Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 2 of 3 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by NutriGold

Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Vitamin
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU is a dietary supplement by NutriGold with 3 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for general antioxidant support, skin and hair care, heart health.Based on those ingredients, 764 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are natural Vitamin E, Total Mixed Tocotrienols. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU by NutriGold

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU by NutriGold — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU by NutriGold

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 30, 2026

What’s inside

Partial disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Partial

Most active ingredients list an amount, but at least one is hidden in a blend or missing.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 3 of its 6 active ingredients.
  • “Tocotrienols” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (20 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “Total Mixed Tocotrienols” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (40 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

NutriGold's Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold contains 6 active ingredients—all forms of vitamin E. You're getting D-Gamma Tocotrienol, D-Alpha-Tocotrienol, D-Delta-Tocotrienol, and D-Beta-Tocotrienol (a mix of tocotrienol compounds), plus natural Vitamin E and Total Mixed Tocopherols.

Tocopherols and tocotrienols are both vitamin E—they're just different chemical structures found in food and supplements that your body uses the same way. The product also contains inactive ingredients: vegan liquid capsule, extra virgin olive oil, and polyglyceryl-10 caprylate/caprate (an emulsifier).

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Support skin, eye, heart, brain, and immune health.
  • We looked for evidence on: Age-related cognitive decline, Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Aging, Aging skin, Alzheimer disease, Atherosclerosis — and 4 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Vitamin E is rated "Possibly Effective" for Alzheimer disease (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Vitamin E is rated "Possibly Ineffective" for Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Atherosclerosis, Cataracts, Congestive heart failure (CHF).
  • Also on file: Vitamin E is rated "Likely Ineffective" for Cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Vitamin E is effective for treating actual vitamin E deficiency and ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED), a rare genetic condition. For other uses listed here—Alzheimer disease, beta-thalassemia, G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) deficiency, and intracranial hemorrhage—the evidence is only possibly effective, meaning research suggests a potential benefit but proof isn't solid yet.

If you're taking this for any condition beyond deficiency, talk with your doctor about whether the evidence supports it for your specific situation.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Vitamin E Tocotrienols

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 1 of the 1 matched ingredient.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 1 of 1.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 1 of 1.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Vitamin E from usual dietary amounts is generally well tolerated when taken orally. However, high-dose long-term supplements carry caution: they may raise the risk of bleeding and other harms.

Rare serious side effects include bleeding, hemorrhagic stroke (bleeding in the brain), and cardiovascular complications. There's also a specific concern about stroke risk in male smokers taking synthetic vitamin E for 5–8 years, though other shorter studies didn't show a significantly increased stroke risk.

High doses increase bleeding risk, especially if you have a vitamin K deficiency or take anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Vitamin E Tocotrienols

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 1 of the 1 matched ingredient can interact with medications — Vitamin E.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; cancer treatments.
  • For scale: 765 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking this product, double-check your medications with your doctor or pharmacist if you take blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs (like warfarin, aspirin, or clopidogrel)—vitamin E increases bleeding risk. Also flag any chemotherapy drugs you're on, particularly alkylating agents or antitumor antibiotics, since vitamin E's antioxidant effect may reduce how well they work.

Other drug classes to confirm: any CYP3A4 substrates your liver metabolizes, cyclosporine, niacin, or selumetinib.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glancePartially disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This full-spectrum vitamin E supplement is a good fit if you have a diagnosed vitamin E deficiency or AVED and your doctor has recommended supplementation. If you take any blood thinner, chemotherapy drug, immunosuppressant, or heart or cholesterol medication, you'll want to check this product against your exact medications first—vitamin E can affect how several drug categories work.

Talk it over with your own doctor or pharmacist before starting, especially if you're on any prescription medication or considering it for a condition other than deficiency.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 6 of 6 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated May 22, 2020.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU, straight from the product label.

Brand NutriGold
Barcode (UPC) 859447002784
Net contents 60 Vegan Liquid Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD May 22, 2020
DSLD ID 219877
Product type Vitamin
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses Nutrient, All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Vegan, Vegetarian, Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free, Dairy Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU by NutriGold, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
60
UPC/BARCODE
859447002784
IngredientAmount% DV
D-Gamma Tocotrienol20 mg--
D-Alpha-Tocotrienol0 NP--
D-Delta-Tocotrienol0 NP--
Tocotrienols20 mg--
D-Beta-Tocotrienol0 NP--
natural Vitamin E30 mg200%
Total Mixed Tocotrienols40 mg--
Total Mixed Tocopherols40 mg--

Other ingredients: Vegan liquid capsule, extra virgin Olive Oil, Polyglyceryl-10 caprylate/caprate

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formulation

Balanced, full-spectrum, soy-free, natural vitamin E complex from sunflower and sustainable red palm oils to support skin, eye, heart, brain, and immune health.

Verified free of corn, egg, gluten, milk, peanut, shellfish, and soy allergens by an independent lab. No magnesium searate, stearic acid, dioxides, sulfates, artificial ingredients, or preservatives.

Non GMO

Certified Vegan vegan.org

No harmful additives

Formula

Balanced, full-spectrum, soy-free, natural vitamin E complex from sunflower and sustainable red palm oils to support skin, eye, heart, brain, and immune health.

Certified sustainable, orangutan-friendly source of red palm oil (GreenPalm program).

Polyglyceryl-10 caprylate/caprate (plant-sourced emulsifier) is part of the EvNol Suprabio ingredient complex. It was not added by Nutrigold during manufacturing.

Precautions

Caution: Please consult a healthcare professional before taking this supplement if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, or taking any medications.

Keep out of reach of children.

Storage

Store in original container away from moisture and direct sunlight.

General Statements

To learn more about this product, scan QR code or visit nutrigold.com/item/278

FDA Statement of Identity

Vitamin Supplement

Seals/Symbols

Non GMO Project Verified nongmoproject.org

Certified Vegan vegan.org

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested use: As a dietary supplement, adults take one (1) capsule daily, or as directed by a healthcare professional.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU by NutriGold label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU by NutriGold

These are the 3 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container60 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Natural Vitamin E

Interacts with
764 drugs
30 mg per serving Form: D-Alpha-Tocopherol, Red Palm Oil, Sunflower Oil

Vitamin E is an essential fat-soluble vitamin and antioxidant that most people get in adequate amounts from a normal diet. Supplements can help correc...

Natural Vitamin E monograph & interactions

Total Mixed Tocotrienols

Interacts with
122 drugs
40 mg per serving Form: EVNol SupraBio

Tocotrienols are a less common form of vitamin E with strong antioxidant activity studied mostly for cholesterol, liver, and heart health. Early resea...

Total Mixed Tocotrienols monograph & interactions

Total Mixed Tocopherols

Interacts with
764 drugs
40 mg per serving Form: D-Alpha-Tocopherol, D-Beta Tocopherol, D-Delta-Tocopherol, D-Gamma-Tocopherol, Red Palm Oil, Sunflower Oil

Vitamin E is an essential fat-soluble vitamin and antioxidant that most people get in adequate amounts from a normal diet. Supplements can help correc...

Total Mixed Tocopherols monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Vegan liquid capsule, Extra virgin Olive Oil, Polyglyceryl-10 caprylate/caprate. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU by NutriGold Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
764Drugs
763 Moderate 1 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

natural Vitamin E 764
Total Mixed Tocotrienols 122

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU interact with 764 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

2 of the 3 ingredients in Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. natural Vitamin E Total Mixed Tocotrienols

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

natural Vitamin E8 drug types · 764 drugs

Alkylating Agents

Theoretically, antioxidant effects of vitamin E might reduce the effectiveness of alkylating agents.
There's concern that antioxidants could reduce the activity of chemotherapy drugs which generate free radicals, such as cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, carmustine, busulfan, and thiotepa. However, some researchers theorize that antioxidants might make chemotherapy more effective by reducing oxidative stress that might interfere with apoptosis (cell death) of cancer cells. More evidence is needed to determine what effect, if any, antioxidants such as vitamin E have on chemotherapy. Advise patients to consult their oncologist before using vitamin E supplements, especially in high doses.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Concomitant use of vitamin E and anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents might increase the risk of bleeding.
Vitamin E seems to inhibit of platelet aggregation and antagonize the effects of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. These effects appear to be dose-dependent, and are probably only likely to be clinically significant with doses of at least 800 units daily. Mixed tocopherols, such as those found in food, might have a greater antiplatelet effect than alpha-tocopherol. RRR alpha-tocopherol (natural vitamin E) 1000 IU daily antagonizes vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Advise patients to avoid high doses of vitamin E, especially in people with low vitamin K intake or other risk factors for bleeding.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antitumor Antibiotics

Theoretically, antioxidant effects of vitamin E might reduce the effectiveness of antitumor antibiotics.
There's concern that antioxidants could reduce the activity of antitumor antibiotic drugs such as doxorubicin, which generate free radicals. However, some researchers theorize that antioxidants might make chemotherapy more effective by reducing oxidative stress that might interfere with apoptosis (cell death) of cancer cells. More evidence is needed to determine what effect, if any, antioxidants such as vitamin E have on chemotherapy involving antitumor antibiotics. Advise patients to consult their oncologist before using vitamin E supplements, especially in high doses.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)

A specific form of vitamin E might increase absorption and levels of cyclosporine.
There is some evidence that one specific formulation of vitamin E (D-alpha-tocopheryl-polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate, TPGS, tocophersolan, Liqui-E) might increase absorption of cyclosporine. This vitamin E formulation forms micelles which seems to increase absorption of cyclosporine by 40% to 72% in some patients. However, this interaction is unlikely to occur with the usual forms of vitamin E.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, vitamin E might induce metabolism of CYP3A4, possibly reducing the levels CYP3A4 substrates.
Vitamin E appears to bind with the nuclear receptor, pregnane X receptor (PXR), which results in increased expression of CYP3A4. Although the clinical significance of this is not known, use caution when considering concomitant use of vitamin E and other drugs affected by these enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Selumetinib (Koselugo)

Taking selumetinib with vitamin E can result in a total daily dose of vitamin E that exceeds safe limits and therefore might increase the risk of bleeding.
Selumetinib contains 48-54 IU vitamin E per capsule. The increased risk of bleeding with vitamin E appears to be dose-dependent. Be cautious when using selumetinib in combination with supplemental vitamin E, especially in patients at higher risk of bleed, such as those with chronic conditions and those taking antiplatelet drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Using vitamin E with warfarin might increase the risk of bleeding.
Due to interference with production of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, use of more than 400 IU of vitamin E daily with warfarin might increase prothrombin time (PT), INR, and the risk of bleeding,. At a dose of 1000 IU per day, vitamin E can antagonize vitamin K-dependent clotting factors even in people not taking warfarin. Limited clinical evidence suggests that doses up to 1200 IU daily may be used safely by patients taking warfarin, but this may not be applicable in all patient populations.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Niacin

Vitamin E might decrease the beneficial effects of niacin on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels.
A combination of niacin and simvastatin (Zocor) effectively raises high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in people with coronary disease and low HDL levels. Clinical research shows that taking a combination of antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and selenium) along with niacin and simvastatin (Zocor) attenuates this rise in HDL, specifically the HDL-2 and apolipoprotein A1 fractions, by more than 50%. Vitamin E alone combined with a statin does not seem to decrease HDL levels. It is not known whether the adverse effect on HDL is due to one of the other antioxidants or to the combination. It also is not known whether it will occur in other patient populations.

Likelihood Possible Evidence A
natural Vitamin E full monograph & interactions

Total Mixed Tocotrienols1 drug type · 122 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Concomitant use of tocotrienols with anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents might increase the risk of bleeding. However, this has not been reported in humans.
Taking tocotrienols orally inhibits experimentally-induced platelet aggregation in humans. Theoretically tocotrienols might increase the risk of bleeding if taken with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs. However, tocotrienols 400-800 mg daily have been used with aspirin and/or clopidogrel for 1 year with no clear cumulative antiplatelet effects and no reports of bleeding.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Total Mixed Tocotrienols full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU, from the product label.

NutriGold

Name
NutriGold Inc.
City
Orem
State
UT
ZipCode
84057
Phone Number
800-476-3542
Web Address
www.nutrigold.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU by NutriGold: Common Questions

Does Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU by NutriGold interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU has a known interaction with 764 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU contains 3 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Will this interact with my blood thinner?
Vitamin E can increase the bleeding risk when combined with blood thinners and antiplatelet drugs because it interferes with vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. This effect is dose-dependent. Check with your doctor or pharmacist about your specific blood thinner and whether this product is safe for you.
Is vitamin E safe to take during pregnancy?
Amounts from food and prenatal vitamins are appropriate. Avoid high-dose supplements unless directed by your doctor. The safety data suggest caution with higher doses in pregnancy.
Can I take this while breastfeeding?
Normal dietary amounts are fine. Check with your doctor before taking high-dose supplements while breastfeeding, since the data show mixed safety ratings for breastfeeding at higher doses.
What is vitamin E actually used for?
It's effective for treating vitamin E deficiency and a rare genetic condition called ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED). For other uses listed—like Alzheimer disease or beta-thalassemia—the evidence is possibly effective, meaning research is promising but not conclusive.
Are there any serious side effects?
Orally taken vitamin E is generally well tolerated at usual dietary doses. Rare serious side effects with high-dose long-term use include bleeding, stroke (especially in male smokers), and cardiovascular complications.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Vitamin E

Interacts with 764 drugs

Vitamin E is an essential fat-soluble vitamin and antioxidant that most people get in adequate amounts from a normal diet. Supplements can help correct a true deficiency, but high-dose vitam...

Read the full Vitamin E monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Tocotrienols

Interacts with 122 drugs

Tocotrienols are a less common form of vitamin E with strong antioxidant activity studied mostly for cholesterol, liver, and heart health. Early research is interesting but far from conclusi...

Read the full Tocotrienols monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Gold 45 IU's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 68 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Vitamin E 64 references
  1. Kim JM, White RH. Effect of vitamin E on the anticoagulant response to warfarin. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:545-6. PubMed
  2. Corrigan JJ Jr. The effect of vitamin E on warfarin-induced vitamin K deficiency. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982;393:361-8. PubMed
  3. Corrigan JJ Jr. Coagulation problems relating to vitamin E. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1979;1:169-73.
  4. Corrigan JJ Jr, Marcus FI. Coagulopathy associated with vitamin E ingestion. JAMA 1974;230:1300-1. DOI
  5. Labriola D, Livingston R. Possible interactions between dietary antioxidants and chemotherapy. Oncology 1999;13:1003-8.
  6. Chang T, Benet LZ, Hebert MF. The effect of water-soluble vitamin E on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996;59:297-303. PubMed
  7. Pan SH, Lopez RR Jr, Sher LS, et al. Enhanced oral cyclosporine absorption with water-soluble vitamin E early after liver transplantation. Pharmacother 1996;16:59-65. DOI
  8. Anon. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Soprawivenza nell'Infarto miocardico. Lancet 1999;354:447-55. DOI
  9. Chappell LC, Seed PT, Briley AL, et al. Effect of antioxidants on the occurrence of pre-eclampsia in women at increased risk: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;354:810-6. DOI
  10. Yusuf S, Dagenais G, Pogue J, et al. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The heart outcomes prevention evaluation study investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;342:154-60. PubMed
  11. Stephens NG, Parsons A, Schofield PM, et al. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study. Lancet 1996;347:781-6.
  12. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1029-35. PubMed
  13. Takahashi O. Haemorrhagic toxicity of a large dose of alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherols, ubiquinone, beta-carotene, retinol acetate and L-ascorbic acid in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 1995;33:121-8.
  14. Briggs GB, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998.
  15. Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, et al. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1216-22. PubMed
  16. Liede KE, Haukka JK, Saxen LM, Heinonen OP. Increased tendency towards gingival bleeding caused by joint effect of alpha-tocopherol supplementation and acetylsalicylic acid. Ann Med 1998;30:542-6.
  17. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309069351/html/.
  18. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1583-93. DOI
  19. Liu M, Wallmon A, Olsson-Mortlock C, et al. Mixed tocopherols inhibit platelet aggregation in humans: potential mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:700-6. PubMed
  20. Sokol RJ, Johnson KE, Karrer FM, et al. Improvement of cyclosporin absorption in children after liver transplantation by means of water-soluble vitamin E. Lancet 1991;338:212-4.. PubMed
  21. Stein JH, Carlsson CM, Papcke-Benson K, et al. The effects of lipid-lowering and antioxidant vitamin therapies on flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery in older adults with hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:1806-13.. PubMed
  22. Carlsson CM, Papcke-Benson K, Carnes M, et al. Health-related quality of life and long-term therapy with pravastatin and tocopherol (vitamin E) in older adults. Drugs Aging 2002;19:793-805. . PubMed
  23. Cheung MC, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Antioxidant supplements block the response of HDL to simvastatin-niacin therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and low HDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:1320-6. PubMed
  24. Schrogie JJ. Coagulopathy and fat-soluble vitamins (letter). JAMA 1975;232:19. DOI
  25. Celestini A, Pulcinelli FM, Pignatelli P, et al. Vitamin E potentiates the antiplatelet activity of aspirin in collagen-stimulated platelets. Haematologica 2002;87:420-6.
  26. Stampfer MJ, Jakubowski JA, Faigel D, et al. Vitamin E supplementation effect on human platelet function, arachidonic acid metabolism, and plasma prostacyclin levels. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;47:700-6. PubMed
  27. Jandak J, Steiner M, Richardson PD. Alpha-tocopherol, an effective inhibitor of platelet adhesion. Blood 1989;73:141-9. DOI
  28. Freedman JE, Farhat JH, Loscalzo J, Keaney JF. Alpha-tocopherol inhibits aggregation of human platelets by a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. Circulation 1996;94:2434-40. PubMed
  29. Steiner M. Vitamin E, a modifier of platelet function: rationale and use in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Nutr Rev 1999;57:306-9. PubMed
  30. Brodkin RH, Bleiberg J. Sensitivity to topically applied vitamin E. Arch Dermatol 1965;92:76-7. DOI
  31. Booth SL, Golly I, Sacheck JM, et al. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on vitamin K status in adults with normal coagulation status. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:143-8. PubMed
  32. Miller ER 3rd, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, et al. Meta-analysis: High-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:60520-53. PubMed
  33. Lonn E, Bosch J, Yusuf S, et al. HOPE and HOPE-TOO Trial Investigators. Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;293:1338-47. PubMed
  34. Landes N, Pfluger P, Kluth D, et al. Vitamin E activates gene expression via the pregnane X receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2003;65:269-73. . PubMed
  35. Brigelius-Flohe R. Vitamin E and drug metabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;305:737-40. PubMed
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See these in context on the Vitamin E monograph →

Tocotrienols 4 references
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See these in context on the Tocotrienols monograph →

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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