S. Curcumin extract for prevention of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2012;35(11):2121-2127. PubMed
  47. Goh, C. L. and Ng, S. K. Allergic contact dermatitis to Curcuma longa (turmeric). Contact Dermatitis 1987;17(3):186. PubMed
  48. Srivastava, R., Puri, V., Srimal, R. C., and Dhawan, B. N. Effect of curcumin on platelet aggregation and vascular prostacyclin synthesis. Arzneimittelforschung. 1986;36(4):715-717.
  49. Srinivasan, M. Effect of curcumin on blood sugar as seen in a diabetic subject. Indian J Med Sci 1972;26(4):269-270.
  50. Srivastava, K. C., Bordia, A., and Verma, S. K. Curcumin, a major component of food spice turmeric (Curcuma longa) inhibits aggregation and alters eicosanoid metabolism in human blood platelets. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 1995;52(4):223-227 PubMed
  51. Oetari, S., Sudibyo, M., Commandeur, J. N., Samhoedi, R., and Vermeulen, N. P. Effects of curcumin on cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase activities in rat liver. Biochem Pharmacol 1-12-1996;51(1):39-45. PubMed
  52. Kiec-Swierczynska, M. and Krecisz, B. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis due to curcumin food colour in a pasta factory worker. Contact Dermatitis 1998;39(1):30-31. PubMed
  53. Van Dau N, Ngoc Ham N, Huy Khac D, and et al. The effects of a traditional drug, tumeric (Curcuma longa), and placebo on the healing of duodenal ulcer. Phytomed 1998;5(1):29-34.
  54. Daveluy A, Géniaux H, Thibaud L, Mallaret M, Miremont-Salamé G, Haramburu F. Probable interaction between an oral vitamin K antagonist and turmeric (Curcuma longa). Therapie. 2014 Nov-Dec;69(6):519-20. PubMed
  55. Kuptniratsaikul V, Dajpratham P, Taechaarpornkul W, Buntragulpoontawee M, Lukkanapichonchut P, Chootip C, Saengsuwan J, Tantayakom K, Laongpech S. Efficacy and safety of Curcuma domestica extracts compared with ibuprofen in patients with knee osteoarthrit
  56. Madhu K, Chanda K, Saji MJ. Safety and efficacy of Curcuma longa extract in the treatment of painful knee osteoarthritis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Inflammopharmacology 2013;21(2):129-36. PubMed
  57. Mali AM, Behal R, Gilda SS. Comparative evaluation of 0.1% turmeric mouthwash with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate in prevention of plaque and gingivitis: A clinical and microbiological study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2012;16(3):386-91. PubMed
  58. Sanmukhani J, Satodia V, Trivedi J, Patel T, Tiwari D, Panchal B, Goel A, Tripathi CB. Efficacy and safety of curcumin in major depressive disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Phytother Res 2014;28(4):579-85. PubMed
  59. Nayeri A, Wu S, Adams E, et al. Acute Calcineurin Inhibitor Nephrotoxicity Secondary to Turmeric Intake: A Case Report. Transplant Proc. 2017;49(1):198-200. PubMed
  60. Mitchell TM. Correspondence re: Somasundaram et al., Dietary curcumin inhibits chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in models of human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2003;63(16):5165-6; author reply 5166-7.
  61. Somasundaram S, Edmund NA, Moore DT, Small GW, Shi YY, Orlowski RZ. Dietary curcumin inhibits chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in models of human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2002;62(13):3868-75.
  62. Haroyan A, Mukuchyan V, Mkrtchyan N, et al. Efficacy and safety of curcumin and its combination with boswellic acid in osteoarthritis: a comparative, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018;18(1):7. PubMed
  63. Al-Karawi D, Al Mamoori DA, Tayyar Y. The role of curcumin administration in patients with major depressive disorder: Mini meta-analysis of clinical trials. Phytother Res. 2016;30(2):175-83. PubMed
  64. Neerati P, Devde R, Gangi AK. Evaluation of the effect of curcumin capsules on glyburide therapy in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Phytother Res. 2014;28(12):1796-800. PubMed
  65. Simental-Mendía LE, Pirro M, Gotto AM Jr, et al. Lipid-modifying activity of curcuminoids: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017:1-10. PubMed
  66. Fung FY, Wong WH, Ang SK, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled study on the anti-haemostatic effects of Curcuma longa, Angelica sinensis and Panax ginseng. Phytomedicine. 2017;32:88-96. PubMed
  67. Small GW, Siddarth P, Li Z, et al. Memory and brain amyloid and tau effects of a bioavailable form of curcumin in non-demented adults: A double-blind, placebo-controlled 18-month trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;26(3):266-277.
  68. Cruz-Correa M, Hylind LM, Marrero JH, et al. Efficacy and safety of curcumin in treatment of intestinal adenomas in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Gastroenterology. 2018 May 23. Pii:S0016-5085(18)34564-5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
  69. Rahmani S, Asgary S, Askari G, et al. Treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with curcumin: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Phytother Res. 2016 Sep;30(9):1540-8. PubMed
  70. Lopez-Villafuerte L, CLores KH. Contact dermatitis caused by turmeric in a massage oil. Contact Dermatitis. 2016 Jul;75(1):52-3. PubMed
  71. Lukefahr AL, McEvoy S, Alfafara C, Funk JL. Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis associated with turmeric dietary supplement use. BMJ Case Rep. 2018. pii: bcr-2018-224611. PubMed
  72. Medsafe Safety Communication- Turmeric/Curcumin Interaction with Warfarin. April 30, 2018. Accessed at: https://medsafe.govt.nz/safety/EWS/2018/Turmeric.asp.
  73. Imam Z, Khasawneh M, Jomaa D, Iftikhar H, Sayedahmad Z. Drug induced liver injury attributed to a curcumin supplement. Case Rep Gastrointest Med 2019 Oct 20;2019:6029403. doi: 10.1155/2019/6029403. PubMed
  74. Chand S, Hair C, Beswick L. A rare case of turmeric-induced hepatotoxicity. Intern Med J. 2020;50(2):258-259. PubMed
  75. Jiang N, Zhang M, Meng X, Sun B. Effects of Curcumin on the Pharmacokinetics of Amlodipine in Rats and Its Potential Mechanism. Pharm Biol. 2020;58(1):465-468. PubMed
  76. Lee BS, Bhatia T, Chaya CT, Wen R, Taira MT, Lim BS. Autoimmune Hepatitis Associated With Turmeric Consumption. ACG Case Rep J. 2020;7(3):e00320. PubMed
  77. Lombardi N, Crescioli G, Maggini V, et al. Acute liver injury following turmeric use in Tuscany: an analysis of the Italian Phytovigilance database and systematic review of case reports. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2020. PubMed
  78. Suhail FK, Masood U, Sharma A, John S, Dhamoon A. Turmeric supplement induced hepatotoxicity: a rare complication of a poorly regulated substance. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2020;58(3):216-217. PubMed
  79. Nakagawa Y, Mukai S, Yamada S, et al. The efficacy and safety of highly-bioavailable curcumin for treating knee osteoarthritis: a 6-month open-labeled prospective study. Clin Med Insights Arthritis Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;13:1179544120948471. PubMed
  80. Shafabakhsh R, Asemi Z, Reiner Z, Soleimani A, Aghadavod E, Bahmani F. The effects of nano-curcumin on metabolic status in patients with diabetes on hemodialysis, a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2020;14(4):290-9.
  81. Allegri P, Rosa R, Masala A, et al. Clinical effectiveness of a new oral curcumin formulation in acute non-infectious uveitic macular edema: a 12-month observational study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2022;26(1):46-53.
  82. Tsai IC, Hsu CW, Chang CH, Tseng PT, Chang KV. The effect of curcumin differs on individual cognitive domains across different patient populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021;14(12):1235. PubMed
  83. Alam MA, Bin Jardan YA, Raish M, Al-Mohizea AM, Ahad A, Al-Jenoobi FI. Herb-drug interaction: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-hypertensive drug amlodipine besylate in presence of lepidium sativum and curcuma longa. Xenobiotica 2022;1-9.
  84. Sohal A, Alhankawi D, Sandhu S, Chintanaboina J. Turmeric-induced hepatotoxicity: Report of 2 cases. Int Med Case Rep J 2021;14:849-852. PubMed
  85. Hussaarts KGAM, Hurkmans DP, Oomen-de Hoop E, et al. Impact of curcumin (with or without piperine) on the pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen. Cancers (Basel). 2019;11(3):403. PubMed
  86. Kalluru H, Mallayasamy SR, Kondaveeti SS, Chandrasekhar V, Kalachaveedu M. Effect of turmeric supplementation on the pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel in breast cancer patients: A study with population pharmacokinetics approach. Phytother Res 2022;36(4):1761 PubMed
  87. 109288 Halegoua-DeMarzio D, Navarro V, Ahmad J, et al. Liver injury associated with turmeric-A growing problem: Ten cases from the drug-induced liver injury network [DILIN]. Am J Med. 2022:S0002-9343(22)00740-9. PubMed
  88. Arzallus T, Izagirre A, Castiella A, Torrente S, Garmendia M, Zapata EM. Drug induced autoimmune hepatitis after turmeric intake. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023. PubMed
  89. Gilad O, Rosner G, Ivancovsky-Wajcman D, et al. Efficacy of wholistic turmeric supplement on adenomatous polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis-A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Genes (Basel) 2022;13(12):2182. PubMed
  90. Ahad A, Raish M, Abdelrahman IA, et al. Changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of losartan in experimental diseased rats treated with Curcuma longa and Lepidium sativum. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022;16(1):33. PubMed
  91. Haron MH, Dale O, Martin K, et al. Evaluation of the Herb-Drug Interaction Potential of Commonly Used Botanicals on the US Market with Regard to PXR- and AhR-Mediated Influences on CYP3A4 and CYP1A2. J Diet Suppl 2022. PubMed
  92. Pochet S, Lechon AS, Lescrainier C, et al. Herb-anticancer drug interactions in real life based on VigiBase, the WHO global database. Sci Rep 2022;12(1):14178. PubMed
  93. Kou H, Huang L, Jin M, He Q, Zhang R, Ma J. Effect of curcumin on rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2023;14:1121655. PubMed
  94. Qiu L, Gao C, Wang H, et al. Effects of dietary polyphenol curcumin supplementation on metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress indices in patients with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front PubMed
  95. Sato T, Yagi A, Yamauchi M, et al. The use of an antioxidant enables accurate evaluation of the interaction of curcumin on organic anion-transporting polypeptides 4C1 by preventing auto-oxidation. Int J Mol Sci 2024;25(2):991. PubMed
  96. Washington O, Robinson E, Simh D, et al. Oxalate nephropathy and chronic turmeric supplementation: a case report. J Bras Nefrol 2024;46(1):99-106. PubMed
  97. Munshi R, Karande-Patil S, Kumbhar D, Deshmukh A, Hingorani L. A randomized, controlled, comparative, proof-of-concept study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Nisha-Amalaki capsules in prediabetic patients for preventing progression to diabetes. J Ay PubMed
  98. Sharifi Razavi A, Mohajerani F, Niksolat F, Karimi N. Efficacy of topical curcumin on mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Pain Med 2024;25(5):327-333. PubMed
  99. Yaikwawong M, Jansarikit L, Jirawatnotai S, Chuengsamarn S. Curcumin Reduces Depression in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2024;16(15):2414. PubMed
  100. Tehrani SD, Hosseini A, Shahzamani M, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of curcumin and piperine co-supplementation on inflammatory factors, cardiac biomarkers, atrial fibrillation, and clinical outcomes after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Cl PubMed
  101. Yaikwawong M, Jansarikit L, Jirawatnotai S, Chuengsamarn S. The Effect of Curcumin on Reducing Atherogenic Risks in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2024;16(15):2441. PubMed
  102. Dibaei M, Hosseini A, Lavasani H, Kiani-Dehkordi B, Rouini M. Assessment of metabolic interaction between curcumin and tramadol using the isolated perfused rat liver. Heliyon 2024;10(15):e35070. PubMed

See these in context on the Turmeric monograph →

Indian Gooseberry 6 references
  1. Sabu, M. C. and Kuttan, R. Anti-diabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;81(2):155-160. PubMed
  2. Fatima N, Pingali U, Muralidhar N. Study of pharmacodynamic interaction of Phyllanthus emblica extract with clopidogrel and ecosprin in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Phytomedicine. 2014;21(5):579-85. PubMed
  3. Shanmugarajan D, Girish C, Harivenkatesh N, Chanaveerappa B, Prasanna Lakshmi NC. Antihypertensive and pleiotropic effects of Phyllanthus emblica extract as an add-on therapy in patients with essential hypertension-A randomized double-blind placebo-contro
  4. Akhtar MS, Ramzan A, Ali A, Ahmad M. Effect of amla fruit (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) on blood glucose and lipid profile of normal subjects and type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2011;62(6):609-16.
  5. Usharani P, Fatima N, Muralidhar N. Effects of Phyllanthus emblica extract on endothelial dysfunction and biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 20 PubMed
  6. Majeed M, Mundkur L, Paulose S, Nagabhushanam K. Novel Emblica officinalis extract containing ß-glucogallin vs. metformin: a randomized, open-label, comparative efficacy study in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with dyslipidemia. Food Fu

See these in context on the Indian Gooseberry monograph →

Neem 28 references
  1. Sinniah D, Baskaran G. Margosa oil poisoning as a cause of Reye's syndrome. Lancet 1981;1:487-9. PubMed
  2. Sinniah D, Baskaran G, Looi LM, Leong KL. Reye-like syndrome due to margosa oil poisoning: report of a case with postmortem findings. Am J Gastroenterol 1982;77:158-61.
  3. Sinniah R, Sinniah D, Chia LS, Baskaran G. Animal model of margosa oil ingestion with Reye-like syndrome. Pathogenesis of microvesicular fatty liver. J Pathol 1989;159:255-64. PubMed
  4. Lai SM, Lim KW, Cheng HK. Margosa oil poisoning as a cause of toxic encephalopathy. Singapore Med J 1990;31:463-5.
  5. Biswas K, Chattopadhyay I, Banerjee RK, Bandyopadhyay U. Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadirachta indica). Curr Sci 2002;82:1336-45.
  6. Upadhyay SN, Dhawan S, Garg S, Talwar GP. Immunomodulatory effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil. Int J Immunopharmacol 1992;14:1187-93. PubMed
  7. Ibrahim IA, Khalid SA, Omer SA, Adam SE. On the toxicology of Azadirachta indica leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 1992;35:267-73. PubMed
  8. Ali BH. Toxicology of Azadirachta indica. J Ethnopharmacol 1994;42:71-2. PubMed
  9. Boeke SJ, Boersma MG, Alink GM, et al. Safety evaluation of neem (Azadirachta indica) derived pesticides. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;94:25-41. PubMed
  10. Abdel-Ghaffar, F. and Semmler, M. Efficacy of neem seed extract shampoo on head lice of naturally infected humans in Egypt. Parasitol.Res 2007;100(2):329-332. PubMed
  11. Reutemann, P. and Ehrlich, A. Neem oil: an herbal therapy for alopecia causes dermatitis. Dermatitis 2008;19(3):E12-E15.
  12. Senanayake, M. P., Rupasinghe, S., and Dissanayake, P. V. Margosa (Kohomba) oil induced toxic encephalopathy following home remedy for intestinal worms. Ceylon Med.J 2009;54(4):140. PubMed
  13. Bhaskar, M. V., Pramod, S. J., Jeevika, M. U., Chandan, P. K., and Shetteppa, G. MR imaging findings of neem oil poisoning. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31(7):E60-E61.
  14. Iyyadurai, R., Surekha, V., Sathyendra, S., Paul, Wilson B., and Gopinath, K. G. Azadirachtin poisoning: a case report. Clin Toxicol.(Phila) 2010;48(8):857-858. PubMed
  15. Sinniah, D., Sinniah, R., Baskaran, G., Pathmanathan, R., Yamashita, F., and Yoshino, M. Evaluation of the possible role of glucose, carnitine, coenzyme Q10 and steroids in the treatment of Reye's syndrome using the margosa oil animal model. Acta Paediat PubMed
  16. Balakrishnan, V., Pillai, N. R., and Santhakumari, G. Ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest due to neem leaf poisoning. J.Assoc.Physicians India 1986;34(7):536.
  17. Sivashanmugham, R., Bhaskar, N., and Banumathi, N. Ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest due to neem leaf poisoning. J.Assoc.Physicians India 1984;32(7):610-611.
  18. Mukherjee, S. and Talwar, G. P. Termination of pregnancy in rodents by oral administration of praneem, a purified neem seed extract. Am J Reprod.Immunol. 1996;35(1):51-56. PubMed
  19. Talwar, G. P., Pal, R., Singh, O., Garg, S., Taluja, V., Upadhyay, S. N., Gopalan, S., Jain, V., Kaur, J., and Sehgal, S. Safety of intrauterine administration of purified neem seed oil (Praneem Vilci) in women & effect of its co-administration with the
  20. Talwar, G. P., Shah, S., Mukherjee, S., and Chabra, R. Induced termination of pregnancy by purified extracts of Azadirachta Indica (Neem): mechanisms involved. Am J Reprod.Immunol. 1997;37(6):485-491. PubMed
  21. Greenblatt DT, Banerjee P, White JM. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by neem oil. Contact Dermatitis. 2012;67(4):242-3. PubMed
  22. Page C, Hawes EM. Haemolytic anaemia after ingestion of Neem (Azadirachta indica) tea. BMJ Case Rep. 2013. pii: bcr2013200890.
  23. Braidy N, Berg J, Clement J, et al. Role of nicotinamide dinucleotide and related precursors as therapeutic targets for age-related degenerative diseases: rationale, biochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and outcomes. Antiox Redox Signal 2018.
  24. Jadhav PB. Leucoderma on the lips induced by neem (Azadirachta indica): case series. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2018;43(8):943-6.
  25. Giuggioli D, Lumetti F, Spinella A, et al. Use of Neem oil and Hypericum perforatum for treatment of calcinosis-related skin ulcers in systemic sclerosis. J Int Med Res 2019:300060519882176. Online ahead of print.
  26. Pingali U, Ali MA, Gundagani S, Nutalapati C. Evaluation of the effect of an aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves and twigs on glycemic control, endothelial dysfunction and systemic inflammation in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus - a
  27. Amaeze O, Marques ES, Wei W, et al. Evaluation of Nigerian Medicinal Plants Extract on Human P-glycoprotein and Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Induction: Implications for Herb-drug Interaction. Curr Drug Metab. 2021;22(14):1103-1113. PubMed
  28. Amaeze O, Eng H, Horlbogen L, Varma MVS, Slitt A. Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Inhibition and Herb-Drug Interaction Potential of Medicinal Plant Extracts Used for Management of Diabetes in Nigeria. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2021;46(3):437-450. PubMed

See these in context on the Neem monograph →

Tribulus 10 references
  1. Sharifi AM, Darabi R, Akbarloo N. Study of antihypertensive mechanism of Tribulus terrestris in 2K1C hypertensive rats: role of tissue ACE activity. Life Sci 2003;73:2963-71. PubMed
  2. Walker D, Bird A, Flora T, O'Sullivan B. Some effects of feeding Tribulus terrestris, Ipomoea lonchophylla and the seed of Abelmoschus ficulneus on fetal development and the outcome of pregnancy in sheep. Reprod Fertil Dev 1992;4:135-44. PubMed
  3. Al-Ali M, Wahbi S, Twaij H, Al-Badr A. Tribulus terrestris: preliminary study of its diuretic and contractile effects and comparison with Zea mays. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;85:257-60. PubMed
  4. Tabakova, P., Dimitrov, M., Ognyanov, K., and et al. Clinical study of Tribestan in females with endocrine sterility. Documentation for Registration (unpublished) 1999.
  5. Akhtari E, Raisi F, Keshavarz M, et al. Tribulus terrestris for treatment of sexual dysfunction in women: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Daru 2014;22:40. PubMed
  6. Ryan M, Lazar I, Nadasdy GM, et al. Acute kidney injury and hyperbilirubinemia in a young male after ingestion of Tribulus terrestris. Clin Nephrol 2015;83(3):177-83. PubMed
  7. Postigo S, Lima SM, Yamada SS, et al. Assessment of the effects of Tribulus terrestris on sexual function of menopausal women. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2016;38(3):140-6. PubMed
  8. Talasaz AH, Abbasi MR, Abkhiz S, Dashti-Khavidaki S. Tribulus terrestris-induced severe nephrotoxicity in a young healthy male. Nephrol Dial Tranplant 2010;25(11):3792-3. PubMed
  9. Samani NB, Jokar A, Soveid M, Heydari M, Mosavat SH. Efficacy of the hydroalcoholic extract of Tribulus terrestris on the serum glucose and lipid profile of women with diabetes mellitus: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Evid
  10. Siddiqui MA, Itrat M, Mobeen A, Khan MI. Efficacy of khar-i-khasak (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) in prehypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Complement Integr Med. 2021.

See these in context on the Tribulus monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

Keep exploring
Supplement interaction checker › Check any supplement or product against your medications Drug–drug interactions › Check two or more of your medications against each other Browse medications A–Z › Every drug we've checked against herbs & supplements NDC & pricing lookup › Find a drug’s NDCs, packaging and costs Ask a pharmacist › Free, personal answer from our licensed team