Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 8 of 9 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Lean Out Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Beverly International

Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Lean Out is a dietary supplement by Beverly International with 9 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for liver health and fatty liver, brain and memory support, prenatal nutrition and fetal development.Based on those ingredients, 433 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Coenzyme Q-10, Chromium, Inositol. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Lean Out by Beverly International

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 9 of its 9 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

Lean Out contains nine active ingredients. Choline supports cellular function and brain health.

Vitamin B12 helps with energy and nerve function and is especially important if you take metformin. DL-methionine is an amino acid your body uses to build protein and support metabolism.

Chromium plays a role in blood sugar control and may support weight management. Inositol supports insulin function and metabolic health.

Betaine hydrochloride increases stomach acid to aid digestion. Coenzyme Q-10 is an antioxidant that supports energy production in your cells.

L-carnitine helps transport fat into cells to be burned for energy. Vitamin B7 (biotin) strengthens hair, skin, and nails.

The capsules also contain several inactive ingredients: gelatin, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide, hydroxypropyl cellulose, gum acacia, and tricalcium phosphate.

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: enhance fat and sugar conversion to energy.
  • We looked for evidence on: Athletic performance, Metabolic rate, Fat oxidation, Glucose metabolism.
  • The closest evidence on file: Choline is rated "Possibly Ineffective" for Athletic performance (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Coenzyme Q10 is rated "Likely Ineffective" for Athletic performance.
  • Also on file: Chromium is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Athletic performance.

The evidence for Lean Out's ingredients is mixed. Choline is rated possibly ineffective for athletic performance.

Vitamin B12 is effective for B12 deficiency itself. Chromium is possibly effective for diabetes and likely effective for chromium deficiency, though possibly ineffective for prediabetes.

Inositol is possibly effective for PCOS and metabolic syndrome. Coenzyme Q-10 is possibly effective for heart failure, migraines, fibromyalgia, and diabetic nerve pain.

L-carnitine is effective for L-carnitine deficiency and possibly effective for heart failure and angina. Biotin is likely effective for biotin deficiency.

Betaine hydrochloride and inositol lack enough evidence to rate their usefulness for most conditions. Overall, this product appears designed to support metabolism and energy, but the strength of evidence varies by ingredient.

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 8 of the 8 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 8 of 8.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 8 of 8.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Most ingredients in Lean Out are generally well tolerated at normal doses. Choline can cause a fishy body odor and at high doses (above 3.5 grams daily) may cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Vitamin B12 is very safe with no established upper limit. Chromium is usually well tolerated but can cause stomach irritation, headaches, insomnia, and mood changes; rare cases of kidney and liver damage have been reported.

Inositol commonly causes mild diarrhea, gas, and nausea. Betaine hydrochloride may irritate the stomach and is not safe for people with ulcers or gastritis.

Coenzyme Q-10 occasionally causes mild stomach upset, headache, or dizziness (less than 1% of users). L-carnitine can cause stomach cramps, nausea, diarrhea, and a fishy body odor.

Biotin is very safe, though high doses have rarely caused mild diarrhea. During pregnancy, choline, vitamin B12, and biotin are considered likely safe; chromium and inositol are possibly safe but should be used only under medical supervision.

Betaine hydrochloride should be avoided in pregnancy. During breastfeeding, vitamin B12 and biotin are considered safe at normal amounts; choline and inositol require professional guidance, and betaine hydrochloride should be avoided.

Coenzyme Q-10 and L-carnitine safety during breastfeeding is not well studied.

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 7 of the 8 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Inositol, Betaine Hydrochloride, Choline, Vitamin B12, Chromium, among others.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; diabetes medications.
  • For scale: 433 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking Lean Out, double-check your medications with your pharmacist, especially if you take insulin or antidiabetes drugs (chromium and inositol can increase low blood sugar risk). Also flag any blood thinners (warfarin or acenocoumarol—coenzyme Q-10 and L-carnitine may affect them), thyroid medication like levothyroxine or thyroid hormone replacement (chromium may lower absorption; L-carnitine may decrease effectiveness), stomach acid reducers like H2-blockers, antacids, or proton pump inhibitors (betaine hydrochloride may reduce their effect), or metformin for diabetes (vitamin B12 interaction).

If you take chemotherapy drugs called alkylating agents or blood pressure medications, let your pharmacist know as well.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

Lean Out may appeal to people looking to support metabolism, weight management, and energy. If you take insulin, diabetes medications, blood thinners, thyroid medication, or stomach acid reducers, you'll want to check with your pharmacist first—several ingredients in this product interact with those drugs.

Betaine hydrochloride isn't right for you if you have ulcers or acid reflux. Talk to your pharmacist before starting, especially if you're pregnant, breastfeeding, or taking any regular medications.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 8 of 9 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Aug 22, 2024.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Lean Out, straight from the product label.

Brand Beverly International
Barcode (UPC) 857254000504
Net contents 120 Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Aug 22, 2024
DSLD ID 317661
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Lean Out by Beverly International, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
4 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
4 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
30
UPC/BARCODE
857254000504
IngredientAmount% DV
Choline400 mg73%
Vitamin B1220 mcg833%
DL-Methionine1000 mg--
Chromium200 mcg571%
Inositol1000 mg--
Betaine Hydrochloride100 mg--
Coenzyme Q-1010 mg--
L-Carnitine600 mg--
Vitamin B7452 mcg1507%

Other ingredients: Gelatin, Magnesium Stearate, Silicon Dioxide, Hydroxypropyl Cellulose, Gum Acacia, Tricalcium Phosphate

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formulation

Lean out is a stimulant-free supplement used to enhance the body's ability to convert fat and sugar (glucose) into energy, particularly when dieting.

100% money-back guarantee If you're not 100% satisfied after using this product for 60 days, then we will refund your money. No questions asked.

Stimulant-free metabolism support

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Use: take 4 capsules daily. For maximum results, take 1 or more capsules with each meal and before working out.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the food and drug administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Precautions

Caution: for adults only. Keep out of reach of children.

Consult physician if pregnant/nursing, taking medication, or have a medical condition.

Brand IP Statement(s)

Beverly International 1967

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

See for yourself

Lean Out by Beverly International label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

What’s inside

The Ingredients in Lean Out by Beverly International

These are the 9 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size4 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Choline

Interacts with
16 drugs
400 mg per serving Form: Choline Bitartrate

Choline is an essential nutrient your body needs for liver function, brain health, and nerve signaling, and many people get enough from foods like egg...

Choline monograph & interactions

Vitamin B12

Interacts with
20 drugs
20 mcg per serving Form: Methylcobalamin

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is an essential nutrient your body needs to make red blood cells, keep nerves healthy, and support DNA. Supplements are very h...

Vitamin B12 monograph & interactions

DL-Methionine

1000 mg per serving

Chromium

Interacts with
178 drugs
200 mcg per serving Form: Chromium Picolinate

Chromium is an essential trace mineral involved in how the body handles sugar and fat. Some studies suggest it may modestly help blood sugar control i...

Chromium monograph & interactions

Inositol

Interacts with
86 drugs
1000 mg per serving

Inositol is a sugar alcohol made naturally in the body and found in many foods, and it is sold as a supplement (often myo-inositol) mainly for PCOS, m...

Inositol monograph & interactions

Betaine Hydrochloride

Interacts with
36 drugs
100 mg per serving

Betaine hydrochloride is a supplement used to temporarily increase stomach acid in people who may have low acid levels. Evidence for its benefits is l...

Betaine Hydrochloride monograph & interactions

Coenzyme Q-10

Interacts with
198 drugs
10 mg per serving

CoQ10 is a vitamin-like substance your body makes naturally that helps cells produce energy and acts as an antioxidant. It is generally well tolerated...

Coenzyme Q-10 monograph & interactions

L-Carnitine

Interacts with
19 drugs
600 mg per serving Form: L-Carnitine Tartrate

L-carnitine is a compound your body makes naturally and also gets from foods like meat. It helps cells turn fat into energy, and supplements are most...

L-Carnitine monograph & interactions

Vitamin B7

No known
interactions
452 mcg per serving Form: Biotin

Biotin (vitamin B7) is a water-soluble vitamin your body needs to turn food into energy and to support healthy hair, skin, and nails. Most people get...

Vitamin B7 monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Gelatin, Magnesium Stearate, Silicon Dioxide, Hydroxypropyl Cellulose, Gum Acacia, Tricalcium Phosphate. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Lean Out by Beverly International Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Lean Out?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

Go to the checker
433Drugs
129 Moderate 304 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Chromium 178

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Lean Out with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Coenzyme Q-103 drug types · 198 drugs

Alkylating Agents

Coenzyme Q10 has antioxidant effects. Theoretically, this may reduce the activity of chemotherapy drugs that generate free radicals.
Theoretically, antioxidants such as coenzyme Q10 might protect tumor cells from chemotherapeutic agents that work by inducing oxidative stress, such as alkylating agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide) and radiation therapy. The clinical importance of this interaction is unknown.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Coenzyme Q10 is chemically similar to menaquinone and might have vitamin K-like procoagulant effects, which could decrease the effects of warfarin.
Concomitant use of coenzyme Q10 and warfarin might reduce the anticoagulant effects of warfarin. Four cases of decreased warfarin efficacy thought to be due to coenzyme Q10 have been reported. However, there is some preliminary clinical research that suggests coenzyme Q10 might not significantly decrease the effects of warfarin in patients who have a stable INR.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, coenzyme Q10 might have additive effects with antihypertensive drugs.
Some clinical research shows that coenzyme Q10 can significantly lower blood pressure, although other studies have shown conflicting results.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B

Chromium5 drug types · 178 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, chromium may have additive effects with antidiabetic agents and increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Some research shows that taking chromium might lower blood glucose levels, especially in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence A
Insulin

Theoretically, concomitant use of chromium and insulin might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
In clinical research, chromium has been shown to increase insulin sensitivity,

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Levothyroxine (Synthroid, Others)

Chromium might bind levothyroxine in the intestinal tract and decrease levothyroxine absorption.
Clinical research in healthy volunteers shows that taking chromium picolinate 1000 mcg with levothyroxine 1 mg decreases serum levels of levothyroxine by 17% when compared to taking levothyroxine alone. Advise patients to take levothyroxine at least 30 minutes before or 3-4 hours after taking chromium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Aspirin

Theoretically, aspirin might increase chromium absorption.
Animal research suggests that aspirin may increase chromium absorption and chromium levels in the blood.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (Nsaids)

NSAIDs might increase chromium levels in the body.
Drugs that are prostaglandin inhibitors, such as NSAIDs, seem to increase chromium absorption and retention.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D

Inositol1 drug type · 86 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking inositol with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Clinical research shows that inositol lowers blood glucose levels and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in patients with diabetes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence A

Betaine Hydrochloride3 drug types · 36 drugs

Antacids

Betaine hydrochloride increases stomach acidity and could decrease the effects of antacids.
In human research, betaine hydrochloride increases stomach acidity. Antacids are taken to decrease stomach acidity. Theoretically, taking betaine hydrochloride along with antacids might decrease the effects of the antacids.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
H2-Blockers

Betaine hydrochloride increases stomach acidity and could decrease the effects of H2-blockers.
In human research, betaine hydrochloride increases stomach acidity. H2-blockers are used to decrease stomach acidity. Theoretically, taking betaine hydrochloride along with H2-blockers might decrease the effects of H2-blockers.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Proton Pump Inhibitors (Ppis)

Betaine hydrochloride increases stomach acidity and could decrease the effects of PPIs.
In human research, betaine hydrochloride increases stomach acidity. PPIs are used to decrease stomach acidity. Theoretically, taking betaine hydrochloride along with PPIs might decrease the effects of PPIs

Likelihood Possible Evidence D

Vitamin B121 drug type · 20 drugs

Metformin (Glucophage)

Metformin, a common medication used to manage type 2 diabetes, has been associated with lower vitamin B12 levels in some individuals. Prolonged use of metformin can interfere with the absorption of B12 in the digestive system, potentially leading to a deficiency in this essential vitamin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence A

L-Carnitine3 drug types · 19 drugs

Acenocoumarol (Sintrom)

Theoretically, L-carnitine might increase the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol.
L-carnitine might enhance the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol, an oral anticoagulant similar to warfarin, but shorter-acting. There are at least two case reports of INR elevation with concomitant use. In one case, a 33-year-old male with a previously stable INR had an elevated INR of 4.65 after L-carnitine was started and continued for 10 weeks. INR normalized after discontinuation of the L-carnitine-containing product.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Thyroid Hormone

Theoretically, L-carnitine might decrease the effectiveness of thyroid hormone replacement.
L-carnitine appears to act as a peripheral thyroid hormone antagonist by inhibiting entry of thyroid hormone into the nucleus of cells. Taking L-carnitine also seems to diminish some of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, L-carnitine might increase the anticoagulant effects of warfarin.
L-carnitine might increase the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol, a shorter-acting oral anticoagulant similar to warfarin. There is not enough information to know whether this interaction occurs with L-carnitine and warfarin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D

Choline1 drug type · 16 drugs

Atropine

Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Animal research shows that administering choline one hour before administering atropine can attenuate atropine-induced decreases in brain levels of acetylcholine. Theoretically, concomitant use of choline and atropine may decrease the effects of atropine.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Lean Out, from the product label.

Beverly International

See all Beverly International products
Name
Beverly International Nutrition, Inc
City
Cold Spring
State
Ky
ZipCode
41076
Phone Number
(800) 781-3475
Web Address
www.Beverlyinternational.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Lean Out by Beverly International: Common Questions

Does Lean Out by Beverly International interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Lean Out has a known interaction with 433 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Lean Out contains 9 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take Lean Out if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
It depends on the ingredient. Choline, vitamin B12, and biotin are considered likely safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding at normal amounts. Chromium and inositol are possibly safe but should only be used under your doctor's supervision. Betaine hydrochloride should be avoided during both pregnancy and breastfeeding. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about what's right for you.
Will Lean Out help me lose weight?
The product contains ingredients like chromium, inositol, and L-carnitine that support metabolism and fat use, but the evidence for weight loss itself isn't established in our data. Lean Out appears designed to support metabolic health, but results will vary by person and depend on your overall diet and lifestyle.
What does the fishy body odor some ingredients can cause come from?
Both choline and L-carnitine can cause a fishy body odor when taken at higher doses. The odor comes from how your body breaks down these compounds—choline is converted to trimethylamine in your gut, which creates the smell. It's usually mild and reversible if you lower your dose or stop taking the supplement.
Is Lean Out safe for people with stomach ulcers or acid reflux?
No, you should avoid Lean Out if you have ulcers, gastritis, or true acid reflux because betaine hydrochloride—one of its ingredients—increases stomach acid and could make those conditions worse. Talk to your pharmacist about alternatives.
What's the difference between the vitamin B forms in this product?
This product contains vitamin B12 and vitamin B7 (biotin), which are two different B vitamins with different roles. B12 supports energy and nerve function, while biotin strengthens hair, skin, and nails. Both are important for overall health.
What are the main side effects I should watch for?
Most users tolerate Lean Out well, but common side effects can include stomach upset (nausea, diarrhea, gas), headache, insomnia, or mood changes. At normal doses these are rare, but choline and L-carnitine can cause a fishy body odor. Stop taking it and talk to your pharmacist if you notice anything concerning.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Lean Out label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Lean Out’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Choline

Interacts with 16 drugs

Choline is an essential nutrient your body needs for liver function, brain health, and nerve signaling, and many people get enough from foods like eggs, meat, and fish. Supplements may help...

Read the full Choline monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

Vitamin B12

Interacts with 20 drugs

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is an essential nutrient your body needs to make red blood cells, keep nerves healthy, and support DNA. Supplements are very helpful for people who are deficient — su...

Read the full Vitamin B12 monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

Chromium

Interacts with 178 drugs

Chromium is an essential trace mineral involved in how the body handles sugar and fat. Some studies suggest it may modestly help blood sugar control in certain people with type 2 diabetes, b...

Read the full Chromium monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

Inositol

Interacts with 86 drugs

Inositol is a sugar alcohol made naturally in the body and found in many foods, and it is sold as a supplement (often myo-inositol) mainly for PCOS, mood, and metabolic concerns. The stronge...

Read the full Inositol monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

Betaine Hydrochloride

Interacts with 36 drugs

Betaine hydrochloride is a supplement used to temporarily increase stomach acid in people who may have low acid levels. Evidence for its benefits is limited and mostly based on tradition rat...

Read the full Betaine Hydrochloride monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

Coenzyme Q10

Interacts with 198 drugs

CoQ10 is a vitamin-like substance your body makes naturally that helps cells produce energy and acts as an antioxidant. It is generally well tolerated and is most studied for heart condition...

Read the full Coenzyme Q10 monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

L-carnitine

Interacts with 19 drugs

L-carnitine is a compound your body makes naturally and also gets from foods like meat. It helps cells turn fat into energy, and supplements are most clearly useful for people with a true ca...

Read the full L-carnitine monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

Biotin

Biotin (vitamin B7) is a water-soluble vitamin your body needs to turn food into energy and to support healthy hair, skin, and nails. Most people get plenty from a normal diet, and true defi...

Read the full Biotin monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Lean Out's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 198 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Choline 14 references
  1. Yates AA, Schlicker SA, Suitor CW. Dietary reference intakes: The new basis for recommendations for calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:699-706. PubMed
  2. Cho E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. Dietary choline and betaine and the risk of distal colorectal adenoma in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1224-31. PubMed
  3. Schmidt, C., Abicht, A., Krampfl, K., Voss, W., Stucka, R., Mildner, G., Petrova, S., Schara, U., Mortier, W., Bufler, J., Huebner, A., and Lochmuller, H. Congenital myasthenic syndrome due to a novel missense mutation in the gene encoding choline acetyl
  4. Tamminga, C., Smith, R. C., Chang, S., Haraszti, J. S., and Davis, J. M. Depression associated with oral choline. Lancet 10-23-1976;2(7991):905. PubMed
  5. Wood, J. L. and Allison, R. G. Effects of consumption of choline and lecithin on neurological and cardiovascular systems. Fed.Proc. 1982;41(14):3015-3021.
  6. Growdon, J. H. and Gelenberg, A. J. Choline and lecithin administration to patients with tardive dyskinesia. Trans.Am.Neurol.Assoc. 1978;103:95-99.
  7. Smith, C. M., Swash, M., Exton-Smith, A. N., Phillips, M. J., Overstall, P. W., Piper, M. E., and Bailey, M. R. Choline therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 8-5-1978;2(8084):318. PubMed
  8. Morrison, L. M. and W. F. Gonzales. Choline in coronary atherosclerosis. Amer.Heart J. 1950;39:729.
  9. Christie, J. G. Blackburn 1. M. Glen A. I. M. Zeisel S. Shering A. & Yates C. M. Effects of choline and lecithin on CSF choline levels and on cognitive functioning in patients with presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Nutrition and the brain 1979;5
  10. Sidhu N, Davies S, Nadarajah A, et al. Oral choline supplementation for postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 2013;111(2):249-55. PubMed
  11. Wozniak JR, Fuglestad AJ, Eckerle JK, et al. Choline supplementation in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders has high feasibility and tolerability. Nutr Res. 2013;33(11):897-904. PubMed
  12. Wozniak JR, Fuglestad AJ, Eckerle JK, et al. Choline supplementation in children with fetal alcohol disorders: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(5): 1113-25.
  13. Ross RG, Hunter SK, McCarthy L, et al. Perinatal choline effects on neonatal pathophysiology related to later schizophrenia risk. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(3):290-8. PubMed
  14. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Choline. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B-6, Vitamin B-12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 1998:390-422.

See these in context on the Choline monograph →

Vitamin B12 30 references
  1. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (2000). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://b
  2. Hartman TJ, Woodson K, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, et al. Association of the B-vitamins pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (B6), B12, and folate with lung cancer risk in older men. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:688-94.. DOI
  3. Jansen T, Romiti R, Kreuter A, Altmeyer P. Rosacea fulminans triggered by high-dose vitamins B6 and B12. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001;15:484-5..
  4. Lange H, Suryapranata H, De Luca G, et al. Folate therapy and in-stent restenosis after coronary stenting. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2673-81. PubMed
  5. Collin, S. M., Metcalfe, C., Refsum, H., Lewis, S. J., Zuccolo, L., Smith, G. D., Chen, L., Harris, R., Davis, M., Marsden, G., Johnston, C., Lane, J. A., Ebbing, M., Bonaa, K. H., Nygard, O., Ueland, P. M., Grau, M. V., Baron, J. A., Donovan, J. L., Nea
  6. Geissbuhler, P., Mermillod, B., and Rapin, C. H. Elevated serum vitamin B12 levels associated with CRP as a predictive factor of mortality in palliative care cancer patients: a prospective study over five years. J.Pain Symptom.Manage. 2000;20(2):93-103. PubMed
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L-carnitine 41 references
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Biotin 4 references
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  2. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (2000). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://b
  3. Mock DM, Quirk JG, Mock NI. Marginal biotin deficiency during normal pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:295-9. PubMed
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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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