Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 6 of 9 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Echinacea Red Root Supreme Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Gaia Herbs

Echinacea Red Root Supreme label
See full label image
Liquid Category: Botanical
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 9, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Echinacea Red Root Supreme against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Echinacea Red Root Supreme is a dietary supplement by Gaia Herbs with 9 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for toothache and mouth pain, joint pain and rheumatism, digestive upset.Based on those ingredients, 1,135 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Echinacea purpurea, Thuja, Prickly Ash. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

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Check Your Meds Against Echinacea Red Root Supreme by Gaia Herbs

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Echinacea Red Root Supreme by Gaia Herbs — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Echinacea Red Root Supreme by Gaia Herbs

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 0 of its 9 active ingredients.
  • “Proprietary Extract Blend (Herb/Botanical)” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (1.33 mL) without saying how much of each component you get.

This product contains 9 ingredients, of which three are echinacea species — echinacea purpurea (appearing twice in the formula) and echinacea angustifolia. These are the main active components and support immune function.

The other active ingredients are red root (also called New Jersey Tea), wild indigo, stillingia (queen's delight), and thuja. Prickly Ash and a proprietary blend round out the formula.

The liquid is preserved with alcohol and water as inactive ingredients.

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Supports healthy immune and lymph function.
  • We looked for evidence on: Common cold, Influenza, Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), Tonsillitis, Gingivitis, Immune support — and 3 related terms.
  • The closest evidence on file: Wild Indigo is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Common cold (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Echinacea is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), Gingivitis, Influenza.
  • Also on file: Thuja is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Common cold.

The evidence we hold doesn't establish that echinacea works for anxiety, athletic performance, ADHD, burns, chronic fatigue, or migraine headache — all are rated insufficient evidence. Wild indigo and thuja show insufficient evidence for the common cold.

For the other ingredients in this blend — red root, stillingia, and prickly ash — we have no effectiveness ratings on file. If you're considering this product for a specific condition, talk with your pharmacist about what the research actually supports.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Northern Prickly Ash Echinacea New Jersey Tea Wild Indigo Queen's Delight Thuja

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 4 of the 6 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 6 of 6.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 6 of 6.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Echinacea is generally well tolerated short-term, but it can trigger allergic reactions, especially in people sensitive to ragweed and related plants like daisies and chrysanthemums. Common side effects include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, heartburn, and rashes.

Rare but serious reactions include severe allergies and hepatitis (liver inflammation). Wild indigo, thuja, and stillingia all carry cautions: large doses of wild indigo are toxic and cause vomiting and diarrhea; thuja contains thujone, which can cause headache, seizures, and organ damage in high amounts; and stillingia can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and skin rashes, especially in large doses.

Red root has little modern safety data. All of these ingredients should be avoided in pregnancy and while breastfeeding — safety information is either limited or absent.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Northern Prickly Ash Echinacea New Jersey Tea Wild Indigo Queen's Delight Thuja

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 3 of the 6 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Northern Prickly Ash, Echinacea, Thuja.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; seizure medications; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs.
  • For scale: 1,136 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check with your pharmacist before taking this product if you use CYP1A2 or CYP3A4 substrate drugs (your pharmacist can tell you if you take one), seizure-threshold-lowering medications, anticonvulsants, immunosuppressants, warfarin (a blood thinner), lopinavir/ritonavir (HIV medication), etoposide (cancer drug), or midazolam (an anesthetic). Moderate and minor interactions are present for all these categories.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This blend is an immune-support formula centered on echinacea, but if you take any prescription medication — especially blood thinners, seizure drugs, immunosuppressants, or HIV antivirals — check it with your pharmacist first. People with ragweed allergies, pregnant women, and nursing mothers should avoid it.

Short-term use is generally tolerated, but the ingredients have limited modern safety data.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 9 of 9 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Oct 21, 2017.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Echinacea Red Root Supreme, straight from the product label.

Brand Gaia Herbs
Barcode (UPC) 751063341004
Net contents 1 fl. Oz.; 30 mL
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Oct 21, 2017
DSLD ID 79757
Product type Botanical
Supplement form Liquid
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Echinacea Red Root Supreme by Gaia Herbs, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 mL
Maximum serving Sizes:
1.33 mL
Servings per container
23
UPC/BARCODE
751063341004
IngredientAmount% DV
Prickly Ash0 NP--
Echinacea purpurea0 NP--
Echinacea purpurea0 NP--
Echinacea purpurea0 NP--
Echinacea angustifolia0 NP--
Proprietary Extract Blend (Herb/Botanical)1.33 mL--
Red Root0 NP--
Wild Indigo0 NP--
Stillingia0 NP--
Thuja0 NP--

Other ingredients: Alcohol, Water

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Use Adults take 30-40 drops of extract in a small amount of water 3-4 times daily between meals. Shake well before using.

Use only as directed on label.

Precautions

Not to be used during pregnancy or lactation. If you have a medical condition or take medications, please consult with your doctor before use.

Keep away from children.

Safety sealed for your protection.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

General Statements

Herbal extract

Supports healthy immune & lymph function

Meet Your Herbs at GaiaHerbs.com

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

General

[007] 798-0914

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Echinacea Red Root Supreme by Gaia Herbs label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Echinacea Red Root Supreme label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Echinacea Red Root Supreme by Gaia Herbs

These are the 9 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 mL Dosage formLiquid Servings per container23 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Proprietary Extract Blend (Herb/Botanical)

1.33 mL per serving

Other (inactive) ingredients: Alcohol, Water. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Echinacea Red Root Supreme by Gaia Herbs Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Echinacea Red Root Supreme?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,135Drugs
1,117 Moderate 18 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Echinacea purpurea 816
Thuja 576
Prickly Ash 36

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Echinacea Red Root Supreme interact with 1,135 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

3 of the 9 ingredients in Echinacea Red Root Supreme interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Echinacea purpurea Thuja Prickly Ash

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Echinacea Red Root Supreme with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Echinacea purpurea12 drug types · 816 drugs

Caffeine

Echinacea can increase plasma levels of caffeine by inhibiting its metabolism.
Echinacea seems to increase plasma concentrations of caffeine by around 30%. This is likely due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) by echinacea.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Echinacea appears to inhibit CYP1A2 enzymes in humans. Additionally, echinacea seems to increase plasma concentrations of caffeine, a CYP1A2 substrate, by around 30%. Theoretically, echinacea might increase levels of other drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4. This may increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Several clinical trials have shown that taking echinacea for up to one month does not significantly affect the metabolism of various CYP3A4 substrates, including midazolam, docetaxel, etravirine, lopinavir-ritonavir, and darunavir-ritonavir. However, other clinical research shows that echinacea may increase the clearance of midazolam, suggesting that echinacea might induce CYP3A4. The discrepancy is thought to be due to differing effects of echinacea on intestinal versus hepatic CYP3A4 enzymes. Echinacea appears to induce hepatic CYP3A4 but inhibit intestinal CYP3A4. In some cases, these effects might cancel each other out, but in others, drug levels may be increased or decreased depending on the level of effect at hepatic and intestinal sites. The effect of echinacea on CYP3A4 activity may differ depending on the CYP3A4 substrate.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Etoposide (Vepesid)

Echinacea may increase levels of etoposide.
In one report, concomitant use of etoposide and echinacea was associated with more severe thrombocytopenia than the use of etoposide alone, suggesting inhibition of etoposide metabolism. Etoposide is a cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrate. Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but some studies have reported inhibition of the enzyme.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Echinacea has immunostimulant activity which may interfere with immunosuppressant therapy.
Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with immunosuppressant therapy because of its immunostimulant activity.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Darunavir (Prezista)

Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of darunavir; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Darunavir is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and is administered with the CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir to increase its plasma concentrations. Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but administration of an E. purpurea root extract (Arkocapsulas Echinacea, Arkopharma) 500 mg four times daily for 14 days did not affect darunavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics in 15 HIV-infected patients.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Dayquil Severe

Echinacea is reported to have varying effects on a number of Cytochrome P450 metabolizing enzymes in the liver, including CYP1A2 and CYP3A4, which play a role in acetaminophen and dextromethorphan metabolism (both contained in DayQuil Severe), respectively. Studies have reported both enzyme inhibition and induction, making it difficult to predict clinically significant drug interactions with reliability. Specific drug interaction studies reporting definitive results are rare, and potential drug interactions involving echinacea should likely be taken on a case-by-case basis. Based on what we know about how acetaminophen and dextromethorphan are metabolized, the risk of a clinically significant interaction between echinacea and DayQuil Severe is low.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence A
Docetaxel (Taxotere)

Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of docetaxel; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Docetaxel is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but taking E. purpurea whole plant extract (Echinaforce, A. Vogel Biopharma AG) 20 drops three times daily for 2 weeks did not alter the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel in one clinical study.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Etravirine (Intelence)

Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of etravirine; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Etravirine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but taking E. purpurea root extract (Arkocapsulas Echinacea, Arkopharma) 500 mg three times daily for 14 days did not alter the pharmacokinetics of etravirine in HIV-infected patients.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Kaletra)

Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of lopinavir; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Lopinavir is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and is administered with the CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir to increase its plasma concentrations. Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but taking E. purpurea (Echinamide, Natural Factors Nutritional Products, Inc.) 500 mg three times daily for 14 days did not alter the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir in healthy volunteers.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Midazolam (Versed)

Theoretically, echinacea may increase the metabolism of intravenous midazolam.
Echinacea induces hepatic CYP3A4 and might decrease plasma levels of midazolam by about 20%, reducing the effectiveness of intravenous midazolam. Echinacea also appears to inhibit intestinal CYP3A4, which could theoretically increase the bioavailability of oral midazolam. This may cancel out the decrease in availability caused by induction of hepatic CYP3A4, such that overall plasma levels after oral administration of midazolam are not affected by echinacea.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Echinacea seems to increase the clearance of warfarin, although the effect may not be clinically significant.
Preliminary clinical research in healthy male volunteers suggests that taking echinacea increases the clearance of the active S-isomer of warfarin after a single dose of warfarin, but there was not a clinically significant effect on the INR.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Echinacea purpurea full monograph & interactions

Thuja3 drug types · 576 drugs

Anticonvulsants

Thuja products can contain thujone, which might lower the seizure threshold. Theoretically, this could decrease the effectiveness of anticonvulsants drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Thuja might stimulate immune function. Theoretically, taking thuja might decrease the effects of immunosuppressive therapy. Immunosuppressant drugs include azathioprine (Imuran), basiliximab (Simulect), cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune), daclizumab (Zenapax), muromonab-CD3 (OKT3, Orthoclone OKT3), mycophenolate (CellCept), tacrolimus (FK506, Prograf), sirolimus (Rapamune), prednisone (Deltasone, Orasone), and other corticosteroids (glucocorticoids).

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Seizure Threshold Lowering Drugs

Thuja products can contains significant amounts of thujone, a neurotoxin. Theoretically, patients taking drugs that lower the seizure threshold might be at greater risk of seizure if they also take thuja. Advise patients taking these drugs to avoid thuja products. Some drugs that lower the seizure threshold include anesthetics (propofol, others), antiarrhythmics (mexiletine), antibiotics (amphotericin, penicillin, cephalosporins, imipenem), antidepressants (bupropion, others), antihistamines (cyproheptadine, others), immunosuppressants (cyclosporine), narcotics (fentanyl, others), stimulants (methylphenidate), theophylline, and others.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Thuja full monograph & interactions

Prickly Ash3 drug types · 36 drugs

Antacids

Theoretically, northern prickly ash might decrease the effectiveness of antacids.
There are reports that northern prickly ash increases stomach acid.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
H2-Blockers

Theoretically, northern prickly ash might decrease the effectiveness of H2-blockers.
There are reports that northern prickly ash increases stomach acid.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Proton Pump Inhibitors (Ppis)

Theoretically, northern prickly ash might decrease the effectiveness of PPIs.
There are reports that northern prickly ash increases stomach acid.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Prickly Ash full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Echinacea Red Root Supreme, from the product label.

Gaia Herbs

See all Gaia Herbs products
Name
Gaia Herbs, Inc.
Street Address
101 Gaia Herbs Dr.
City
Brevard
State
NC
ZipCode
28712
Web Address
GaiaHerbs.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Echinacea Red Root Supreme by Gaia Herbs: Common Questions

Does Echinacea Red Root Supreme by Gaia Herbs interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Echinacea Red Root Supreme has a known interaction with 1,135 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Echinacea Red Root Supreme contains 9 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take this while I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
The safety data is not adequate, and some ingredients carry warnings against pregnancy and breastfeeding. Echinacea is rated possibly safe in pregnancy, but wild indigo, thuja, and stillingia should be avoided entirely during pregnancy and while nursing. Red root has no pregnancy data on file. Talk with your doctor or midwife before using this product.
What are the most common side effects?
Echinacea commonly causes abdominal pain, diarrhea, heartburn, nausea, and rashes. Wild indigo and stillingia can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and nausea, especially in larger doses. Thuja may cause headache and nervous agitation. Most people don't experience these, but they're worth watching for.
Does this product actually work for colds or immune support?
We don't have effectiveness evidence on file for echinacea against colds or for boosting immunity broadly. Wild indigo and thuja both show insufficient evidence for the common cold. If you're looking for proven immune support, ask your pharmacist what the research actually backs.
Why does this product contain alcohol?
It's a liquid extract, and alcohol is used as a preservative and to extract the active compounds from the herbs. If you need to avoid alcohol, this form may not be right for you.
What is red root, and is it safe?
Red root (New Jersey Tea) is a traditional herb in this blend. We hold little modern safety data for it, so it should be used cautiously and ideally under professional guidance. Avoid it if you're pregnant or breastfeeding.
Is thuja safe in this product?
Thuja contains thujone, a compound that can be toxic in large amounts and cause headache, seizures, and organ damage. It also interacts with seizure drugs and anticonvulsants. If you have a seizure disorder or take medications for one, avoid this product. Use only under professional guidance.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Echinacea Red Root Supreme label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Echinacea Red Root Supreme’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Northern Prickly Ash

Interacts with 36 drugs

Northern Prickly Ash is a North American shrub whose bark and berries have a long history in folk medicine, especially for toothache, joint pain, and sluggish digestion. Modern scientific ev...

Read the full Northern Prickly Ash monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Echinacea

Interacts with 816 drugs

Echinacea is a popular herb taken to help prevent or shorten the common cold, but study results are mixed and the overall benefit appears small at best. It is generally well tolerated for sh...

Read the full Echinacea monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

New Jersey Tea

New Jersey Tea is a North American shrub whose leaves were historically brewed as a caffeine-free tea and used in folk medicine for sore throats and other complaints. There is very little mo...

Read the full New Jersey Tea monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Wild Indigo

Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) is a traditional herb most often used in combination products for colds and immune support, but high-quality human evidence is very limited. It can be toxic...

Read the full Wild Indigo monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Queen's Delight

Queen's Delight (Stillingia sylvatica) is a traditional North American herb once used as a 'blood purifier' and for skin and throat problems. There is very little modern scientific evidence...

Read the full Queen's Delight monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Thuja

Interacts with 576 drugs

Thuja, also called northern white cedar or arborvitae, is a tree whose leaf and oil have a long history in folk and homeopathic medicine, especially for warts and immune support. Solid human...

Read the full Thuja monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Echinacea Red Root Supreme's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 71 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Northern Prickly Ash 2 references
  1. McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
  2. Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.

See these in context on the Northern Prickly Ash monograph →

Echinacea 51 references
  1. Mullins RJ. Echinacea-associated anaphylaxis. Med J Aust 1998;168:170-1. PubMed
  2. Mullins RJ. Allergic reactions to Echinacea. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;104:S340-341 (Abstract 1003).
  3. Chavez ML, Chavez PI. Echinacea. Hosp Pharm 1998;33:180-8.
  4. Grimm W, Muller HH. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of fluid extract of Echinacea purpurea on the incidence and severity of colds and respiratory infections. Am J Med 1999;106:138-43. PubMed
  5. Taylor JA, Weber W, Standish L, et al. Efficacy and safety of echinacea in treating upper respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290:2824-30.. PubMed
  6. Luettig B, Steinmuller C, Gifford GE, et al. Macrophage activation by the polysaccharide arabinogalactan isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81:669-75. PubMed
  7. Stimpel M, Proksch A, Wagner H, et al. Macrophage activation and induction of macrophage cytotoxicity by purified polysaccharide fractions from the plant Echinacea purpurea. Infect Immun 1984;46:845-9. PubMed
  8. Budzinski JW, Foster BC, Vandenhoek S, Arnason JT. An in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition by selected commercial herbal extracts and tinctures. Phytomedicine 2000;7:273-82. PubMed
  9. Gallo M, Sarkar M, Au W, et al. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to echinacea: A prospective controlled study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:3141-3. PubMed
  10. Soon SL, Crawford RI. Recurrent erythema nodosum associated with echinacea herbal therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:298-9. PubMed
  11. Mullins RJ, Heddle R. Adverse reactions associated with echinacea: the Australian experience. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002;88:42-51. PubMed
  12. Logan JL, Ahmed J. Critical hypokalemic renal tubular acidosis due to Sjogren's syndrome: association with the purported immune stimulant echinacea. Clin Rheumatol 2003;22:158-9.
  13. Schulten B, Bulitta M, Ballering-Bruhl B, et al. Efficacy of Echinacea purpurea in patients with a common cold. A placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung 2001;51:563-8.. PubMed
  14. Yale SH, Glurich I. Analysis of the inhibitory potential of Ginkgo biloba, Echinacea purpurea, and Serenoa repens on the metabolic activity of cytochrome P450 3A4, 2D6, and 2C9. J Altern Complement Med 2005;11:433-9.
  15. Yale SH, Liu K. Echinacea purpurea therapy for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1237-41. PubMed
  16. Gorski JC, Huang S, Zaheer NA, et al. The effect of echinacea (Echinacea purpurea root) on cytochrome P450 activity in vivo.Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;73 (Abstract PDII-A-8):P94. PubMed
  17. Lee AN, Werth VP. Activation of autoimmunity following use of immunostimulatory herbal supplements. Arch Dermatol 2004;140:723-7. PubMed
  18. Goel V, Lovlin R, Barton R, et al. Efficacy of a standardized echinacea preparation (Echinilin) for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther 2004;29:75-83.
  19. Barrett B. Medicinal properties of Echinacea: a critical review. Phytomedicine 2003;10:66-86. PubMed
  20. Huntley AL, Thompson Coon J, Ernst E. The safety of herbal medicinal products derived from Echinacea species: a systematic review. Drug Saf 2005;28:387-400. PubMed
  21. Turner RB, Bauer R, Woelkart K, et al. An evaluation of Echinacea angustifolia in experimental rhinovirus infections. N Engl J Med 2005;353:341-8.
  22. Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. In vivo assessment of botanical supplementation on human cytochrome P450 phenotypes: Citrus aurantium, Echinacea purpurea, milk thistle, and saw palmetto. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;76:428-40. .
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New Jersey Tea 1 reference
  1. Herbs at a Glance — NIH NCCIH Source

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Wild Indigo 3 references
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See these in context on the Wild Indigo monograph →

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See these in context on the Queen's Delight monograph →

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See these in context on the Thuja monograph →

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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