Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Neuro Optimizer Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Jarrow Formulas

Neuro Optimizer label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 23, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Neuro Optimizer against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Neuro Optimizer is a dietary supplement by Jarrow Formulas with 7 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for muscle recovery and sports performance, gut health and 'leaky gut', recovery from severe illness or injury.Based on those ingredients, 573 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Phosphatidylserine, Acetyl-L-Carnitine, Taurine. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Neuro Optimizer by Jarrow Formulas

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Neuro Optimizer by Jarrow Formulas — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Neuro Optimizer by Jarrow Formulas

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Aug 27, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 7 of its 7 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

Neuro Optimizer contains seven active ingredients: L-glutamine, pantothenic acid, taurine, phosphatidylserine, acetyl-L-carnitine, cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine (citicoline), and phosphatidylcholine. These ingredients are combined to support brain and nerve function.

The capsule also contains inactive ingredients including soy lecithin, microcrystalline cellulose, silicon dioxide, and magnesium stearate.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Brain and cognitive function support.
  • We looked for evidence on: Academic performance, Age-related cognitive decline, Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Cognitive function, Dementia, Memory — and 2 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Acetyl-l-carnitine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Age-related cognitive decline (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Phosphatidylserine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Age-related cognitive decline.
  • Also on file: Citicoline is rated "Possibly Effective" for Age-related cognitive decline.

The evidence for these ingredients varies. L-glutamine is effective for sickle cell disease and possibly effective for HIV/AIDS-related wasting and recovery after surgery.

Pantothenic acid is effective for pantothenic acid deficiency. Taurine is possibly effective for hepatitis and congestive heart failure.

Phosphatidylserine is possibly effective for age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease. Acetyl-L-carnitine is possibly effective for age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer disease, depression, and diabetic nerve pain.

Citicoline is possibly effective for age-related cognitive decline and glaucoma. Phosphatidylcholine is possibly effective for ulcerative colitis.

The evidence for most other claimed uses is insufficient or not established in our data.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Glutamine Pantothenic Acid Taurine Phosphatidylserine Acetyl-l-carnitine Citicoline Phosphatidylcholine

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 7 of the 7 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 7 of 7.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 7 of 7.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

L-glutamine is likely safe in pregnancy and lactation, though people with kidney or liver disease should use it only under medical supervision. Common side effects include belching, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and headache.

Pantothenic acid is likely safe in pregnancy and lactation at typical supplement doses. Taurine is likely safe in pregnancy and lactation but is generally well tolerated short-term; long-term safety is less certain.

Common side effects include constipation, diarrhea, and indigestion. Phosphatidylserine safety in pregnancy and lactation is not established — the facts advise against use during these times.

Common side effects include flatulence, indigestion, headache, insomnia, and nausea. Acetyl-L-carnitine safety in pregnancy and lactation is not established — avoid use unless your doctor advises otherwise.

Common side effects include agitation, dry mouth, headache, insomnia, and reduced appetite. Citicoline and phosphatidylcholine safety in pregnancy and lactation is not established — the facts advise against use during these times.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Glutamine Pantothenic Acid Taurine Phosphatidylserine Acetyl-l-carnitine Citicoline Phosphatidylcholine

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 4 of the 7 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Acetyl-l-carnitine, Glutamine, Phosphatidylserine, Taurine.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; seizure medications; lithium.
  • For scale: 573 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check with your pharmacist or doctor before taking this product if you use blood thinners like warfarin or acenocoumarol (Sintrom) — acetyl-L-carnitine may increase their effects. Also double-check if you take seizure medications, blood pressure drugs, lithium, antidepressants or other serotonin-based medications, thyroid replacement hormone, anticholinergic drugs, or cholinergic drugs.

These are the medication types with documented interactions in this product's ingredients.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

Neuro Optimizer is a multi-ingredient product aimed at supporting cognitive and nerve function, with the strongest evidence backing glutamine for specific conditions and mixed evidence for the others. If you take blood thinners, seizure medications, blood pressure drugs, lithium, antidepressants, thyroid replacement, or anticholinergic or cholinergic medications, check with your doctor or pharmacist before starting, since several ingredients may interact with these drugs.

Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals should talk with their healthcare provider first, as safety data for several ingredients is incomplete. Review your full medication list with your own healthcare provider before adding this to your routine.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 7 of 7 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Apr 23, 2024.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Neuro Optimizer, straight from the product label.

Brand Jarrow Formulas
Barcode (UPC) 790011560012
Net contents 120 Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Apr 23, 2024
DSLD ID 307705
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses Nutrient, All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free, Dairy Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Neuro Optimizer by Jarrow Formulas, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
4 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
4 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
30
UPC/BARCODE
790011560012
IngredientAmount% DV
L-Glutamine500 mg--
Pantothenic Acid10 mg200%
Taurine500 mg--
Phosphatidylserine100 mg--
Acetyl-L-Carnitine500 mg--
Cytidine 5'-Diphosphocholine300 mg--
Phosphatidylcholine120 mg--

Other ingredients: Capsule, Soy Lecithin, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Silicon Dioxide, Magnesium Stearate

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Use: Adults take 4 capsules once a day with juice or water between meals or as directed by your qualified healthcare professional.

Formulation

Jarrow Formulas Neuro Optimizer, featuring Cognizin Citicoline and Sharpy-PS Phosphatidylsering, supports brain and antioxidant function safely and naturally, without the use of stimulants.

Supports neuron & normal stress response for a healthy brain

Gluten free Non-GMO

Formula

Citicoline is an intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a constituent of the gray matter of brain tissue. Citicoline supports brain metabolism by supporting the synthesis of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. Phosphatidylserine supports the brain’s response to normal stress. The antioxidants Acetyl-L-Carnitine and Taurine help support the health of neurons. Acetyl-L-Carnitine, Pantothenic Acid and L-Glutamine support brain metabolism. Taurine aids in osmoregulation.

Precautions

Warning: Consult a healthcare professional before using this product if you are pregnant, nursing, under the age of 18, are taking medication or have a medical condition; if adverse reactions occur, discontinue use.

Warning: Consult a healthcare professional before using this product if you are pregnant, nursing, under the age of 18, are taking medication or have a medical condition; if adverse reactions occur, discontinue use.

Keep out of the reach of children.

Contains: Soy.

Do not use if safety seal is damaged or missing.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Brand IP Statement(s)

Cognizin Citicoline Cognizin is a registered trademark of Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd. Sharp-PS Sharp-PS is a registered trademark of IFF or its affiliates.

Copyright 2022 Jarrow Formulas

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

General Statements

Brain health

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Neuro Optimizer by Jarrow Formulas label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Neuro Optimizer label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Neuro Optimizer by Jarrow Formulas

These are the 7 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size4 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

L-Glutamine

Interacts with
50 drugs
500 mg per serving

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body and is usually made in your muscles. A prescription form is FDA-approved to help reduce sickle c...

L-Glutamine monograph & interactions

Pantothenic Acid

No known
interactions
10 mg per serving Form: Calcium D-Pantothenate

Pantothenic acid is vitamin B5, an essential nutrient your body uses to turn food into energy. True deficiency is very rare because it is found in nea...

Pantothenic Acid monograph & interactions

Taurine

Interacts with
173 drugs
500 mg per serving

Taurine is an amino acid your body makes naturally and that you also get from animal foods. It is widely used in energy drinks and sports supplements,...

Taurine monograph & interactions

Phosphatidylserine

Interacts with
219 drugs
100 mg per serving

Phosphatidylserine is a natural fat-like compound found in cell membranes, especially in the brain, and it is sold mainly to support memory and thinki...

Phosphatidylserine monograph & interactions

Acetyl-L-Carnitine

Interacts with
203 drugs
500 mg per serving Form: Acetyl-L-Carnitine Hydrochloride

Acetyl-L-carnitine is a form of the amino acid carnitine that the body uses to help produce energy in cells. It is most studied for nerve pain and mem...

Acetyl-L-Carnitine monograph & interactions

Cytidine 5'-Diphosphocholine

No known
interactions
300 mg per serving

Citicoline is a naturally occurring compound involved in making brain cell membranes and the messenger chemical acetylcholine. It is popularly taken f...

Cytidine 5'-Diphosphocholine monograph & interactions

Phosphatidylcholine

No known
interactions
120 mg per serving

Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid that is part of every cell membrane and a source of choline. People take it for liver, brain, and gut health, bu...

Phosphatidylcholine monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Capsule, Soy Lecithin, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Silicon Dioxide, Magnesium Stearate. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Neuro Optimizer by Jarrow Formulas Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Neuro Optimizer?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
573Drugs
573 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Phosphatidylserine 219
Acetyl-L-Carnitine 203
Taurine 173
L-Glutamine 50

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Neuro Optimizer interact with 573 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

4 of the 7 ingredients in Neuro Optimizer interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Phosphatidylserine Acetyl-L-Carnitine Taurine L-Glutamine

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Neuro Optimizer with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Phosphatidylserine2 drug types · 219 drugs

Anticholinergic Drugs

Theoretically, phosphatidylserine might decrease the effectiveness anticholinergic drugs.
Phosphatidylserine is thought to increase acetylcholine levels, which could theoretically interfere with the activity of anticholinergic agents.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cholinergic Drugs

Theoretically, phosphatidylserine might have additive effects with cholinergic drugs.
Phosphatidylserine is thought to increase acetylcholine levels, which could theoretically lead to additive cholinergic effects when used with cholinergic drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Phosphatidylserine full monograph & interactions

Acetyl-L-Carnitine4 drug types · 203 drugs

Acenocoumarol (Sintrom)

Theoretically, acetyl-L-carnitine might increase the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol.
L-carnitine, the parent compound of acetyl-L-carnitine, might enhance the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol, an oral anticoagulant that is similar to warfarin, but shorter-acting. There are at least two case reports of INR elevation when L-carnitine was taken with acenocoumarol. In one case, a 33-year-old male with a previously stable INR had an elevated INR of 4.65 after L-carnitine was started and continued for 10 weeks. INR normalized after discontinuation of the L-carnitine-containing product. It is unclear if such an interaction would also occur with acetyl-L-carnitine.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Serotonergic Drugs

Theoretically, acetyl-L-carnitine might increase the risk of serotonergic side effects, including serotonin syndrome and cerebral vasoconstrictive disorders, when taken with serotonergic drugs.
Animal research shows that acetyl-L-carnitine can increase levels of serotonin in the brain.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Thyroid Hormone

Theoretically, acetyl-L-carnitine might decrease the effectiveness of thyroid hormone replacement.
L-carnitine appears to act as a peripheral thyroid hormone antagonist by inhibiting entry of thyroid hormone into the nucleus of cells. Taking L-carnitine also seems to diminish some of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism. It is unclear if such an interaction would occur with acetyl-L-carnitine.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, acetyl-L-carnitine might increase the anticoagulant effects of warfarin.
L-carnitine, the parent compound of acetyl-L-carnitine, might increase the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol, a shorter-acting oral anticoagulant similar to warfarin. There is not enough information to know whether this interaction occurs with acetyl-L-carnitine and warfarin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Acetyl-L-Carnitine full monograph & interactions

Taurine2 drug types · 173 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Some clinical evidence suggests that taurine can reduce both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Lithium

Theoretically, taurine might reduce excretion and increase plasma levels of lithium.
Taurine is thought to have diuretic properties, which might reduce the excretion of lithium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Taurine full monograph & interactions

L-Glutamine1 drug type · 50 drugs

Anticonvulsants

Theoretically, glutamine might antagonize the effects of anticonvulsant medications.
Glutamine is metabolized to the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Glutamate might have antagonistic effects with anticonvulsant drugs. However, this interaction has not yet been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
L-Glutamine full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Neuro Optimizer, from the product label.

Jarrow Formulas

See all Jarrow Formulas products
Name
Jarrow Formulas, Inc.
City
Sherman Oaks
State
CA
ZipCode
91403
Phone Number
1-866-459-4154
Web Address
www.Jarrow.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Neuro Optimizer by Jarrow Formulas: Common Questions

Does Neuro Optimizer by Jarrow Formulas interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Neuro Optimizer has a known interaction with 573 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Neuro Optimizer contains 7 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is this product safe to take if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
Safety data is incomplete for several ingredients in this product. L-glutamine and taurine are likely safe, but phosphatidylserine, acetyl-L-carnitine, and citicoline lack enough data — the facts advise against use during pregnancy and lactation unless your doctor recommends it. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about your individual situation before taking it.
What are the most common side effects?
The most frequently reported side effects are digestive, including bloating, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and indigestion. You might also experience headache or insomnia. Most are mild, but if you're sensitive or taking higher doses, side effects may be more bothersome.
Does this product actually work for memory and brain health?
Some ingredients have decent evidence — phosphatidylserine and acetyl-L-carnitine are possibly effective for age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease. Others like citicoline are possibly effective for age-related cognitive decline. For most other brain-health claims, the evidence is insufficient or not established in our data, so results will vary.
Can I take this if I have kidney or liver problems?
L-glutamine, one of the main ingredients, should only be used under medical supervision if you have kidney or liver disease. Talk with your doctor before starting this product if you have either condition.
What is phosphatidylserine, and why is it in here?
Phosphatidylserine is a fat-like compound found in cell membranes. It's included because it's possibly effective for age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease, though long-term safety is not fully established. Common side effects include flatulence, headache, and insomnia, especially at higher doses.
Is it safe to take this long-term?
Most ingredients are generally well tolerated short-term, but long-term safety data is incomplete for several of them, including taurine, phosphatidylserine, acetyl-L-carnitine, and citicoline. If you plan to take this regularly, talk with your doctor or pharmacist to make sure it's appropriate for you.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Neuro Optimizer label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Neuro Optimizer’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Glutamine

Interacts with 50 drugs

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body and is usually made in your muscles. A prescription form is FDA-approved to help reduce sickle cell disease complications, but for most...

Read the full Glutamine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Pantothenic Acid

Pantothenic acid is vitamin B5, an essential nutrient your body uses to turn food into energy. True deficiency is very rare because it is found in nearly all foods, and most people meet thei...

Read the full Pantothenic Acid monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Taurine

Interacts with 173 drugs

Taurine is an amino acid your body makes naturally and that you also get from animal foods. It is widely used in energy drinks and sports supplements, and short-term use appears generally sa...

Read the full Taurine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Phosphatidylserine

Interacts with 219 drugs

Phosphatidylserine is a natural fat-like compound found in cell membranes, especially in the brain, and it is sold mainly to support memory and thinking. Some research suggests possible bene...

Read the full Phosphatidylserine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Acetyl-l-carnitine

Interacts with 203 drugs

Acetyl-L-carnitine is a form of the amino acid carnitine that the body uses to help produce energy in cells. It is most studied for nerve pain and memory-related conditions, though the evide...

Read the full Acetyl-l-carnitine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Citicoline

Citicoline is a naturally occurring compound involved in making brain cell membranes and the messenger chemical acetylcholine. It is popularly taken for memory, focus, and brain aging, and s...

Read the full Citicoline monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Phosphatidylcholine

Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid that is part of every cell membrane and a source of choline. People take it for liver, brain, and gut health, but solid human evidence is limited for mo...

Read the full Phosphatidylcholine monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Neuro Optimizer's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 100 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Glutamine 11 references
  1. Miller AL. Therapeutic considerations of L-glutamine: a review of the literature. Altern Med Rev 1999;4:239-48..
  2. Bozzetti F, Biganzoli L, Gavazzi C, et al. Glutamine supplementation in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a double-blind randomized study. Nutrition 1997;13:748-51.. PubMed
  3. Mebane AH. L-Glutamine and mania. Am J Psychiatry 984;141:1302-3.
  4. Meldrum BS. Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology. J Nutr 2000;130:1007S-15S.. PubMed
  5. Garlick PJ. Assessment of the safety of glutamine and other amino acids. J Nutr 2001;131:2556S-61S.. PubMed
  6. Chapman AG. Glutamate and epilepsy. J Nutr 2000;130:1043S-5S.. PubMed
  7. Ziegler TR. Glutamine supplementation in cancer patients receiving bone marrow transplantation and high dose chemotherapy. J Nutr 2001;131:2578S-84S.. PubMed
  8. Laviano A, Molfino A, Lacaria MT, Canelli A, De Leo S, Preziosa I, Rossi Fanelli F. Glutamine supplementation favors weight loss in nondieting obese female patients. A pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014 Nov;68(11):1264-6. PubMed
  9. Endari (l-glutamine) [package insert]. Torrance, CA: Emmaus Medical,Inc; 2017.
  10. Niihara Y, Miller ST, Kanter J, et al. A Phase 3 Trial of l-Glutamine in Sickle Cell Disease. N Engl J Med 2018;379(3):226-35. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1715971.
  11. Ogden HB, Child RB, Fallowfield JL, et al. Gastrointestinal Tolerance of Low, Medium and High Dose Acute Oral l-Glutamine Supplementation in Healthy Adults: A Pilot Study. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):2953. PubMed

See these in context on the Glutamine monograph →

Pantothenic Acid 11 references
  1. McEvoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 1998.
  2. Yates AA, Schlicker SA, Suitor CW. Dietary reference intakes: The new basis for recommendations for calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:699-706. PubMed
  3. Debourdeau PM, Djezzar S, Estival JL, et al. Life-threatening eosinophilic pleuropericardial effusion related to vitamins B5 and H. Ann Pharmacother 2001;35:424-6. DOI
  4. Schmuth, M., Wimmer, M. A., Hofer, S., Sztankay, A., Weinlich, G., Linder, D. M., Elias, P. M., Fritsch, P. O., and Fritsch, E. Topical corticosteroid therapy for acute radiation dermatitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Br.J.Dermatol. 2 PubMed
  5. Schreck, U., Paulsen, F., Bamberg, M., and Budach, W. Intraindividual comparison of two different skin care conceptions in patients undergoing radiotherapy of the head-and-neck region. Creme or powder? Strahlenther.Onkol. 2002;178(6):321-329. PubMed
  6. Herbst, R. A., Uter, W., Pirker, C., Geier, J., and Frosch, P. J. Allergic and non-allergic periorbital dermatitis: patch test results of the Information Network of the Departments of Dermatology during a 5-year period. Contact Dermatitis 2004;51(1):13-1 PubMed
  7. Champault, G. and Patel, J. C. [Treatment of constipation with Bepanthene]. Med.Chir Dig. 1977;6(1):57-59.
  8. Scott LN, Fiume M, Bergfeld WF, et al. Safety Assessment of Panthenol, Pantothenic Acid, and Derivatives as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2022;41(3_suppl):77-128. PubMed
  9. Han J, Warshaw EM. Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Panthenol in "Hypoallergenic" Products. Dermatitis 2023;34(1):62-63. PubMed
  10. Blanchard G, Kerre S, Walker A, et al. Allergic contact dermatitis from pantolactone and dexpanthenol in wound healing creams. Contact Dermatitis 2022;87(5):468-471. PubMed
  11. Peltier E, Trapp S, de Salvo R, et al. A new dexpanthenol-containing liquid cleanser for atopic-prone skin: Results from two prospective clinical studies evaluating cutaneous tolerability, moisturization potential, and effects on barrier function. J Cosme PubMed

See these in context on the Pantothenic Acid monograph →

Taurine 21 references
  1. Ahmad S, Robertson HT, Golper TA, et al. Multicenter trial of L-carnitine in maintenance hemodialysis patients. II. Clinical and biochemical effects. Kidney Int 1990;38:912-8. PubMed
  2. Machado-Vieira R, Viale CI, Kapczinski F. Mania associated with an energy drink: the possible role of caffeine, taurine, and inositol. Can J Psychiatry 2001;46:454-5. PubMed
  3. Obermann M, Schorn CF, Mummel P, et al. Taurine induced toxic encephalopathy? Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2006;108:812-3. PubMed
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Phosphatidylserine 9 references
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Acetyl-l-carnitine 22 references
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Citicoline 11 references
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Phosphatidylcholine 15 references
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