Major interaction on record — check this product against your medications before combining. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

CandiSmart 1 Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Renew Life

CandiSmart 1 label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Major
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 9, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking CandiSmart 1 against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Major

CandiSmart 1 is a dietary supplement by Renew Life with 9 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for candida and yeast overgrowth, gut health support, antimicrobial.Based on those ingredients, 1,542 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated major. The ingredients most likely to interact are Barberry bark extract, Berberine Sulphate, Neem leaf extract. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against CandiSmart 1 by Renew Life

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with CandiSmart 1 by Renew Life — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
Prefer a human? Send your question to our licensed pharmacists — free, answered by email within 24 hours.

HelloPharmacist Scorecard of CandiSmart 1 by Renew Life

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 9 of its 9 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

CandiSmart 1 contains 9 active ingredients. The main ones are caprylic acid (a fatty acid), grapefruit seed extract, berberine sulphate (an alkaloid from plants), uva ursi leaf extract, garlic bulb extract, neem leaf extract, and pau d'arco bark extract.

Olive leaf extract and barberry bark extract round out the formula. The capsule itself is an inactive ingredient.

Does it work?

Leans against
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Leans against

The strongest graded evidence we hold for the stated purpose leans against a benefit.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: supports intestinal yeast balance and urinary tract health.
  • We looked for evidence on: Candida overgrowth, Yeast infection, Urinary discomfort.
  • The closest evidence on file: Uva Ursi is rated "Possibly Ineffective" for Urinary tract infections (UTIs) (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Garlic is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Urinary tract infections (UTIs).
  • Also on file: Neem is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Intestinal parasite infection, Urinary tract infections (UTIs).

The evidence for this product's ingredients is sparse. Berberine shows possibly effective ratings for high cholesterol (hyperlipidemia), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), H. pylori infection, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes.

Garlic is rated possibly effective for periodontitis (gum infection), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and atherosclerosis. Neem leaf extract is rated possibly effective for gingivitis, lice, and dental plaque.

For the others—caprylic acid for epilepsy and essential tremor, olive leaf extract for osteoporosis, dyspepsia, herpes zoster, influenza, and osteoarthritis, grapefruit seed extract for acne and asthma, uva ursi for urinary tract infections, and pau d'arco for cancer and peptic ulcers—the evidence we hold is rated insufficient to establish effectiveness or, in the case of uva ursi for UTIs, possibly ineffective.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Caprylic Acid Olive Grapefruit European Barberry Berberine Uva Ursi Garlic Neem

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 9 of the 9 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 9 of 9.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 9 of 9.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Most of these ingredients are generally well tolerated at typical doses in the short term. Caprylic acid and garlic may cause mild abdominal discomfort, nausea, or changes in taste.

Olive leaf extract may trigger headache or stomach discomfort. Grapefruit seed extract is generally tolerated but large quantities can cause irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias) or QT prolongation (an electrical change in the heart); there is also preliminary concern about increased breast cancer risk with very high grapefruit consumption.

Berberine commonly causes digestive side effects—abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting—and rarely may cause dizziness, drowsiness, and headache. Uva ursi is well tolerated at low doses short-term but can cause diarrhea, nausea, and stomach upset; at very high doses (20 grams or more of dried herb), it risks serious harm including convulsions and collapse.

Neem leaf extracts seem safe in adults short-term, but neem oil can be toxic if swallowed and has caused serious effects in children. Pau d'arco at doses above 1.5 grams daily may cause anemia, bleeding risk, and severe nausea and vomiting.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Caprylic Acid Olive Grapefruit European Barberry Berberine Uva Ursi Garlic Neem

Meds to double-check

Major interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Major identified

At least one ingredient has a documented Major-severity interaction. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 8 of the 9 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Garlic, Uva Ursi, European Barberry, Neem, Pau D'arco, among others.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Major.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; diabetes medications; heart-rhythm medications; lithium.
  • For scale: 1,543 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check these medication types before taking CandiSmart 1: Major-severity concerns with cyclosporine (an immunosuppressant), scopolamine (motion sickness), amiodarone (heart rhythm), buspirone (anxiety), dextromethorphan (cough suppressant), terfenadine (antihistamine), and etoposide (cancer drug)—all from grapefruit seed extract. Moderate-severity caution with blood pressure medications (risk of dangerously low blood pressure), blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs (warfarin, aspirin—increased bleeding risk), diabetes medications (risk of low blood sugar), and any drug metabolized by liver enzymes CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C19, or by glucuronidation or P-glycoprotein transport.

Also check NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen), lithium, immunosuppressants other than cyclosporine, protease inhibitors, and tacrolimus. Use the medication search tool on this page for your specific drugs.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with graded evidence leaning against its stated purpose. Major medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

CandiSmart 1 is a multi-ingredient supplement with strong documented interactions—especially with grapefruit seed extract and berberine—affecting over 1,400 medications. If you take any prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, or other supplements, check them against this product before you start.

The evidence for its ingredients is mixed; some show promise for specific conditions (like berberine for cholesterol or high blood pressure), but many lack strong proof. Talk to your pharmacist or doctor before using it.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 9 of 9 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Jul 27, 2021.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about CandiSmart 1, straight from the product label.

Brand Renew Life
Net contents 60 Vegetarian Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Jul 27, 2021
DSLD ID 250745
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free, Dairy Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for CandiSmart 1 by Renew Life, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
2 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
2 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
30
IngredientAmount% DV
Caprylic Acid75 mg--
Olive leaf extract50 mg--
Grapefruit seed extract75 mg--
Barberry bark extract50 mg--
Berberine Sulphate25 mg--
Uva Ursi leaf extract300 mg--
Garlic bulb extract150 mg--
Neem leaf extract110 mg--
Pau d'Arco bark extract75 mg--

Other ingredients: Capsule

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formulation

15-day yeast cleansing program Targeted formula supports intestinal yeast balance Supports urinary tract health

Listen to your gut... you'll be glad you did. Did you know toxins are all around us? They live in the environment, in processed foods and even in your own digestive tract. While your body was built to handle toxins, today's world can put a lot of stress on you. Renew Life herbal cleanse and detox formulas promote regularity and work in harmony with your body's natural detoxification process. Helping you feel lighter, brighter and more energized to take on the day.

Potency, quality and purity guaranteed through expiration.

Gluten free Dairy free

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Directions: Take two (2) capsules in the morning. Repeat same amount in the evening. Take with CandiSmart Part 2. Best if taken on an empty stomach.

Storage

Store at 86 degrees F (30 degrees C) or below.

Precautions

Keep out of reach of children.

Consult your physician prior to using this or any product if you are pregnant, nursing, taking any medication or have a medical condition.

Discontinue if adverse effects occur.

Warning: This product can expose you to chemicals including lead, which is known to the State of California to cause birth defects or other reproductive harm. For more information, go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.

Brand IP Statement(s)

Copyright 2018 Made in the USA of global ingredients Patents: www.renewlife.com/patents

General Statements

At Renew Life, we're cleansing pioneers with double decades of experience and innovation on our side to help you cleanse and maintain your body's natural harmony. Visit RenewLife.com for help finding the right cleanse for you.

Formula

15-day, 2 part program Made with specially selected herbs and natural ingredients

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

CandiSmart 1 by Renew Life label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

CandiSmart 1 label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in CandiSmart 1 by Renew Life

These are the 9 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size2 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Caprylic Acid

Interacts with
262 drugs
75 mg per serving Form: Magnesium Caprylate

Caprylic acid is a medium-chain fatty acid found in coconut oil and palm kernel oil that is popularly used for yeast overgrowth and gut health. While...

Caprylic Acid monograph & interactions

Olive leaf extract

No known
interactions
50 mg per serving

Olive comes from the same tree that gives us olives and olive oil, and its leaf and fruit contain antioxidant compounds like oleuropein and hydroxytyr...

Olive leaf extract monograph & interactions

Grapefruit seed extract

Interacts with
990 drugs
75 mg per serving

Grapefruit is a nutritious citrus fruit rich in vitamin C and other nutrients, and it is generally safe to eat. However, grapefruit is famous for seri...

Grapefruit seed extract monograph & interactions

Barberry bark extract

Interacts with
1,210 drugs
50 mg per serving

European barberry is a shrub whose root, bark, and berries contain berberine, a bitter plant alkaloid that has been studied mostly in isolated form. S...

Barberry bark extract monograph & interactions

Berberine Sulphate

Interacts with
1,160 drugs
25 mg per serving

Berberine is a yellow plant compound that has shown promise for lowering blood sugar and cholesterol in some studies, but the quality of research vari...

Berberine Sulphate monograph & interactions

Uva Ursi leaf extract

Interacts with
803 drugs
300 mg per serving Form: Arbutin

Uva ursi is a traditional herb used mainly for urinary tract infections, and its leaves contain a compound called arbutin that may have antimicrobial...

Uva Ursi leaf extract monograph & interactions

Garlic bulb extract

Interacts with
989 drugs
150 mg per serving Form: Allicin

Garlic is a common food and supplement that may modestly help with blood pressure and cholesterol, though the evidence is mixed and effects are usuall...

Garlic bulb extract monograph & interactions

Neem leaf extract

Interacts with
1,013 drugs
110 mg per serving

Neem is a tree from India used for centuries in traditional medicine, especially for skin, dental, and antimicrobial purposes. Some small studies are...

Neem leaf extract monograph & interactions

Pau d'Arco bark extract

Interacts with
122 drugs
75 mg per serving

Pau d'arco is a South American tree bark traditionally used for infections and inflammation, and it contains compounds like lapachol that show activit...

Pau d'Arco bark extract monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Capsule. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

CandiSmart 1 by Renew Life Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against CandiSmart 1?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,542Drugs
776 Major 766 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Barberry bark extract 1,210
Berberine Sulphate 1,160
Neem leaf extract 1,013
Grapefruit seed extract 990
Garlic bulb extract 989

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in CandiSmart 1 interact with 1,542 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

8 of the 9 ingredients in CandiSmart 1 interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Barberry bark extract Berberine Sulphate Neem leaf extract Grapefruit seed extract Garlic bulb extract Uva Ursi leaf extract Caprylic Acid Pau d'Arco bark extract

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in CandiSmart 1 with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Barberry bark extract8 drug types · 1,210 drugs

Anticholinergic Drugs

Theoretically, taking European barberry with anticholinergic drugs might cause additive effects.
In vitro evidence suggests that European barberry might have anticholinergic properties.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, European barberry may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro and animal evidence suggest that berberine, a constituent of European barberry, might inhibit platelet aggregation. Theoretically, European barberry might have a similar effect.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking European barberry with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Preliminary clinical evidence suggests that European barberry juice reduces fasting glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes who are also taking antidiabetes drugs. Additionally, some animal studies show that berberine, a constituent of European barberry, has antiglycemic potential. Monitor blood glucose levels closely.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, taking European barberry with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Animal and human research suggests that European barberry extracts can have hypotensive effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cholinergic Drugs

Theoretically, taking European barberry with cholinergic drugs might decrease the effects of cholinergic drugs.
In vitro evidence suggests that European barberry might have anticholinergic properties.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cns Depressants

Theoretically, concomitant use with drugs that have sedative properties may cause additive effects.
Animal research suggests that berberine, a constituent of European barberry, might have sedative effects. Theoretically, European barberry might have a similar effect.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)

Theoretically, concomitant use with cyclosporine may cause additive effects.
Berberine, a constituent of European barberry, can reduce the metabolism and increase serum levels of cyclosporine. This effect is attributed to the ability of berberine to inhibit cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), which metabolizes cyclosporine. Theoretically, European barberry might have a similar effect.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, European barberry might increase the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
There is very preliminary evidence suggesting that berberine, a constituent of European barberry, might inhibit the CYP3A4 enzyme. Theoretically, European barberry might have a similar effect.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Barberry bark extract full monograph & interactions

Berberine Sulphate15 drug types · 1,160 drugs

Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)

Berberine can increase serum levels of cyclosporine.
Berberine can reduce metabolism and increase serum levels of cyclosporine. Berberine might inhibit cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), which metabolizes cyclosporine.

Likelihood Probable Evidence A
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, berberine might increase the risk of bleeding when used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro and in vivo research suggest that berberine can inhibit platelet aggregation. Theoretically, berberine might have additive effects when used with anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs and increase the risk of bleeding.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, berberine may increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Clinical research shows that berberine may lower blood glucose levels. Theoretically, berberine might have additive effects with antidiabetes drugs and increase the risk of hypoglycemia.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, berberine might have additive effects with antihypertensive drugs.
Animal research suggests that berberine can have hypotensive effects. Also, a clinical study suggests that taking berberine in combination with amlodipine can lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure when compared with amlodipine alone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cns Depressants

Theoretically, berberine might increase the sedative effects of CNS depressants.
Animal research suggests that berberine may have sedative effects. Theoretically, use of berberine along with CNS depressants might produce additive therapeutic and adverse effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, berberine might increase serum levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
Preliminary clinical research shows that berberine can inhibit CYP2C9. Theoretically, taking berberine with drugs metabolized by CYP2C9 might increase drug levels and increase the risk of adverse effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (Cyp2D6) Substrates

Theoretically, berberine might increase serum levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
In vitro research and preliminary clinical evidence show that berberine can inhibit CYP2D6. Theoretically, use of berberine with drugs metabolized by CYP2D6 might increase drug levels and increase the risk of adverse effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, berberine might increase serum levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
In vitro research and preliminary clinical research show that berberine moderately inhibits CYP3A4. Theoretically, use of berberine with drugs metabolized by CYP3A4 might increase drug levels and increase the risk of adverse effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence A
Dextromethorphan (Robitussin Dm, Others)

Theoretically, berberine may increase serum levels of dextromethorphan.
Preliminary clinical research shows that berberine can inhibit cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) activity and reduce the metabolism of dextromethorphan. This may increase the effects and side effects of dextromethorphan.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Losartan (Cozaar)

Berberine might reduce the therapeutic effects of losartan by decreasing its conversion to its active form.
Preliminary clinical research suggests that berberine can inhibit cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) activity and reduce metabolism of losartan.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Metformin (Glucophage)

Theoretically, berberine might increase the therapeutic and adverse effects of metformin.
In vitro and animal studies show that berberine can increase the systemic exposure and half-life of metformin, potentially increasing metformin's effects and side effects. This interaction seems to be most apparent when berberine is administered 2 hours prior to metformin. Taking berberine and metformin at the same time does not appear to increase systemic exposure to metformin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Midazolam (Versed)

Berberine can reduce metabolism of midazolam, which might increase the risk of severe adverse effects.
Preliminary clinical research shows that berberine can inhibit cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) activity and reduce metabolism of midazolam.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Pentobarbital (Nembutal)

Berberine might increase the sedative effect of pentobarbital.
Evidence from animal research shows that berberine can prolong pentobarbital-induced sleeping time. Theoretically, combining berberine and pentobarbital might increase the sedative effects of pentobarbital.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tacrolimus (Prograf)

Berberine has been associated with increased blood levels of tacrolimus.
In a 16-year-old patient with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome who was being treated with tacrolimus 6.5 mg twice daily, intake of berberine 200 mg three times daily increased the blood concentration of tacrolimus from 8 to 22 ng/mL. Following a reduction of the tacrolimus dose to 3 mg daily, blood levels of tacrolimus decreased to 12 ng/mL.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Acetazolamide

Laboratory studies and initial clinical findings suggest that berberine has the potential to increase acetazolamide concentrations in the body. More research is needed to confirm this interaction.

Likelihood Possible Evidence C
Berberine Sulphate full monograph & interactions

Neem leaf extract7 drug types · 1,013 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Neem might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Some clinical research shows that neem can lower blood glucose levels in adults with type 2 diabetes, including those already taking metformin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, neem leaf extract might increase the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
In vitro research shows that neem leaf extract inhibits CYP1A2 enzymes. So far, this reaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (Cyp2C8) Substrates

Theoretically, neem leaf extract might increase the levels and clinical effects of CYP2C8 substrates.
In vitro research shows that neem leaf methanol extract inhibits CYP2C8 enzymes. So far, this reaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, neem leaf extract might increase the levels and clinical effects of CYP2C9 substrates.
In vitro research shows that neem leaf methanol extract inhibits CYP2C9 enzymes. So far, this reaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, neem leaf extract might increase the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
In vitro research shows that neem leaf methanol extract inhibits CYP3A4 enzymes. So far, this reaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Theoretically, neem might decrease the effectiveness of immunosuppressants.
Animal research suggests that neem might have immunostimulant effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
P-Glycoprotein Substrates

Theoretically, neem leaf extract might increase the levels and clinical effects of P-glycoprotein substrates.
In vitro research shows that neem leaf methanol extract inhibits renal P-glycoprotein transport activity. So far, this reaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Neem leaf extract full monograph & interactions

Grapefruit seed extract62 drug types · 990 drugs

Amiodarone (Cordarone)

Grapefruit juice can increase blood levels of amiodarone, potentially increasing the effects and adverse effects of amiodarone.
Clinical research shows that grapefruit juice inhibits metabolism and increases absorption of amiodarone. Grapefruit juice increases amiodarone plasma levels by 50% and peak concentration by 84%.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Artemether (Artenam, Paluther)

Grapefruit juice can increase blood levels of oral artemether, potentially increasing the effects and adverse effects of artemether.
Clinical research shows that grapefruit juice increases the levels of oral artemether by 90% to 250% in healthy males.

Likelihood Likely Evidence B
Benzodiazepines

Grapefruit juice might increase blood levels of some oral benzodiazepines, potentially increasing the effects and adverse effects of these drugs.
Clinical research shows that grapefruit juice can increase plasma triazolam concentrations. Repeated consumption of grapefruit juice greatly increases triazolam concentrations and prolongs the half-life, probably due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Some studies show that grapefruit juice, particularly when taken in large quantities, reduces the clearance and increases the maximum blood levels, area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC), and duration of effect of midazolam. However, there is no effect on intravenous midazolam. Grapefruit juice has also been shown to increase the maximum blood levels and duration of effect of diazepam, but the clinical significance of this is not known. This interaction does not appear to occur with alprazolam.

Likelihood Likely Evidence B
Buspirone (Buspar)

Grapefruit juice can increase blood levels of buspirone, potentially increasing the effects and adverse effects of buspirone.
Clinical research shows that grapefruit juice increases absorption and plasma concentrations of buspirone.

Likelihood Likely Evidence B
Calcium Channel Blockers

Grapefruit juice can increase blood levels of oral calcium channel blockers, potentially increasing the effects and adverse effects of these drugs.
Clinical research shows that grapefruit juice increases absorption and plasma concentrations of amlodipine, nifedipine, nisoldipine, verapamil, felodipine, nimodipine, nicardipine, diltiazem, pranidipine, nitrendipine, and manidipine, This interaction is likely the result of the inhibition of intestinal metabolism of these drugs by CYP3A4, although some research suggests grapefruit may alter plasma drug levels by reducing the rate of gastric emptying. Consuming grapefruit juice 1 liter daily increases steady state concentrations of verapamil by as much as 50%. However, some references dispute the clinical relevance of the interactions with amlodipine, diltiazem, and verapamil. Other research in healthy individuals suggests plasma levels of felodipine and nifedipine are not affected when given intravenously. There is considerable interindividual variability in the effect of grapefruit juice on drug metabolism, which might account for inconsistent study results. In healthy older adults, the hemodynamic response to felodipine plus grapefruit juice might be influenced by altered autonomic regulation. In older healthy adults, a single dose of grapefruit juice and felodipine enhanced the blood pressure-lowering effects of felodipine. However, after a week of grapefruit juice and felodipine (steady state), the hypotensive activity was reduced, possibly due to compensatory tachycardia. Research indicates it is necessary to withhold grapefruit juice for as long as 3 days to avoid interactions with felodipine and nisoldipine.

Likelihood Likely Evidence B
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)

Grapefruit juice can increase blood levels of carbamazepine, potentially increasing the effects and adverse effects of carbamazepine.
Clinical research shows that grapefruit juice increases absorption and plasma concentrations of carbamazepine.

Likelihood Likely Evidence B
Carvedilol (Coreg)

Grapefruit juice can increase blood levels of carvedilol, potentially increasing the effects and adverse effects of carvedilol.
Clinical research shows that grapefruit juice increases the bioavailability of a single dose of carvedilol by 16%.

Likelihood Likely Evidence B
Celiprolol (Celicard)

Grapefruit juice can decrease blood levels of celiprolol, potentially decreasing the clinical effects of celiprolol.
In human research, taking grapefruit juice within two hours of celiprolol appears to decrease absorption and blood levels of celiprolol by approximately 85%. This interaction is due to grapefruit-induced inhibition of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP). Grapefruit juice is thought to affect OATP for only a short time. Therefore, separating drug administration and consumption of grapefruit by at least 4 hours is likely to prevent this interaction.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Cisapride (Propulsid)

Grapefruit juice can increase blood levels of cisapride, potentially increasing the effects and adverse effects of cisapride.
Clinical research shows that grapefruit juice increases the absorption and plasma concentrations of cisapride. According to the cisapride prescribing information, grapefruit juice is contraindicated in patients taking cisapride.

Likelihood Likely Evidence B
Clomipramine (Anafranil)

Theoretically, grapefruit juice might increase blood levels of clomipramine, potentially increasing the effects and adverse effects of clomipramine.
Case reports have shown that clomipramine trough levels increase significantly after the addition of grapefruit juice to the therapeutic regimen.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Clopidogrel (Plavix)

Grapefruit juice can decrease blood levels of the active metabolite of clopidogrel, thereby decreasing the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel.
Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet prodrug that is metabolized primarily by cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) to form the active metabolite. A small clinical study shows that taking grapefruit juice with clopidogrel decreases plasma levels of the active metabolite by more than 80% and impairs the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel. This effect is possibly due to grapefruit-induced inhibition of CYP2C19.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)

Grapefruit juice can increase blood levels of oral cyclosporine, potentially increasing the effects and adverse effects of cyclosporine.
Clinical research shows that grapefruit juice increases the absorption and plasma concentrations of cyclosporine. The mechanism of action is unclear. However, there is no effect on intravenous cyclosporine.

Likelihood Likely Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Grapefruit juice can increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Clinical research shows that grapefruit juice can inhibit CYP3A4 metabolism of drugs, causing increased drug levels and potentially increasing the risk of adverse effects. When taken orally, effects of grapefruit juice on CYP3A4 levels appear to last at least 48 hours. Grapefruit's ability to inhibit CYP3A4 has even been harnessed to intentionally increase levels of venetoclax, which is metabolized by CYP3A4, in an elderly patient with acute myeloid leukemia who could not afford full dose venetoclax. The lower dose of venetoclax in combination with grapefruit juice resulted in serum levels of venetoclax in the therapeutic reference range of full dose venetoclax and positive treatment outcomes for the patient.
Professional consensus recommends the consideration of patient age, existing medical conditions, additional medications, and the potential for additive adverse effects when evaluating the risks of concomitant use of grapefruit juice with any medication metabolized by CYP3A4. While all patients are at risk for interactions with grapefruit juice consumption, patients older than 70 years of age and those taking multiple medications are at the greatest risk for a serious or fatal interaction with grapefruit juice.

Likelihood Likely Evidence B
Dextromethorphan (Robitussin Dm, Others)

Grapefruit juice can increase blood levels of dextromethorphan, potentially increasing the effects and adverse effects of dextromethorphan.
Clinical research shows that grapefruit juice can inhibit cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) metabolism, causing increased dextromethorphan levels.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Estrogens

Grapefruit juice can increase blood levels of estrogens, potentially increasing the effects and adverse effects of estrogens.
Clinical research shows that grapefruit increases the levels of endogenous and exogenous estrogens by inhibiting cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzymes. Grapefruit juice increases exogenously administered 17-beta-estradiol by about 20% in females without ovaries and ethinyl-estradiol in healthy females.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Etoposide (Vepesid)

Grapefruit juice can decrease blood levels of etoposide, potentially decreasing the clinical effects of etoposide.
Clinical research shows that grapefruit juice decreases the absorption and plasma concentrations of etoposide. There is some evidence that grapefruit juice co-administered with oral etoposide can reduce levels of etoposide by about 26%. Grapefruit juice seems to inhibit organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP), which is a drug transporter in the gut, liver, and kidney. Grapefruit juice is thought to affect OATP for only a short time. Therefore, separating drug administration and consumption of grapefruit by at least 4 hours is likely to prevent this interaction.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Halofantrine

Grapefruit juice can increase blood levels of halofantrine, potentially increasing the effects and adverse effects of halofantrine.
Clinical research shows that grapefruit juice inhibits cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) metabolism, which increases halofantrine levels and peak concentration, as well as a marker of ventricular tachyarrhythmia potential.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Hmg-Coa Reductase Inhibitors ("Statins")

Grapefruit juice can increase blood levels of statins that are metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), potentially increasing the effects and adverse effects of these statins. Additionally, grapefruit juice might interfere with the bioavailability of statins that are substrates of organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP).
Clinical research shows that grapefruit juice inhibits metabolism and increases absorption and plasma concentrations of statins that are metabolized by CYP3A4. These include lovastatin, simvastatin, and atorvastatin. Keep in mind that there is considerable variability in the effect of grapefruit juice on drug metabolism, so individual patient response is difficult to predict.
Some statins, including pravastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, and rosuvastatin, are not metabolized by CYP3A4. However, grapefruit juice might still affect the bioavailability of these statins. These statins are substrates of OATP. Grapefruit juice can inhibit OATP. Therefore, grapefruit juice may reduce the bioavailability or increase drug levels of these statins depending on the type of OATP. However, grapefruit juice affects OATP for only a short time. Therefore, separating drug administration by at least 4 hours is likely to avoid this interaction.

Likelihood Likely Evidence B
Methadone (Dolophine)

Grapefruit juice can increase blood levels of methadone, potentially increasing the effects and adverse effects of methadone.
Clinical research shows that grapefruit juice inhibits the metabolism of methadone, increasing methadone levels and peak concentrations. In one case, a 51-year-old male taking methadone 90 mg daily and no other medications was found unresponsive. The patient reported drinking grapefruit juice 500 mL daily for 3 days prior to the event. Methadone is a substrate of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), and grapefruit juice-induced inhibition of CYP3A4 is the likely cause of this interaction.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Methylprednisolone

Grapefruit juice can increase blood levels of methylprednisolone, potentially increasing the effects and adverse effects of methylprednisolone.
Clinical research shows that grapefruit juice can increase the plasma concentration of orally administered methylprednisolone. Grapefruit juice 200 mL three times daily given with methylprednisolone 16 mg increased methylprednisolone half-life by 35%, peak plasma concentration by 27%, and total area under the curve by 75%.

Likelihood Likely Evidence B
Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide Substrates (Oatp)

Grapefruit juice can decrease levels of drugs that are substrates of OATP.
In vitro and clinical research show that consuming grapefruit juice inhibits OATP, which reduces the bioavailability of oral drugs that are substrates of OATP. Various clinical studies have shown reduced absorption of OATP substrates when taken with grapefruit, including fexofenadine, acebutolol, aliskiren, celiprolol, levothyroxine, nadolol, and pitavastatin. Grapefruit juice is thought to affect OATP for only a short time. Therefore, separating drug administration and consumption of grapefruit by at least 4 hours is likely to prevent this interaction.

Likelihood Likely Evidence B
Praziquantel (Biltricide)

Grapefruit juice can increase blood levels of praziquantel, potentially increasing the effects and adverse effects of praziquantel.
Clinical research shows that grapefruit juice can inhibit cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) metabolism of praziquantel. Plasma concentrations of praziquantel can increase by as much as 160% when administered with 250 mL of commercially available grapefruit juice.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Qt Interval-Prolonging Drugs

Grapefruit or grapefruit juice, especially if consumed in large amounts, can cause additive QT interval prolongation when taken with QT interval-prolonging drugs, potentially increasing the risk of ventricular arrhythmias.
Clinical research in healthy volunteers shows that drinking 6 liters of grapefruit juice over 6 hours prolonged the QTc by a peak amount of 14 milliseconds (ms). This prolongation was similar to the QT prolongation caused by the drug moxifloxacin. In individuals with long QT syndrome, a smaller dose of grapefruit juice, 1.5 liters, resulted in a greater peak QTc prolongation of about 30 ms. The effect of smaller quantities of grapefruit juice on the QT interval is unclear.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Quetiapine (Seroquel)

Grapefruit juice may increase blood levels of quetiapine, increasing the effects and adverse effects of quetiapine.
Quetiapine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Grapefruit can inhibit CYP3A4. In one case report, a healthy 28-year-old female with bipolar disorder stabilized on quetiapine 800 mg daily presented with quetiapine toxicity considered to be related to consuming a gallon of grapefruit juice over the past 24 hours.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Quinidine

Grapefruit juice can alter blood levels of quinidine, potentially increasing or decreasing the clinical effects of quinidine.
Clinical research shows that grapefruit juice decreases quinidine absorption, clearance, and metabolism, and prolongs the half-life by about 20%.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Grapefruit seed extract full monograph & all 62 interactions

Garlic bulb extract12 drug types · 989 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Garlic may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Raw garlic and a variety of garlic extracts have antiplatelet activity and can increase prothrombin time.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking garlic with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Clinical research suggests that garlic and garlic extract lower blood glucose levels in healthy and diabetic individuals.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, taking garlic with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
In human research, both garlic and garlic extracts have blood pressure-lowering effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Atazanavir (Reyataz)

Theoretically, garlic might decrease levels and effects of atazanavir.
In a case report, a patient consuming six stir-fried garlic cloves three times weekly developed suboptimal atazanavir levels and increases in HIV viral load. While the exact cause of this interaction is unclear, there is speculation that garlic might decrease the intestinal absorption of atazanavir or increase its metabolism by inducing cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Until more is known, advise patients not to consume large amounts of garlic while taking atazanavir.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (Cyp2E1) Substrates

Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Clinical research suggests garlic oil can inhibit the activity of CYP2E1 by 39%. Use garlic oil cautiously in patients taking drugs metabolized by these enzymes.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4. This may increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Some human research suggests that garlic may induce INTESTINAL CYP3A4, reducing levels of drugs metabolized by this enzyme. This is primarily based on a study showing that taking a specific allicin-containing garlic product (GarliPure Maximum Allicin Formula, Natrol Inc.) twice daily for 3 days reduces saquinavir levels by approximately 50%. It is speculated that the allicin constituent induced CYP3A4 in the gut mucosa. Another study shows that giving docetaxel intravenously, bypassing the CYP3A4 enzymes in the gut mucosa, along with the same specific garlic product for 12 consecutive days, does not affect docetaxel levels. Conversely, there is concern that garlic may inhibit HEPATIC CYP3A4. In a single case report, increased tacrolimus levels and liver injury occurred in a liver transplant patient after taking a specific garlic supplement (Garlicin Cardio, Nature's Way) at up to three times the manufacturer recommended dose for 7 days. Several other studies have evaluated the impact of other garlic formulations on CYP3A4 substrates and have found no effect. Most of the products in these studies provided little or no allicin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Isoniazid

Theoretically, garlic might decrease levels of isoniazid.
Animal research suggests that an aqueous extract of garlic reduces isoniazid levels by about 65%. Garlic reduced the maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC), but not the half-life, of isoniazid. This suggests that garlic extract might inhibit isoniazid absorption across the intestinal mucosa; however, the exact mechanism of this potential interaction is not known.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Protease Inhibitors (Pis)

Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might decrease levels of PIs.
Protease inhibitors are metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) isoenzymes. There is concern that garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4, reducing plasma levels of protease inhibitors. This is primarily based on a study showing that taking a specific garlic product (GarliPure Maximum Allicin Formula, Natrol Inc.) twice daily for 3 days reduces levels of saquinavir, a PI, by approximately 50%. It is speculated that the allicin constituent induce CYP3A4 in the gut mucosa. Several studies have evaluated the impact of other garlic formulations on CYP3A4 substrates and have found no effect. Most of the products in these studies provided little or no allicin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase)

Theoretically, garlic containing allicin might decrease levels of saquinavir.
Saquinavir is a substrate of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) isoenzymes. There is concern that garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and cause subtherapeutic levels of saquinavir. This is primarily based on a pharmacokinetic study showing that taking a specific garlic product (GarliPure Maximum Allicin Formula, Natrol Inc.) twice daily for 3 days reduces saquinavir levels by approximately 50%. It is speculated that the allicin constituent induces CYP3A4 in the gut mucosa. Several pharmacokinetic studies have evaluated the impact of other garlic formulations on CYP3A4 substrates and have found no effect. Most of the products in these studies provided little or no allicin. Until more is known about this potential interaction, use garlic containing allicin cautiously in patients taking saquinavir.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi)

Theoretically, taking garlic with sofosbuvir might decrease its effectiveness.
Animal research in rats shows that giving aged garlic extract 120 mg/kg orally daily for 14 days decreases the area under the concentration time curve (AUC) after a single sofosbuvir dose of 40 mg/kg by 36%, increases the clearance by 63%, and decreases the plasma concentrations at 1 and 8 hours by 35% and 58%, respectively. This interaction is hypothesized to be due to induction of intestinal P-glycoprotein expression by garlic.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tacrolimus (Prograf)

Theoretically, garlic might increase levels of tacrolimus.
In one case report, a liver transplant patient taking tacrolimus experienced increased tacrolimus levels and liver injury after taking a specific garlic supplement (Garlicin Cardio, Nature's Way) at up to three times the manufacturer recommended dose for 7 days. It is speculated that garlic inhibited hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), which increased plasma levels of tacrolimus.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, garlic might increase the risk of bleeding with warfarin.
Raw garlic and a variety of garlic extracts have antiplatelet activity and can increase prothrombin time. In addition, there is a report of two patients who experienced an increase in a previously stabilized international normalized ratio (INR) with concomitant garlic and warfarin use. However, this report has been subsequently debated due to limited clinical information. Other clinical studies have not identified an effect of garlic on INR, warfarin pharmacokinetics, or bleeding risk. More evidence is needed to determine the safety of using garlic with warfarin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Garlic bulb extract full monograph & interactions

Uva Ursi leaf extract6 drug types · 803 drugs

Cytochrome P450 2C19 (Cyp2C19) Substrates

Theoretically, uva ursi may decrease the metabolism of CYP2C19 substrates.
In vitro, uva ursi appears to inhibit cytochrome CYP2C19. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, uva ursi may decrease the metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates.
In vitro, uva ursi appears to inhibit CYP3A4. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Glucuronidated Drugs

Theoretically, uva ursi may increase levels of drugs metabolized by glucuronidation.
In vitro, uva ursi extract appears to strongly inhibit UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 (UGT1A1). However, uva ursi extract does not appear to inhibit UGT1A1 in animal models. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Lithium

Theoretically, uva ursi may increase lithium levels, necessitating a decrease in dose.
Uva ursi may have diuretic properties. Diuretics may increase lithium reabsorption with sodium in the proximal tubule of the kidney. Theoretically, uva ursi might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Urinary Acidifying Agents

Effects of uva ursi in the urinary tract may be reduced by urinary acidifying agents.
Uva ursi seems to work best in alkaline urine. Theoretically, taking uva ursi with medications known to acidify the urine may decrease any effects of uva ursi on the urinary tract.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
P-Glycoprotein Substrates

Theoretically, uva ursi may alter the levels of drugs transported by P-glycoprotein.
In vitro, uva ursi appears to inhibit the multi-drug transporter protein, P-glycoprotein. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Uva Ursi leaf extract full monograph & interactions

Caprylic Acid3 drug types · 262 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, caprylic acid might increase the risk of hypotension when used with antihypertensive drugs.
Animal research suggests that caprylic acid might have positive inotropic effects, resulting in reduced arterial pressure and vascular resistance and increased cardiac output.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (Nsaids)

Theoretically, caprylic acid might increase plasma concentrations of NSAIDs.
In vitro research suggests that caprylic acid might displace NSAIDs from binding sites on albumin. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, caprylic acid might increase plasma concentrations of warfarin.
In vitro research suggests that high doses of caprylic acid might displace warfarin from albumin binding sites. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Caprylic Acid full monograph & interactions

Pau d'Arco bark extract1 drug type · 122 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, pau d'arco might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro research shows that pau d'arco reduces platelet aggregation and may interfere with vitamin K. One clinical study shows that taking the lapachol constituent of pau d'arco in doses above 1.5 grams daily increases the risk of bleeding. The effects of whole pau d'arco or pau d'arco extract in humans are unclear.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Pau d'Arco bark extract full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for CandiSmart 1, from the product label.

Renew Life

Name
Renew Life Formulas, Inc.
City
Palm Harbor
State
FL
ZipCode
34683
Phone Number
1-800-830-1800
Web Address
www.renewlife.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

CandiSmart 1 by Renew Life: Common Questions

Does CandiSmart 1 by Renew Life interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, CandiSmart 1 has a known interaction with 1,542 medications, including 776 rated major. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
CandiSmart 1 contains 9 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take CandiSmart 1 if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
Safety data for most ingredients is not on file or is insufficient. However, berberine and neem leaf extract have specific cautions: berberine may cross the placenta and has been linked to harm in newborns, so it should be avoided during pregnancy and while breastfeeding. Uva ursi may stimulate the uterus and lacks safety data in pregnancy; avoid it. Pau d'arco also lacks safety data and should be avoided in pregnancy and breastfeeding. For the other ingredients, there isn't enough data to know either way, so talk with your doctor or pharmacist for personalized advice.
What is berberine in this product used for?
Berberine is included for its possible effects on high cholesterol, PCOS, H. pylori infection, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes. The evidence supporting these uses is rated possibly effective, so results are not guaranteed.
Does this product have any common side effects?
The most common side effects come from berberine and caprylic acid: abdominal discomfort, nausea, diarrhea, constipation, and gas. Garlic may cause stomach upset, bloating, and bad breath. Uva ursi can trigger nausea, diarrhea, and stomach upset. Grapefruit seed extract is generally tolerated but may cause rare issues at high doses. Mild headache or stomach discomfort from olive leaf extract has also been reported.
Why does this product interact with so many medications?
Several ingredients—especially grapefruit seed extract, berberine, garlic, neem, and uva ursi—inhibit or induce liver enzymes (like CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and others) that clear many common drugs from your body. This means the product can raise or lower drug levels, changing how well those medications work or increasing side effects. Grapefruit is also known to be a potent inhibitor of a specific enzyme, which is why it interacts with so many medications.
Is olive leaf extract in this product safe?
We could not check olive leaf extract for interactions—we hold no interaction data for it. As a food ingredient, olives and olive oil are very safe, but safety data for concentrated supplements is less well studied. If you have concerns about this ingredient specifically, ask your pharmacist.
What does uva ursi do in this product?
Uva ursi leaf extract is included for urinary tract health, but the evidence we hold rates it possibly ineffective for UTIs. It's generally well tolerated in low doses short-term, though it can cause digestive upset and should not be used long-term or at high doses due to toxicity risk.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if CandiSmart 1 is safe with your meds?

Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.

Ask a pharmacist

Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

CandiSmart 1 label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind CandiSmart 1’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Caprylic Acid

Interacts with 262 drugs

Caprylic acid is a medium-chain fatty acid found in coconut oil and palm kernel oil that is popularly used for yeast overgrowth and gut health. While laboratory studies show it has antimicro...

Read the full Caprylic Acid monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Olive

Olive comes from the same tree that gives us olives and olive oil, and its leaf and fruit contain antioxidant compounds like oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol. Olive oil as part of a Mediterrane...

Read the full Olive monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Grapefruit

Interacts with 990 drugs

Grapefruit is a nutritious citrus fruit rich in vitamin C and other nutrients, and it is generally safe to eat. However, grapefruit is famous for serious interactions with many prescription...

Read the full Grapefruit monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

European Barberry

Interacts with 1,210 drugs

European barberry is a shrub whose root, bark, and berries contain berberine, a bitter plant alkaloid that has been studied mostly in isolated form. Some early research on berberine is promi...

Read the full European Barberry monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Berberine

Interacts with 1,160 drugs

Berberine is a yellow plant compound that has shown promise for lowering blood sugar and cholesterol in some studies, but the quality of research varies and it is not a replacement for presc...

Read the full Berberine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Uva Ursi

Interacts with 803 drugs

Uva ursi is a traditional herb used mainly for urinary tract infections, and its leaves contain a compound called arbutin that may have antimicrobial effects in the urine. Evidence in people...

Read the full Uva Ursi monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Garlic

Interacts with 989 drugs

Garlic is a common food and supplement that may modestly help with blood pressure and cholesterol, though the evidence is mixed and effects are usually small. It is generally safe in food am...

Read the full Garlic monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Neem

Interacts with 1,013 drugs

Neem is a tree from India used for centuries in traditional medicine, especially for skin, dental, and antimicrobial purposes. Some small studies are promising for oral health and skin, but...

Read the full Neem monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Pau D'arco

Interacts with 122 drugs

Pau d'arco is a South American tree bark traditionally used for infections and inflammation, and it contains compounds like lapachol that show activity in lab studies. However, strong human...

Read the full Pau D'arco monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

CandiSmart 1's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 416 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Caprylic Acid 5 references
  1. Massolini G, Aubry AF, McGann A, Wainer IW. Determination of the magnitude and enantioselectivity of ligand binding to rat and rabbit serum albumins using immobilized-protein high performance liquid chromatography stationary phases. Biochem Pharmacol 1993 PubMed
  2. Kristev A, Mitkov D, Lukanov Y, Chapkynov P. The effect of octanoic fatty acid on the cardiovascular system of the guinea pig. Cor Vasa 1989;31(4):321-7.
  3. Hayball PF, Holman JW, Nation RL. Influence of octanoic acid on the reversible protein binding of ketorolac enantiomers to human serum albumin (HSA): comparative liquid chromatographic studies using a HSA chiral stationary phase. J Chromatogr B Biomed App PubMed
  4. Noctor TA, Wainer IW, Hage DS. Allosteric and competitive displacement of drugs from human serum albumin by octanoic acid, as revealed by high-performance liquid affinity chromatography, on a human serum albumin-based stationary phase. J Chromatogr 1992;5 PubMed
  5. Voller B, Lines E, McCrossin G, et al. Dose-escalation study of octanoic acid in patients with essential tremor. J Clin Invest. 2016;126(4):1451-7. PubMed

See these in context on the Caprylic Acid monograph →

Olive 2 references
  1. Liccardi G, D'Amato M, D'Amato G. Oleaceae pollinosis: a review. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1996;111:210-7. PubMed
  2. Somerville V, Moore R, Braakhuis A. The effect of olive leaf extract on upper respiratory illness in high school athletes: A randomised control trial. Nutrients. 2019;11(2). pii: E358. PubMed

See these in context on the Olive monograph →

Grapefruit 157 references
  1. Penzak SR, Gubbins PO, Gurley BJ, et al. Grapefruit juice decreases the systemic availability of itraconazole capsules in healthy volunteers. Ther Drug Monit 1999;21:304-9. PubMed
  2. Ioannides-Demos LL, Christophidis N, et al. Dosing implications of a clinical interaction between grapefruit juice and cyclosporine and metabolite concentrations in patients with autoimmune diseases. J Rheumatol 1997;24:49-54.
  3. Josefsson M, Zackrisson AL, Ahlner J. Effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of amlodipine in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1996;51:189-93. PubMed
  4. Garg SK, Kumar N, Bhargava VK, Prabhakar SK. Effect of grapefruit juice on carbamazepine bioavailability in patients with epilepsy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;64:286-8. PubMed
  5. Weber A, Jager R, Borner A, et al. Can grapefruit juice influence ethinylestradiol bioavailability? Contraception 1996;53:41-7.
  6. Schubert W, Cullberg G, Edgar B, Hedner T. Inhibition of 17 beta-estradiol metabolism by grapefruit juice in ovariectomized women. Maturitas 1994;20:155-63.
  7. Kantola T, Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ, et al. Grapefruit juice greatly increases serum concentrations of lovastatin and lovastatin acid. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998 63:397-402. PubMed
  8. Bailey DG, Spence JD, Munoz C, Arnold JM. Interaction of citrus juices with felodipine and nifedipine. Lancet 1991;337:268-9. PubMed
  9. Bailey DG, Arnold JM, Strong HA, et al. Effect of grapefruit juice and naringin on nisoldipine pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993;54:589-94. PubMed
  10. Rau SE, Bend JR, Arnold MO, et al. Grapefruit juice-terfenadine single-dose interaction: magnitude, mechanism, and relevance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997 61:401-9. PubMed
  11. Offman EM, Freeman DJ, Dresser GK, et al. Cisapride interaction with grapefruit juice and red wine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;67:110 (abstract PI-83).
  12. Bailey DG, Dresser GK, Kreeft JH, et al. Grapefruit juice-felodipine interaction: Effect of segments and an extract from unprocessed fruit. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;67:107 (abstract PI-71).
  13. Soldner A, Christians U, Susanto M, et al. Grapefruit juice activates P-glycoprotein-mediated drug transport. Pharm Res 1999;16:478-85. PubMed
  14. Zaidenstein R, Avni B, Dishi V, et al. Effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of losartan in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;65:(abstract PI-60). DOI
  15. Dresser GK, Bailey DG, Carruthers SG. Grapefruit juice-felodipine interaction in healthy seniors. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;65:(abstract PIII-63).
  16. Varis T, Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ. Grapefruit juice can increase the plasma concentration of methylprednisolone. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000;56:489-93.
  17. Gross AS, Goh YD, Addison RS, et al. Influence of grapefruit juice on cisapride pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;65:395-401. PubMed
  18. Lilja JJ, Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ. Grapefruit juice increases serum concentrations of atorvastatin and has no effect on pravastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;66:118-27. DOI
  19. Ozdemir M, Aktan Y, Boydag BS. Interaction between grapefruit juice and diazepam in humans. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1998;23:55-9. PubMed
  20. Zaidenstein R, Dishi V, Gips M, et al. The effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered verapamil. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1998;54:337-40. PubMed
  21. Lilja JJ, Kivisto KT, Backman JT, et al. Grapefruit juice substantially increases plasma concentrations of buspirone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;64:655-60. PubMed
  22. Kupferschmidt HH, Fattinger KE, Ha HR, et al. Grapefruit juice enhances the bioavailability of the HIV protease inhibitor saquinavir in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998;45:355-9. DOI
  23. Lilja JJ, Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ. Grapefruit juice-simvastatin interaction: effect on serum concentrations of simvastatin, simvastatin acid, and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;64:477-83. PubMed
  24. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stamfer MJ. Beverage use and risk of kidney stones in women. Ann Intern Med 1998;128:534-40.
  25. Fuhr U. Drug Interactions with Grapefruit Juice. Drug Saf 1998;18:251-72. DOI
  26. Oesterheld J, Kallepalli BR. Grapefruit juice and clomipramine: shifting metabolitic ratios. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1997;17:62-3. PubMed
  27. van Agtmael MA, Gupta V, van der Wosten TH, et al. Grapefruit juice increases the bioavailability of artemether. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999;55:405-10. PubMed
  28. van Agtmael MA, Gupta V, van der Graaf CA, van Boxtel CJ. The effect of grapefruit juice on the time-dependent decline of artemether plasma levels in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;66:408-14.
  29. Damkier P, Hansen LL, Brosen K. Effect of diclofenac, disulfiram, itraconazole, grapefruit juice and erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics of quinidine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999;48:829-38. PubMed
  30. Takanaga H, Ohnishi A, Murakami H, et al. Relationship between time after intake of grapefruit juice and the effect on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nisoldipine in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000:67:201-14. PubMed
  31. Takanaga H, Ohnishi A, Matsuo H, et al. Pharmacokinetic analysis of felodipine-grapefruit juice interaction based on an irreversible enzyme inhibition model. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000;49:49-58. PubMed
  32. Coreg monograph. In: Gillis MC, Ed. Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialities (CPS). 34th ed. Ottawa, Ontario, CAN:Canadian Pharmacists Assn, 1999:395.
  33. Dresser GK, Bailey DG, Carruthers SG. Grapefruit juice-felodipine interaction in the elderly. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;68:28-34. PubMed
  34. Bailey DG, Dresser GK, Munoz C, et al. Reduction of fexofenadine bioavailability by fruit juices. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001;69:P21.
  35. Lilja JJ, Kivisto KT, Backman JT, Neuvonen PJ. Effect of grapefruit juice dose on grapefruit juice-triazolam interaction: repeated consumption prolongs triazolam half-life. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000;56:411-5. PubMed
  36. Erlund I, Meririnne E, Alfthan G, Aro A. Plasma kinetics and urinary excretion of the flavanones naringenin and hesperetin in humans after ingestion of orange juice and grapefruit juice. J Nutr 2001;131:235-41. PubMed
  37. Ho PC, Ghose K, Saville D, Wanwimolruk S. Effect of grapefruit juice on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of verapamil enantiomers in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000;56:693-8. PubMed
  38. Uno T, Ohkubo T, Sugawara K, et al. Effects of grapefruit juice on the stereoselective disposition of nicardipine in humans: evidence for dominant presystemic elimination at the gut site. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000;56:643-9. PubMed
  39. Bailey DG, Dresser GK. Grapefruit juice-lovastatin interaction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;67:690.
  40. Lilja JJ, Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ. Duration of effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of the CYP3A4 substrate simvastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;68:384-90. PubMed
  41. Castro N, Jung H, Medina R, et al. Interaction between grapefruit juice and praziquantel in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:1614-6. PubMed
  42. Jetter A, Kinzig-Schippers M, Walchner-Bonjean M, et al. Effects of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of sildenafil. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;71:21-9. PubMed
  43. Ebert U, Oertel R, Kirch W. Influence of grapefruit juice on scopolamine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy male and female subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;38:523-31. PubMed
  44. Fuhr U, Muller-Peltzer H, Kern R, et al. Effects of grapefruit juice and smoking on verapamil concentrations in steady state. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2002;58:45-53. PubMed
  45. Kanazawa S, Ohkubo T, Sugawara K. The effects of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of erythromycin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2001;56:799-803. PubMed
  46. Reif S, Nicolson M, Bisset D, et al. Effect of grapefruit juice intake on etoposide bioavailability. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2002;58:491-4.. PubMed
  47. Greenblatt DJ, von Moltke LL, Harmatz JS. Time course of recovery of cytochrome P450 3A function after single doses of grapefruit juice. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;74:121-29 . PubMed
  48. Gupta MC, Garg SK, Badyal D, et al. Effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy male volunteers. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1999;21:679-82. PubMed
  49. Edwards DJ, Fitzsimmons ME, Schuetz EG, et al. 6',7'-Dihydroxybergamottin in grapefruit juice and Seville orange juice: effects on cyclosporine disposition, enterocyte CYP3A4, and P-glycoprotein. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;65:237-44. PubMed
  50. Rogers JD, Zhao J, Liu L, et al. Grapefruit juice has minimal effects on plasma concentrations of lovastatin-derived 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;66:358-66. PubMed
  51. Veronese ML, Gillen LP, Burke JP, et al. Exposure-dependent inhibition of intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4 in vivo by grapefruit juice. J Clin Pharmacol 2003;43:831-9. . PubMed
  52. Bailey DG, Dresser GK, Bend JR. Bergamottin, lime juice, and red wine as inhibitors of cytochrome P450 3A4 activity: comparison with grapefruit juice. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;73:529-37 . PubMed
  53. Becquemont L, Verstuyft C, Kerb R, et al. Effect of grapefruit juice on digoxin pharmacokinetics in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001;70:311-6. DOI
  54. Dresser GK, Bailey DG, Leake BF, et al. Fruit juices inhibit organic anion transporting polypeptide-mediated drug uptake to decrease the oral availability of fexofenadine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;71:11-20. PubMed
  55. Parker RB, Yates CR, Soberman JE, Laizure SC. Effects of grapefruit juice on intestinal P-glycoprotein: evaluation using digoxin in humans. Pharmacotherapy 2003;23:979-87. PubMed
  56. Di Marco MP, Edwards DJ, Wainer IW, Ducharme MP. The effect of grapefruit juice and seville orange juice on the pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan: the role of gut CYP3A and P-glycoprotein. Life Sci 2002;71:1149-60. PubMed
  57. Gaudineau C, Beckerman R, Welbourn S, Auclair K. Inhibition of human P450 enzymes by multiple constituents of the Ginkgo biloba extract. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 2004;318:1072–8. PubMed
  58. Sullivan DM, Ford MA, Boyden TW. Grapefruit juice and the response to warfarin. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1998;55:1581-3. PubMed
  59. Fukazawa I, Uchida N, Uchida E, Yasuhara H. Effects of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin and pravastatin in Japanese. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003;57:448-55.
  60. Unger M, Frank A. Simultaneous determination of the inhibitory potency of herbal extracts on the activity of six major cytochrome P450 enzymes using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and automated online extraction. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2004;1 PubMed
  61. Zitron E, Scholz E, Owen RW, et al. QTc prolongation by grapefruit juice and its potential pharmacological basis: HERG channel blockade by flavonoids. Circulation 2005;835:835-8. PubMed
  62. Monroe KR, Murphy SP, Kolonel LN, Pike MC. Prospective study of grapefruit intake and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: the Mutliethnic Cohort Study. Br J Cancer 2007;97:440-5.
  63. Farkas D, Oleson LE, Zhao Y, et al. Pomegranate juice does not impair clearance of oral or intravenous midazolam, a probe for cytochrome P450-3A activity: comparison with grapefruit juice. J Clin Pharmacol 2007;47:286-94. PubMed
  64. Potential drug interactions with grapefruit. Pharmacist's Letter / Prescriber's Letter 2007;23(2):230204.
  65. Dresser GK, Kim RB, Bailey DG. Effect of grapefruit juice volume on the reduction of fexofenadine bioavailability: possible role of organic anion transporting polypeptides. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005;77:170-7. PubMed
  66. Greenblatt DJ. Analysis of drug interactions involving fruit beverages and organic anion-transporting polypeptides. J Clin Pharmacol 2009;49:1403-7. PubMed
  67. Bailey DG. Fruit juice inhibition of uptake transport: a new type of food-drug interaction. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010;70:645-55. PubMed
  68. Product information for Cordarone. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Philadelphia, PA 19101. September 2006.
  69. Demarles D, Gillotin C, Bonaventure-Paci S, et al. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of amprenavir coadministered with grapefruit juice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:1589-90. PubMed
  70. Yasui N, Kondo T, Furukori H, et al. Effects of repeated ingestion of grapefruit juice on the single and multiple oral-dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alprazolam. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000;150:185-90. PubMed
  71. Hori H, Yoshimura R, Ueda N, et al. Grapefruit juice-fluvoxamine interaction -- is it risky or not? J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;23:422-4. PubMed
  72. Benmebarek M, Devaud C, Gex-Fabry M, et al. Effects of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of methadone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;76:55-63.
  73. Yin OQ, Gallagher N, Li A, et al. Effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of nilotinib in healthy participants. J Clin Pharmacol 2010;50:188-94. PubMed
  74. Lilja JJ, Raaska K, Neuvonen PJ. Effects of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of acebutolol. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2005;60:659-63. PubMed
  75. Hollander, A. A., van Rooij, J., Lentjes, G. W., Arbouw, F., van Bree, J. B., Schoemaker, R. C., van Es, L. A., van der Woude, F. J., and Cohen, A. F. The effect of grapefruit juice on cyclosporine and prednisone metabolism in transplant patients. Clin Ph PubMed
  76. Sigusch, H., Hippius, M., Henschel, L., Kaufmann, K., and Hoffmann, A. Influence of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of a slow release nifedipine formulation. Pharmazie 1994;49(7):522-524.
  77. Andersen, V., Pedersen, N., Larsen, N. E., Sonne, J., and Larsen, S. Intestinal first pass metabolism of midazolam in liver cirrhosis --effect of grapefruit juice. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;54(2):120-124. PubMed
  78. Hukkinen, S. K., Varhe, A., Olkkola, K. T., and Neuvonen, P. J. Plasma concentrations of triazolam are increased by concomitant ingestion of grapefruit juice. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;58(2):127-131. PubMed
  79. Kupferschmidt, H. H., Ha, H. R., Ziegler, W. H., Meier, P. J., and Krahenbuhl, S. Interaction between grapefruit juice and midazolam in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;58(1):20-28. PubMed
  80. Libersa, C. C., Brique, S. A., Motte, K. B., Caron, J. F., Guedon-Moreau, L. M., Humbert, L., Vincent, A., Devos, P., and Lhermitte, M. A. Dramatic inhibition of amiodarone metabolism induced by grapefruit juice. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000;49(4):373-378. PubMed
  81. Min, D. I., Ku, Y. M., Geraets, D. R., and Lee, H. Effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of quinidine in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 1996;36(5):469-476. PubMed
  82. Lee, A. J., Chan, W. K., Harralson, A. F., Buffum, J., and Bui, B. C. The effects of grapefruit juice on sertraline metabolism: an in vitro and in vivo study. Clin Ther 1999;21(11):1890-1899. PubMed
  83. Kawakami, M., Suzuki, K., Ishizuka, T., Hidaka, T., Matsuki, Y., and Nakamura, H. Effect of grapefruit juice on pharmacokinetics of itraconazole in healthy subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;36(6):306-308.
  84. Benton, R. E., Honig, P. K., Zamani, K., Cantilena, L. R., and Woosley, R. L. Grapefruit juice alters terfenadine pharmacokinetics, resulting in prolongation of repolarization on the electrocardiogram. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996;59(4):383-388. PubMed
  85. Clifford, C. P., Adams, D. A., Murray, S., Taylor, G. W., Wilkins, M. R., Boobis, A. R., and Davies, D. S. The cardiac effects of terfenadine after inhibition of its metabolism by grapefruit juice. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1997;52(4):311-315. PubMed
  86. Ando, H., Tsuruoka, S., Yanagihara, H., Sugimoto, K., Miyata, M., Yamazoe, Y., Takamura, T., Kaneko, S., and Fujimura, A. Effects of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of pitavastatin and atorvastatin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2005;60(5):494-497. DOI
  87. Lilja, J. J., Neuvonen, M., and Neuvonen, P. J. Effects of regular consumption of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004;58(1):56-60. PubMed
  88. Charbit, B., Becquemont, L., Lepere, B., Peytavin, G., and Funck-Brentano, C. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between grapefruit juice and halofantrine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;72(5):514-523. PubMed
  89. Cuong, B. T., Binh, V. Q., Dai, B., Duy, D. N., Lovell, C. M., Rieckmann, K. H., and Edstein, M. D. Does gender, food or grapefruit juice alter the pharmacokinetics of primaquine in healthy subjects? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006;61(6):682-689. PubMed
  90. Culm-Merdek, K. E., von Moltke, L. L., Gan, L., Horan, K. A., Reynolds, R., Harmatz, J. S., Court MH, and Greenblatt, D. J. Effect of extended exposure to grapefruit juice on cytochrome P450 3A activity in humans: comparison with ritonavir. Clin Pharmacol
  91. Hugen, P. W., Burger, D. M., Koopmans, P. P., Stuart, J. W., Kroon, F. P., van Leusen, R., and Hekster, Y. A. Saquinavir soft-gel capsules (Fortovase) give lower exposure than expected, even after a high-fat breakfast. Pharm World Sci 2002;24(3):83-86.
  92. Sugimoto, K., Araki, N., Ohmori, M., Harada, K., Cui, Y., Tsuruoka, S., Kawaguchi, A., and Fujimura, A. Interaction between grapefruit juice and hypnotic drugs: comparison of triazolam and quazepam. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006;62(3):209-215. PubMed
  93. Lilja, J. J., Backman, J. T., Laitila, J., Luurila, H., and Neuvonen, P. J. Itraconazole increases but grapefruit juice greatly decreases plasma concentrations of celiprolol. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;73(3):192-198. PubMed
  94. Schwarz, U. I., Seemann, D., Oertel, R., Miehlke, S., Kuhlisch, E., Fromm, M. F., Kim, R. B., Bailey, D. G., and Kirch, W. Grapefruit juice ingestion significantly reduces talinolol bioavailability. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005;77(4):291-301. PubMed
  95. Bailey, D. G., Arnold, J. M., Munoz, C., and Spence, J. D. Grapefruit juice--felodipine interaction: mechanism, predictability, and effect of naringin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993;53(6):637-642. PubMed
  96. Bailey, D. G., Arnold, J. M., Bend, J. R., Tran, L. T., and Spence, J. D. Grapefruit juice-felodipine interaction: reproducibility and characterization with the extended release drug formulation. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995;40(2):135-140.
  97. Christensen, H., Asberg, A., Holmboe, A. B., and Berg, K. J. Coadministration of grapefruit juice increases systemic exposure of diltiazem in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2002;58(8):515-520. PubMed
  98. Edgar, B., Bailey, D., Bergstrand, R., Johnsson, G., and Regardh, C. G. Acute effects of drinking grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics and dynamics of felodipine--and its potential clinical relevance. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992;42(3):313-317.
  99. Goosen, T. C., Cillie, D., Bailey, D. G., Yu, C., He, K., Hollenberg, P. F., Woster, P. M., Cohen, L., Williams, J. A., Rheeders, M., and Dijkstra, H. P. Bergamottin contribution to the grapefruit juice-felodipine interaction and disposition in humans. Cl PubMed
  100. Fuhr, U., Maier-Bruggemann, A., Blume, H., Muck, W., Unger, S., Kuhlmann, J., Huschka, C., Zaigler, M., Rietbrock, S., and Staib, A. H. Grapefruit juice increases oral nimodipine bioavailability. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;36(3):126-132.
  101. Hashimoto, K., Shirafuji, T., Sekino, H., Matsuoka, O., Sekino, H., Onnagawa, O., Okamoto, T., Kudo, S., and Azuma, J. Interaction of citrus juices with pranidipine, a new 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1 PubMed
  102. Lundahl, J., Regardh, C. G., Edgar, B., and Johnsson, G. Effects of grapefruit juice ingestion--pharmacokinetics and haemodynamics of intravenously and orally administered felodipine in healthy men. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1997;52(2):139-145. PubMed
  103. Lundahl, J., Regardh, C. G., Edgar, B., and Johnsson, G. Relationship between time of intake of grapefruit juice and its effect on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of felodipine in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1995;49(1-2):61-67. PubMed
  104. Rashid, T. J., Martin, U., Clarke, H., Waller, D. G., Renwick, A. G., and George, C. F. Factors affecting the absolute bioavailability of nifedipine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995;40(1):51-58. PubMed
  105. Soons, P. A., Vogels, B. A., Roosemalen, M. C., Schoemaker, H. C., Uchida, E., Edgar, B., Lundahl, J., Cohen, A. F., and Breimer, D. D. Grapefruit juice and cimetidine inhibit stereoselective metabolism of nitrendipine in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991; PubMed
  106. Rashid, J., McKinstry, C., Renwick, A. G., Dirnhuber, M., Waller, D. G., and George, C. F. Quercetin, an in vitro inhibitor of CYP3A, does not contribute to the interaction between nifedipine and grapefruit juice. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1993;36(5):460-463.
  107. Uno, T., Ohkubo, T., Motomura, S., and Sugawara, K. Effect of grapefruit juice on the disposition of manidipine enantiomers in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006;61(5):533-537. DOI
  108. Bistrup, C., Nielsen, F. T., Jeppesen, U. E., and Dieperink, H. Effect of grapefruit juice on Sandimmun Neoral absorption among stable renal allograft recipients. Nephrol Dial.Transplant. 2001;16(2):373-377. PubMed
  109. Ducharme, M. P., Warbasse, L. H., and Edwards, D. J. Disposition of intravenous and oral cyclosporine after administration with grapefruit juice. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;57(5):485-491. PubMed
  110. Ku, Y. M., Min, D. I., and Flanigan, M. Effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of microemulsion cyclosporine and its metabolite in healthy volunteers: does the formulation difference matter? J Clin Pharmacol 1998;38(10):959-965. PubMed
  111. Lee, M., Min, D. I., Ku, Y. M., and Flanigan, M. Effect of grapefruit juice on pharmacokinetics of microemulsion cyclosporine in African American subjects compared with Caucasian subjects: does ethnic difference matter? J Clin Pharmacol 2001;41(3):317-323 PubMed
  112. Schwarz, U. I., Johnston, P. E., Bailey, D. G., Kim, R. B., Mayo, G., and Milstone, A. Impact of citrus soft drinks relative to grapefruit juice on ciclosporin disposition. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006;62(4):485-491. PubMed
  113. Yee, G. C., Stanley, D. L., Pessa, L. J., Dalla, Costa T., Beltz, S. E., Ruiz, J., and Lowenthal, D. T. Effect of grapefruit juice on blood cyclosporin concentration. Lancet 4-15-1995;345(8955):955-956. PubMed
  114. Paine, M. F., Widmer, W. W., Hart, H. L., Pusek, S. N., Beavers, K. L., Criss, A. B., Brown, S. S., Thomas, B. F., and Watkins, P. B. A furanocoumarin-free grapefruit juice establishes furanocoumarins as the mediators of the grapefruit juice-felodipine in
  115. Sigusch, H., Henschel, L., Kraul, H., Merkel, U., and Hoffmann, A. Lack of effect of grapefruit juice on diltiazem bioavailability in normal subjects. Pharmazie 1994;49(9):675-679.
  116. Fingerova, H., Oborna, I., Petrova, P., Budikova, M., and Jezdinsky, J. [Does grapefruit juice increase the bioavailability of orally administered sex steroids?]. Ceska.Gynekol. 2003;68(2):117-121.
  117. Glaeser, H., Bailey, D. G., Dresser, G. K., Gregor, J. C., Schwarz, U. I., McGrath, J. S., Jolicoeur, E., Lee, W., Leake, B. F., Tirona, R. G., and Kim, R. B. Intestinal drug transporter expression and the impact of grapefruit juice in humans. Clin Pharma PubMed
  118. Lilja, J. J., Laitinen, K., and Neuvonen, P. J. Effects of grapefruit juice on the absorption of levothyroxine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2005;60(3):337-341. PubMed
  119. Kivisto, K. T., Lilja, J. J., Backman, J. T., and Neuvonen, P. J. Repeated consumption of grapefruit juice considerably increases plasma concentrations of cisapride. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;66(5):448-453. PubMed
  120. Desta, Z., Kivisto, K. T., Lilja, J. J., Backman, J. T., Soukhova, N., Neuvonen, P. J., and Flockhart, D. A. Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of cisapride in healthy volunteers and the effect of repeated administration of grapefruit juice. Br J Clin Pharm PubMed
  121. Odou, P., Ferrari, N., Barthelemy, C., Brique, S., Lhermitte, M., Vincent, A., Libersa, C., and Robert, H. Grapefruit juice-nifedipine interaction: possible involvement of several mechanisms. J Clin Pharm Ther 2005;30(2):153-158. PubMed
  122. Wason, S., DiGiacinto, J. L., and Davis, M. W. Effects of grapefruit and Seville orange juices on the pharmacokinetic properties of colchicine in healthy subjects. Clin Ther 2012;34(10):2161-2173. PubMed
  123. Bailey, D. G., Dresser, G. K., Kreeft, J. H., Munoz, C., Freeman, D. J., and Bend, J. R. Grapefruit-felodipine interaction: effect of unprocessed fruit and probable active ingredients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;68(5):468-477. PubMed
  124. Kumar, A., Teuber, S. S., Naguwa, S., Prindiville, T., and Gershwin, M. E. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis and citrus-induced urticaria. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2006;30(1):61-70. PubMed
  125. Ferdman, R. M., Ong, P. Y., and Church, J. A. Pectin anaphylaxis and possible association with cashew allergy. Ann.Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;97(6):759-760. PubMed
  126. Guo, L. Q., Chen, Q. Y., Wang, X., Liu, Y. X., Chu, X. M., Cao, X. M., Li, J. H., and Yamazoe, Y. Different roles of pummelo furanocoumarin and cytochrome P450 3A5*3 polymorphism in the fate and action of felodipine. Curr Drug Metab 2007;8(6):623-630. PubMed
  127. Curhan, G. C., Willett, W. C., Rimm, E. B., Spiegelman, D., and Stampfer, M. J. Prospective study of beverage use and the risk of kidney stones. Am J Epidemiol. 2-1-1996;143(3):240-247. PubMed
  128. Holmberg MT, Tornio A, Joutsi-Korhonen L, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ, Lassila R, Niemi M, Backman JT. Grapefruit juice markedly increases the plasma concentrations and antiplatelet effects of ticagrelor in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Jun;75(6 PubMed
  129. Holmberg MT, Tornio A, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT, Niemi M. Grapefruit juice inhibits the metabolic activation of clopidogrel. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Mar;95(3):307-13. PubMed
  130. Hu M, Mak VW, Yin OQ, Chu TT, Tomlinson B. Effects of grapefruit juice and SLCO1B1 388A>G polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of pitavastatin. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2013;28(2):104-8.
  131. Ieiri I, Doi Y, Maeda K, Sasaki T, Kimura M, Hirota T, Chiyoda T, Miyagawa M, Irie S, Iwasaki K, Sugiyama Y. Microdosing clinical study: pharmacokinetic, pharmacogenomic (SLCO2B1), and interaction (grapefruit juice) profiles of celiprolol following the or
  132. Misaka S, Miyazaki N, Yatabe MS, Ono T, Shikama Y, Fukushima T, Kimura J. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of nadolol with itraconazole, rifampicin and grapefruit juice in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Jul;53(7):738-45. PubMed
  133. Nieminen TH, Hagelberg NM, Saari TI, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ, Laine K, Olkkola KT. Grapefruit juice enhances the exposure to oral oxycodone. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2010 Oct;107(4):782-8. PubMed
  134. Piccirillo G, Magrì D, Matera S, Magnanti M, Pasquazzi E, Schifano E, Velitti S, Mitra M, Marigliano V, Paroli M, Ghiselli A. Effects of pink grapefruit juice on QT variability in patients with dilated or hypertensive cardiomyopathy and in healthy subject
  135. Seidegård J, Randvall G, Nyberg L, Borgå O. Grapefruit juice interaction with oral budesonide: equal effect on immediate-release and delayed-release formulations. Pharmazie. 2009 Jul;64(7):461-5. DOI
  136. Shoaf SE, Mallikaarjun S, Bricmont P. Effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of tolvaptan, a non-peptide arginine vasopressin antagonist, in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012 Feb;68(2):207-11. PubMed
  137. Tanaka S, Uchida S, Miyakawa S, Inui N, Takeuchi K, Watanabe H, Namiki N. Comparison of inhibitory duration of grapefruit juice on organic anion-transporting polypeptide and cytochrome P450 3A4. Biol Pharm Bull. 2013;36(12):1936-41. PubMed
  138. Tapaninen T, Neuvonen PJ, Niemi M. Grapefruit juice greatly reduces the plasma concentrations of the OATP2B1 and CYP3A4 substrate aliskiren. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Sep;88(3):339-42. PubMed
  139. van Erp NP, Baker SD, Zandvliet AS, Ploeger BA, den Hollander M, Chen Z, den Hartigh J, König-Quartel JM, Guchelaar HJ, Gelderblom H. Marginal increase of sunitinib exposure by grapefruit juice. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2011 Mar;67(3):695-703. PubMed
  140. Goldbart A, Press J, Sofer S, Kapelushnik J. Near fatal acute colchicine intoxication in a child. A case report. Eur J Pediatr. 2000;159(12):895-7. PubMed
  141. Dahan A, Amidon GL. Grapefruit juice and its constituents augment colchicine intestinal absorption: potential hazardous interaction and the role of p-glycoprotein. Pharm Res. 2009 Apr;26(4):883-92. PubMed
  142. Bailey DG. Predicting clinical relevance of grapefruit-drug interactions: a complicated process. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2017 Apr;42(2):125-27. PubMed
  143. Mouly S, Lloret-Linares C, Sellire PO, Sene D, Bergmann JF. Is the clinical relevance of drug-food and drug-herb interactions limited to grapefruit juice and Saint-John's Wort? Pharmacol Res. 2017 Apr;118:82-92. PubMed
  144. Tsuji H, Ohmura K, Nakashima R, et al. Efficacy and safety of grapefruit juice intake accompanying tacrolimus treatment in connective tissues disease patients. Intern Med. 2016;55(12):1547-52.
  145. Jia Y, Liu J, Xu J. Influence of grapefruit juice on pharmacokinetics of triptolide in rats grapefruit juice on the effects of triptolide. Xenobiotica. 2017 Apr 16:1-5. PubMed
  146. Kawaguchi-Suzuki M, Nasiri-Kenari N, Shuster J, et al. Effect of low-furanocoumarin hybrid grapefruit juice consumption on midazolam pharmacokinetics. J Clin Pharmacol. 2017 Mar;57(3):305-11. PubMed
  147. Chorin E, Hochstadt A, Granot Y, et al. Grapefruit juice prolongs the QT interval of healthy volunteers and patients with long QT syndrome. Heart Rhythm. 2019. pii: S1547-5271(19)30368-6. PubMed
  148. Ershad M, Cruz MD, Mostafa A, Mckeever R, Vearrier D, Greenberg MI. Opioid toxidrome following grapefruit juice consumption in the setting of methadone maintenance. J Addict Med 2019;[Epub ahead of print]. PubMed
  149. Shen X, Chen F, Wang F, Huang P, Luo W. The effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of tadalafil in rats. Biomed Res Int 2020;2020:1631735. PubMed
  150. Loretz C, Ho MD, Alam N, Mitchell W, Li AP. Application of cryopreserved human intestinal mucosa and cryopreserved human enterocytes in the evaluation of herb-drug interactions: evaluation of CYP3A inhibitory potential of grapefruit juice and commercial f
  151. Holmberg MT, Tornio A, Hyvärinen H, et al. Effect of grapefruit juice on the bioactivation of prasugrel. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;80(1):139-45. PubMed
  152. Guideline on the investigation of drug interactions. CPMP/EWP/560/95/Rev. 1 Corr. 2. European Medicines Agency, 2015. Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-investigation-drug-interactions-revision-1_en.pdf (As
  153. Cinderella MA, Morell B, Munjal S. Grapefruit Juice Cleanse Mimicking Quetiapine Overdose: Case Report and Review of Literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2021;41(6):690-692. PubMed
  154. Long Z, Ruan M, Wu W, Zeng Q, Li Q, Huang Z. The successful combination of grapefruit juice and venetoclax in an unfit acute myeloid leukemia patient with adverse risk: A case report. Front Oncol 2022;12:912696. PubMed
  155. Piscitelli J, Nikanjam M, Capparelli EV, et al. Fexofenadine Plasma Concentrations to Estimate Systemic Exposure in Healthy Adults Using a Limited Sampling Strategy with a Population Pharmacokinetic Approach. Ther Drug Monit 2023;45(4):539-545. PubMed
  156. Abu Dayyih W, Zakaraya Z, Hailat M, et al. The Validation and Determination of Empagliflozin Concentration in the Presence of Grapefruit Juice Using HPLC for Pharmacokinetic Applications. Molecules 2024;29(6):1236. PubMed
  157. Moffid MA, Mostafa EA, Mahmoud ST, Sayed RM. An eco-friendly ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for quantification of rivaroxaban and ticagrelor in rat plasma: grapefruit interactions. Bioanalysis 2023;15(22):1327-1341. PubMed

See these in context on the Grapefruit monograph →

European Barberry 15 references
  1. Chan E. Displacement of bilirubin from albumin by berberine. Biol Neonate 1993;63:201-8. PubMed
  2. Wu X, Li Q, Xin H, Yu A, Zhong M. Effects of berberine on the blood concentration of cyclosporin A in renal transplanted recipients: clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005;61:567-72. PubMed
  3. Shamsa F, Ahmadiani A, Khosrokhavar R. Antihistaminic and anticholinergic activity of barberry fruit (Berberis vulgaris) in the guinea-pig ileum. J Ethnopharmacol 1999;64:161-6. PubMed
  4. Fatehi M, Saleh TM, Fatehi-Hassanabad Z, et al. A pharmacological study on Berberis vulgaris fruit extract. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;102:46-52. PubMed
  5. Kostalova, D., Bukovsky, M., Koscova, H., and Kardosova, A. [Anticomplement activity of Mahonia aquifolium bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids and berberine extract]. Ceska.Slov.Farm 2001;50(6):286-289.
  6. Fatehi-Hassanabad, Z., Jafarzadeh, M., Tarhini, A., and Fatehi, M. The antihypertensive and vasodilator effects of aqueous extract from Berberis vulgaris fruit on hypertensive rats. Phytother Res 2005;19(3):222-225.
  7. Singh, J. and Kakkar, P. Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effect of Berberis aristata root extract and its role in regulating carbohydrate metabolism in diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 5-4-2009;123(1):22-26. PubMed
  8. Shanbhag, S. M., Kulkarni, H. J., and Gaitonde, B. B. Pharmacological actions of berberine on the central nervous system. Jpn.J Pharmacol 1970;20(4):482-487. PubMed
  9. Wu, J. F. and Liu, T. P. [Effects of berberine on platelet aggregation and plasma levels of TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha in rats with reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion]. Yao Xue.Xue.Bao. 1995;30(2):98-102.
  10. Xuan, B., Wang, W., and Li, D. X. Inhibitory effect of tetrahydroberberine on platelet aggregation and thrombosis. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue.Bao. 1994;15(2):133-135.
  11. Gao, C. R., Zhang, J. Q., and Huang, Q. L. [Experimental study on berberin raised insulin sensitivity in insulin resistance rat models]. Zhongguo Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. 1997;17(3):162-164. DOI
  12. Sabir M and Bhide NK. Study of some pharmacological actions of berberine. Ind J Physiol & Pharmac 1971;15(3):111-132.
  13. Tripathi YB and Shukla SD. Berberis artistata inhibits PAF induced aggregation of rabbit platelets. Phytotherapy Research 1996;10:628-630.
  14. Lazavi F, Mirmiran P, Sohrab G, Nikpayam O, Angoorani P, Hedayati M. The barberry juice effects on metabolic factors and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018;31:170-174. PubMed
  15. Philips CA, Theruvath AH, Ravindran R. Toxic hepatitis-associated aplastic anaemia after dual homeopathic remedies and Gymnema sylvestre use. BMJ Case Rep 2022;15(3):e247867. PubMed

See these in context on the European Barberry monograph →

Berberine 41 references
  1. Chan E. Displacement of bilirubin from albumin by berberine. Biol Neonate 1993;63:201-8. PubMed
  2. Janbaz KH, Gilani AH. Studies on preventive and curative effects of berberine on chemical-induced hepatotoxicity in rodents. Fitoterapia 2000;71:25-33.. PubMed
  3. Wu X, Li Q, Xin H, Yu A, Zhong M. Effects of berberine on the blood concentration of cyclosporin A in renal transplanted recipients: clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005;61:567-72. PubMed
  4. Zhang Y, Li X, Zou D, et al. Treatment of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia with the natural plant alkaloid berberine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:2559-65. PubMed
  5. Huang XS, Yang GF, Pan YC. Effect of berberin hydrochloride on blood concentration of cyclosporine A in cardiac transplanted patients. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2008;28:702-4.
  6. Budzinski JW, Foster BC, Vandenhoek S, Arnason JT. An in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition by selected commercial herbal extracts and tinctures. Phytomedicine 2000;7:273-82. PubMed
  7. Chatterjee P, Franklin MR. Human cytochrome p450 inhibition and metabolic-intermediate complex formation by goldenseal extract and its methylenedioxyphenyl components. Drug Metab Dispos 2003;31:1391-7. PubMed
  8. Marin-Neto, J. A., Maciel, B. C., Secches, A. L., and Gallo, Junior L. Cardiovascular effects of berberine in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Clin.Cardiol. 1988;11(4):253-260. PubMed
  9. Choudhry, V. P., Sabir, M., and Bhide, V. N. Berberine in giardiasis. Indian Pediatr. 1972;9(3):143-146.
  10. Shanbhag, S. M., Kulkarni, H. J., and Gaitonde, B. B. Pharmacological actions of berberine on the central nervous system. Jpn.J Pharmacol 1970;20(4):482-487. PubMed
  11. Wu, J. F. and Liu, T. P. [Effects of berberine on platelet aggregation and plasma levels of TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha in rats with reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion]. Yao Xue.Xue.Bao. 1995;30(2):98-102.
  12. Peng, W. H., Hsieh, M. T., and Wu, C. R. Effect of long-term administration of berberine on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 1997;74(3):261-266. DOI
  13. Sharda DC. Berberine in the treatment of diarrhoea of infancy and childhood. J Indian M A 1970;54(1):22-24.
  14. Sabir M and Bhide NK. Study of some pharmacological actions of berberine. Ind J Physiol & Pharmac 1971;15(3):111-132.
  15. Tripathi YB and Shukla SD. Berberis artistata inhibits PAF induced aggregation of rabbit platelets. Phytotherapy Research 1996;10:628-630.
  16. Seery TM and Bieter RN. A contribution to the pharmacology of berberine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1940;69:64-67. DOI
  17. Xin, H. W., Wu, X. C., Li, Q., Yu, A. R., Zhong, M. Y., and Liu, Y. Y. The effects of berberine on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporin A in healthy volunteers. Methods Find.Exp.Clin Pharmacol 2006;28(1):25-29.
  18. Zhang, Y., Li, X., Zou, D., Liu, W., Yang, J., Zhu, N., Huo, L., Wang, M., Hong, J., Wu, P., Ren, G., and Ning, G. Treatment of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia with the natural plant alkaloid berberine. J Clin Endocrinol.Metab 2008;93(7):2559-2565. PubMed
  19. Yin, J., Xing, H., and Ye, J. Efficacy of berberine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2008;57(5):712-717. PubMed
  20. Zhang, H., Wei, J., Xue, R., Wu, J. D., Zhao, W., Wang, Z. Z., Wang, S. K., Zhou, Z. X., Song, D. Q., Wang, Y. M., Pan, H. N., Kong, W. J., and Jiang, J. D. Berberine lowers blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients through increasing insulin re
  21. Guo, Y., Chen, Y., Tan, Z. R., Klaassen, C. D., and Zhou, H. H. Repeated administration of berberine inhibits cytochromes P450 in humans. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2012;68(2):213-217. PubMed
  22. Wei, W., Zhao, H., Wang, A., Sui, M., Liang, K., Deng, H., Ma, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., and Guan, Y. A clinical study on the short-term effect of berberine in comparison to metformin on the metabolic characteristics of women with polycystic ovary syndro
  23. Marazzi, G., Cacciotti, L., Pelliccia, F., Iaia, L., Volterrani, M., Caminiti, G., Sposato, B., Massaro, R., Grieco, F., and Rosano, G. Long-term effects of nutraceuticals (berberine, red yeast rice, policosanol) in elderly hypercholesterolemic patients. PubMed
  24. Meng, S., Wang, L. S., Huang, Z. Q., Zhou, Q., Sun, Y. G., Cao, J. T., Li, Y. G., and Wang, C. Q. Berberine ameliorates inflammation in patients with acute coronary syndrome following percutaneous coronary intervention. Clin Exp.Pharmacol Physiol 2012;39 PubMed
  25. Hermann, R. and von, Richter O. Clinical evidence of herbal drugs as perpetrators of pharmacokinetic drug interactions. Planta Med 2012;78(13):1458-1477. PubMed
  26. Chun YT, Yip TT, Lau KL, and et al. A biochemical study on the hypotensive effect of berberine in rats. Gen Pharmac 1979;10:177-182. PubMed
  27. Saksena HC, Tomar VN, and Soangra MR. Efficacy of a new salt of Berberine Uni-Berberine in oriental sore. Current Medical Practice 1970;14:247-252.
  28. Abascal K, Yarnell E. Recent clinical advances with berberine. Altern Complement Ther 2010;16(5):281-7. DOI
  29. Dong H, Zhao Y, Zhao L, Lu F. The effects of berberine on blood lipids: a systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Planta Med 2013;79(6):437-46. PubMed
  30. Hou Q, Han W, Fu X. Pharmacokinetic interaction between tacrolimus and berberine in a child with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2013;69(10):1861-2. PubMed
  31. Lan J, Zhao Y, Dong F, et al. Meta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia and hypertension. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;161:69-81. PubMed
  32. Li G, Zhao M, Qiu F, Sun Y, Zhao L. Pharmacokinetic interactions and tolerability of berberine chloride with simvastatin and fenofibrate: an open-label, randomized, parallel study in healthy Chinese subjects. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018;13:129-139. PubMed
  33. Ju J, Li J, Lin Q, Xu H. Efficacy and safety of berberine for dyslipidaemias: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Phytomedicine. 2018;50:25-34. PubMed
  34. Xu L, Zhang Y, Xue X, et al. A phase I trial of berberine in Chinese with ulcerative colitis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2020;13(1):117-26. PubMed
  35. Lyu Y, Zhang Y, Yang M, et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions between metformin and berberine in rats: Role of oral administration sequences and microbiota. Life Sci. 2019;235:116818. PubMed
  36. Chen YX, Gao QY, Zou TH, et al. Berberine versus placebo for the prevention of recurrence of colorectal adenoma: a multicentre, double-blinded, randomised controlled study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(3):267-75. PubMed
  37. Zhang J, Wang Y, Jiang H, et al. Preventive effect of berberine on postoperative atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2022;15(10):e011160. PubMed
  38. Blais JE, Huang X, Zhao JV. Overall and Sex-Specific Effect of Berberine for the Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials. Drugs 2023;83(5):403-427. PubMed
  39. Panigrahi A, Mohanty S. Efficacy and safety of HIMABERB® Berberine on glycemic control in patients with prediabetes: double-blind, placebo-controlled, and randomized pilot trial. BMC Endocr Disord 2023;23(1):190. PubMed
  40. Nie Q, Li M, Huang C, et al. The clinical efficacy and safety of berberine in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Transl Med 2024;22(1):225. PubMed
  41. Koperska A, Moszak M, Seraszek-Jaros A, Bogdanski P, Szulinska M. Does berberine impact anthropometric, hepatic, and metabolic parameters in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease? Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled tr

See these in context on the Berberine monograph →

Uva Ursi 8 references
  1. Newall CA, Anderson LA, Philpson JD. Herbal Medicine: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. London, UK: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1996.
  2. Schulz V, Hansel R, Tyler VE. Rational Phytotherapy: A Physician's Guide to Herbal Medicine. Terry C. Telger, transl. 3rd ed. Berlin, GER: Springer, 1998.
  3. Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
  4. Wang L, Del Priore LV. Bull's-eye maculopathy secondary to herbal toxicity from uva ursi. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;137:1135-7. PubMed
  5. Beaux, D., Fleurentin, J., and Mortier, F. Effect of extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth, Hieracium pilosella L., Sambucus nigra L. and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. in rats. Phytother.Res 1999;13(3):222-225.
  6. de Arriba SG, Naser B, Nolte KU. Risk assessment of free hydroquinone derived from Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi folium herbal preparations. Int J Toxicol. 2013;32(6):442-453.
  7. Park JB, Kim D, Min JS, et al. Identification and characterization of in vitro inhibitors against UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 in uva-ursi extracts and evaluation of in vivo uva-ursi-drug interactions. Food Chem Toxicol. 2018;120:651-661. PubMed
  8. Chauhan B, Yu C, Krantis A, et al. In vitro activity of uva-ursi against cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and P-glycoprotein. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007;85(11):1099-107.

See these in context on the Uva Ursi monograph →

Garlic 154 references
  1. Silagy CA, Neil HA. A meta-analysis of the effect of garlic on blood pressure. J Hypertens 1994;12:463-8. DOI
  2. McMahon FG, Vargas R. Can garlic lower blood pressure? A pilot study. Pharmacotherapy 1993;13:406-7. DOI
  3. Auer W, Eiber A, Hertkorn E, et al. Hypertension and hyperlipidaemia: garlic helps in mild cases. Br J Clin Pract Suppl 1990;69:3-6.
  4. Garty BZ. Garlic burns. Pediatrics 1993;91:658-9.
  5. Rose KD, Croissant PD, Parliament CF, Levin MB. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma with associated platelet dysfunction from excessive garlic ingestion: a case report. Neurosurg 1990;26:880-2. PubMed
  6. Burnham BE. Garlic as a possible risk for postoperative bleeding. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995;95:213.
  7. Sunter WH. Warfarin and garlic. Pharm J 1991;246:722.
  8. Berthold HK, Sudhop T, von Bergmann K. Effect of a garlic oil preparation on serum lipoproteins and cholesterol metabolism. JAMA 1998;279:1900-2.
  9. Steiner M, Khan AH, Holbert D, Lin RI. A double-blind crossover study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men that compared the effect of aged garlic extract and placebo administration on blood lipids. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64:866-70. PubMed
  10. Steiner M, Lin RS. Changes in platelet function and susceptibility of lipoproteins to oxidation associated with administration of aged garlic extract. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998;31:904-8. PubMed
  11. Gwilt PR, Lear CL, Tempero MA, et al. The effect of garlic extract on human metabolism of acetaminophen. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994;3:155-60.
  12. Rahman K, Billington D. Dietary supplementation with aged garlic extract inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation in humans. J Nutr 2000;130:2662-5. PubMed
  13. Bloch AS. Pushing the Envelope of Nutrition Support: Complementary Therapies. Nutrition 2000;16:236-9. PubMed
  14. Steiner M, Li W. Aged garlic extract, a modulator of cardiovascular risk factors: a dose-finding study on the effects of AGE on platelet functions. J Nutr 2001;131:980S-4S. PubMed
  15. Mader FH. Treatment of hyperlipidaemia with garlic-powder tablets. Evidence from the German Association of General Practitioners' multicentric placebo-controlled double-blind study. Arzneimittelforschung 1990;40:1111-6.
  16. Vorberg G, Schneider B. Therapy with garlic: results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Br J Clin Pract Symp Suppl 1990;69:7-11.
  17. Simons LA, Balasubramaniam S, von Konigsmark M, et al. On the effect of garlic on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in mild hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis 1995;113:219-25. PubMed
  18. Neil HA, Silagy CA, Lancaster T, et al. Garlic powder in the treatment of moderate hyperlipidaemia: a controlled trial and meta-analysis. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1996;30:329-34. DOI
  19. Koscielny J, Klussendorf D, Latza R, et al. The antiatherosclerotic effect of Allium sativum. Atherosclerosis 1999;144:237-49. PubMed
  20. Kiesewetter H, Jung F, Jung EM, et al. Effects of garlic coated tablets in peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Clin Investig 1993;71:383-6. PubMed
  21. Kiesewetter H, Jung F, Jung EM, et al. Effect of garlic on platelet aggregation in patients with increased risk of juvenile ischaemic attack. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1993;45:333-6. PubMed
  22. Legnani C, Frascaro M, Guazzaloca G, et al. Effects of a dried garlic preparation on fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation in healthy subjects. Arzneimittelforschung 1993;43:119-22.
  23. Mennella JA, Johnson A, Beauchamp GK. Garlic ingestion by pregnant women alters the odor of amniotic fluid. Chem Senses 1995;20:207-9. PubMed
  24. Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK. Maternal diet alters the sensory qualities of human milk and the nursling's behavior. Pediatrics 1991;88:737-44. DOI
  25. Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK. The effects of repeated exposure to garlic-flavored milk on the nursling's behavior. Pediatr Res 1993;34:805-8. PubMed
  26. Cronin E. Dermatitis of the hands in caterers. Contact Dermatitis 1987;17:265-9. PubMed
  27. Lee TY, Lam TH. Contact dermatitis due to topical treatment with garlic in Hong Kong. Contact Dermatitis 1991;24:193-6. PubMed
  28. Bruynzeel DP. Bulb dermatitis. Dermatological problems in the flower bulb industries. Contact Dermatitis 1997;37:70-7.
  29. Stevinson C, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Garlic for treating hypercholesterolemia: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:420-9. PubMed
  30. Ackermann RT, Mulrow CD, Ramirez G, et al. Garlic shows promise for improving some cardiovascular risk factors. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:813-24. PubMed
  31. Piscitelli SC, Burstein AH, Welden N, et al. The effect of garlic supplements on the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:234-8. PubMed
  32. Ziaei S, Hantoshzadeh S, Rezasoltani P, Lamyian M. The effect of garlic tablet on plasma lipids and platelet aggregation in nulliparous pregnants at high risk of preeclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001;99:201-6.. PubMed
  33. Markowitz JS, Devane CL, Chavin KD, et al. Effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.) supplementation on cytochrome P450 2D6 and 3A4 activity in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;74:170-7.. PubMed
  34. Josling P. Preventing the common cold with a garlic supplement: a double-blind, placebo-controlled survey. Adv Ther 2001;18:189-93. PubMed
  35. Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. Cytochrome P450 phenotypic ratios for predicting herb-drug interactions in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;72:276-87.. PubMed
  36. Farnsworth N, Bingel A, Cordell G, et al. Potential value of plants as sources of new antifertility agents I. J Pharm Sci 1975;64:535-98. DOI
  37. Carden SM, Good WV, Carden PA, Good RM. Garlic and the strabismus surgeon. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2002;30:303-4. PubMed
  38. Kanerva L, Estlander T, Jolanki R. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from spices. Contact Dermatitis 1996;35:157-62. PubMed
  39. Dehghani F, Merat A, Panjehshahin MR, Handjani F. Healing effect of garlic extract on warts and corns. Int J Dermatol 2005;44:612-5. PubMed
  40. Dhamija P, Malhotra S, Pandhi P. Effect of oral administration of crude aqueous extract of garlic on pharmacokinetic parameters of isoniazid and rifampicin in rabbits. Pharmacology 2006;77:100-4. PubMed
  41. Macan H, Uykimpang R, Alconcel M, et al. Aged garlic extract may be safe for patients on warfarin therapy. J Nutr 2006;136(3 Suppl):793S-795S. PubMed
  42. Hubbard VG, Goldsmith P. Garlic-fingered chefs. Contact Dermatitis 2005;52:165-6. PubMed
  43. Mohammed Abdul MI, Jiang X, Williams KM, et al. Pharmacodynamic interaction of warfarin with cranberry but not with garlic in healthy subjects. Br J Pharmacol 2008;154:1691-700. PubMed
  44. Ried K, Frank OR, Stocks NP, et al. Effect of garlic on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2008;8:13. PubMed
  45. Cox MC, Low J, Lee J, et al. Influence of garlic (Allium sativum) on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:4636-40.
  46. van der Walt, A., Lopata, A. L., Nieuwenhuizen, N. E., and Jeebhay, M. F. Work-related allergy and asthma in spice mill workers - The impact of processing dried spices on IgE reactivity patterns. Int Arch.Allergy Immunol. 2010;152(3):271-278. PubMed
  47. Huang, J., Frohlich, J., and Ignaszewski, A. P. The impact of dietary changes and dietary supplements on lipid profile. Can J Cardiol 2011;27(4):488-505. PubMed
  48. Hasani-Ranjbar, S., Nayebi, N., Moradi, L., Mehri, A., Larijani, B., and Abdollahi, M. The efficacy and safety of herbal medicines used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia; a systematic review. Curr.Pharm.Des 2010;16(26):2935-2947. PubMed
  49. Eming, S. A., Piontek, J. O., Hunzelmann, N., Rasokat, H., and Scharffetter-Kachanek, K. Severe toxic contact dermatitis caused by garlic. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141(2):391-392. PubMed
  50. Seuri, M., Taivanen, A., Ruoppi, P., and Tukiainen, H. Three cases of occupational asthma and rhinitis caused by garlic. Clin Exp.Allergy 1993;23(12):1011-1014. PubMed
  51. Rafaat, M. and Leung, A. K. Garlic burns. Pediatr Dermatol. 2000;17(6):475-476.
  52. Vaes, L. P. and Chyka, P. A. Interactions of warfarin with garlic, ginger, ginkgo, or ginseng: nature of the evidence. Ann Pharmacother 2000;34(12):1478-1482. PubMed
  53. Hviid, K. and Alsbjorn, B. ["Burns" caused by local application of garlic]. Ugeskr.Laeger 12-11-2000;162(50):6853-6854.
  54. Baruchin, A. M., Sagi, A., Yoffe, B., and Ronen, M. Garlic burns. Burns 2001;27(7):781-782.
  55. Pereira, F., Hatia, M., and Cardoso, J. Systemic contact dermatitis from diallyl disulfide. Contact Dermatitis 2002;46(2):124. PubMed
  56. Hughes, T. M., Varma, S., and Stone, N. M. Occupational contact dermatitis from a garlic and herb mixture. Contact Dermatitis 2002;47(1):48. PubMed
  57. Dillon, S. A., Burmi, R. S., Lowe, G. M., Billington, D., and Rahman, K. Antioxidant properties of aged garlic extract: an in vitro study incorporating human low density lipoprotein. Life Sci. 2-21-2003;72(14):1583-1594. PubMed
  58. Groppo, F. C., Ramacciato, J. C., Simoes, R. P., Florio, F. M., and Sartoratto, A. Antimicrobial activity of garlic, tea tree oil, and chlorhexidine against oral microorganisms. Int.Dent.J. 2002;52(6):433-437. PubMed
  59. Lachter, J., Babich, J. P., Brookman, J. C., and Factor, A. Y. Garlic: a way out of work. Mil.Med 2003;168(6):499-500. DOI
  60. Hjorth, N. and Roed-Petersen, J. Occupational protein contact dermatitis in food handlers. Contact Dermatitis 1976;2(1):28-42. PubMed
  61. van Ketel, W. G. and de Haan, P. Occupational eczema from garlic and onion. Contact Dermatitis 1978;4(1):53-54. PubMed
  62. McFadden, J. P., White, I. R., and Rycroft, R. J. Allergic contact dermatitis from garlic. Contact Dermatitis 1992;27(5):333-334. PubMed
  63. Tanamai, J., Veeramanomai, S., and Indrakosas, N. The efficacy of cholesterol-lowering action and side effects of garlic enteric coated tablets in man. J Med Assoc.Thai. 2004;87(10):1156-1161.
  64. Ashraf, R., Aamir, K., Shaikh, A. R., and Ahmed, T. Effects of garlic on dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Ayub.Med Coll.Abbottabad. 2005;17(3):60-64.
  65. Laing, M. E., Barry, J., Buckley, A. M., and Murphy, G. M. Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to food and latex in a chef. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55(3):193-194. PubMed
  66. Friedman, T., Shalom, A., and Westreich, M. Self-inflicted garlic burns: our experience and literature review. Int.J Dermatol. 2006;45(10):1161-1163. PubMed
  67. van Doorn, M. B., Espirito Santo, S. M., Meijer, P., Kamerling, I. M., Schoemaker, R. C., Dirsch, V., Vollmar, A., Haffner, T., Gebhardt, R., Cohen, A. F., Princen, H. M., and Burggraaf, J. Effect of garlic powder on C-reactive protein and plasma lipids
  68. Ekeowa-Anderson, A. L., Shergill, B., and Goldsmith, P. Allergic contact cheilitis to garlic. Contact Dermatitis 2007;56(3):174-175. PubMed
  69. Gadkari JV, Joshi VD. Effect of ingestion of raw garlic on serum cholesterol level, clotting time and fibrinolytic activity in normal subjects. J Postgrad.Med 1991;37:128-131.
  70. McFadden, J. P., White, J. M., Basketter, D. A., and Kimber, I. Reduced allergy rates in atopic eczema to contact allergens used in both skin products and foods: atopy and the 'hapten-atopy hypothesis'. Contact Dermatitis 2008;58(3):156-158. PubMed
  71. Lembo, G., Balato, N., Patruno, C., Auricchio, L., and Ayala, F. Allergic contact dermatitis due to garlic (Allium sativum). Contact Dermatitis 1991;25(5):330-331.
  72. Bordel-Gomez, M. T. and Miranda-Romero, A. Sensitivity to diallyl disulfide in a Spanish population. Contact Dermatitis 2008;59(2):125-126. PubMed
  73. Reinhart, K. M., Coleman, C. I., Teevan, C., Vachhani, P., and White, C. M. Effects of garlic on blood pressure in patients with and without systolic hypertension: a meta-analysis. Ann.Pharmacother. 2008;42(12):1766-1771. PubMed
  74. Bagga, S., Thomas, B. S., and Bhat, M. Garlic burn as self-inflicted mucosal injury--a case report and review of the literature. Quintessence.Int. 2008;39(6):491-494.
  75. Shakeel, M., Trinidade, A., McCluney, N., and Clive, B. Complementary and alternative medicine in epistaxis: a point worth considering during the patient's history. Eur.J.Emerg.Med. 2010;17(1):17-19. PubMed
  76. Smyth, A. R., Cifelli, P. M., Ortori, C. A., Righetti, K., Lewis, S., Erskine, P., Holland, E. D., Givskov, M., Williams, P., Camara, M., Barrett, D. A., and Knox, A. Garlic as an inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing in cystic fibrosis--a p
  77. Russell, J. E. Chinese complementary therapy for stress causing bilateral chemical burns to the feet. Emerg.Med.J. 2010;27(10):787. PubMed
  78. Adachi, A. [Two cases of eosinophilic gastroenteritis whose causative allergens are usefully diagnosed by patch test]. Arerugi 2010;59(5):545-551.
  79. Ried, K., Frank, O. R., and Stocks, N. P. Aged garlic extract lowers blood pressure in patients with treated but uncontrolled hypertension: a randomised controlled trial. Maturitas 2010;67(2):144-150. PubMed
  80. Hansanugrum, A. and Barringer, S. A. Effect of milk on the deodorization of malodorous breath after garlic ingestion. J.Food Sci. 8-1-2010;75(6):C549-C558. PubMed
  81. Hurley, M. N., Forrester, D. L., and Smyth, A. R. Antibiotic adjuvant therapy for pulmonary infection in cystic fibrosis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2010;(10):CD008037. PubMed
  82. Nahas, R. and Balla, A. Complementary and alternative medicine for prevention and treatment of the common cold. Can.Fam.Physician 2011;57(1):31-36.
  83. Takeuchi, S., Matsuzaki, Y., Ikenaga, S., Nishikawa, Y., Kimura, K., Nakano, H., and Sawamura, D. Garlic-induced irritant contact dermatitis mimicking nail psoriasis. J.Dermatol. 2011;38(3):280-282. PubMed
  84. Davis, L. E., Shen, J. K., and Cai, Y. Antifungal activity in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma after intravenous administration of Allium sativum. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 1990;34(4):651-653. PubMed
  85. Ashraf, R., Khan, R. A., and Ashraf, I. Garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation with standard antidiabetic agent provides better diabetic control in type 2 diabetes patients. Pak.J.Pharm.Sci. 2011;24(4):565-570.
  86. Bakhshi, M., Taheri, J. B., Shabestari, S. B., Tanik, A., and Pahlevan, R. Comparison of therapeutic effect of aqueous extract of garlic and nystatin mouthwash in denture stomatitis. Gerodontology. 2012;29(2):e680-e684. PubMed
  87. Kianoush, S., Balali-Mood, M., Mousavi, S. R., Moradi, V., Sadeghi, M., Dadpour, B., Rajabi, O., and Shakeri, M. T. Comparison of therapeutic effects of garlic and d-Penicillamine in patients with chronic occupational lead poisoning. Basic Clin.Pharmacol
  88. Filobbos, G., Chapman, T., and Gesakis, K. Iatrogenic burns from garlic. J.Burn Care Res. 2012;33(1):e21. PubMed
  89. Nantz, M. P., Rowe, C. A., Muller, C. E., Creasy, R. A., Stanilka, J. M., and Percival, S. S. Supplementation with aged garlic extract improves both NK and gammadelta-T cell function and reduces the severity of cold and flu symptoms: a randomized, double
  90. Fedder, S. L. Spinal epidural hematoma and garlic ingestion. Neurosurgery 1990;27(4):659. DOI
  91. Lissiman, E., Bhasale, A. L., and Cohen, M. Garlic for the common cold. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;3:CD006206. PubMed
  92. Kaplan, B., Schewach-Millet, M., and Yorav, S. Factitial dermatitis induced by application of garlic. Int J Dermatol. 1990;29(1):75-76. PubMed
  93. Harenberg, J., Giese, C., and Zimmermann, R. Effect of dried garlic on blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, platelet aggregation and serum cholesterol levels in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis 1988;74(3):247-249. PubMed
  94. Parish, R. A., McIntire, S., and Heimbach, D. M. Garlic burns: a naturopathic remedy gone awry. Pediatr.Emerg.Care 1987;3(4):258-260.
  95. Bojs, G. and Svensson, A. Contact allergy to garlic used for wound healing. Contact Dermatitis 1988;18(3):179-181. PubMed
  96. Bleumink, E. and Nater, J. P. Contact dermatitis to garlic; crossreactivity between garlic, onion and tulip. Arch.Dermatol.Forsch 8-15-1973;247(2):117-124. PubMed
  97. Yoshikawa, K., Hadame, K., Saitoh, K., and Hijikata, T. Patch tests with common vegetables in hand dermatitis patients. Contact Dermatitis 1979;5(4):274-275. PubMed
  98. Bleumink, E., Doeglas, H. M., Klokke, A. H., and Nater, J. P. Allergic contact dermatitis to garlic. Br.J Dermatol. 1972;87(1):6-9. PubMed
  99. Papageorgiou, C., Corbet, J. P., Menezes-Brandao, F., Pecegueiro, M., and Benezra, C. Allergic contact dermatitis to garlic (Allium sativum L.). Identification of the allergens: the role of mono-, di-, and trisulfides present in garlic. A comparative stu DOI
  100. anonymous. Garlic in cryptococcal meningitis: a preliminary report of 21 cases. Chin Med J (Engl.) 1980;93(2):123-126.
  101. Szybejko, J., Zukowski, A., and Herbec, R. [Unusual cause of obturation of the small intestine]. Wiad.Lek. 4-15-1982;35(2):163-164.
  102. Mitchell, J. C. Contact sensitivity to garlic (Allium). Contact Dermatitis 1980;6(5):356-357. PubMed
  103. German, K., Kumar, U., and Blackford, H. N. Garlic and the risk of TURP bleeding. Br J Urol 1995;76(4):518. PubMed
  104. Petry, J. J. Garlic and postoperative bleeding. Plast.Reconstr.Surg 1995;96(2):483-484. PubMed
  105. Canduela, V., Mongil, I., Carrascosa, M., Docio, S., and Cagigas, P. Garlic: always good for the health? Br J Dermatol. 1995;132(1):161-162. PubMed
  106. Farrell, A. M. and Staughton, R. C. Garlic burns mimicking herpes zoster. Lancet 4-27-1996;347(9009):1195. PubMed
  107. Delaney, T. A. and Donnelly, A. M. Garlic dermatitis. Austr J Dermatol 1996;37(2):109-110.
  108. Ruocco, V., Brenner, S., and Lombardi, M. L. A case of diet-related pemphigus. Dermatology 1996;192(4):373-374. PubMed
  109. Jain, R. C. Effect of garlic on serum lipids, coagulability and fibrinolytic activity of blood. Am J Clin Nutr 1977;30(9):1380-1381. PubMed
  110. Rance, F. and Dutau, G. Labial food challenge in children with food allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 1997;8(1):41-44. PubMed
  111. Roberge, R. J., Leckey, R., Spence, R., and Krenzelok, E. J. Garlic burns of the breast. Am J Emerg.Med 1997;15(5):548. PubMed
  112. Kumar, M. and Berwal, J. S. Sensitivity of food pathogens to garlic (Allium sativum). J Appl.Microbiol. 1998;84(2):213-215. PubMed
  113. Bimmermann A, Weingart K, and Schwartzkopff W. Allium sativum: Studie zur Wirksamkeit bei Hyperlipoproteinamie. Therapiewoche 1988;38:3885-3890.
  114. Czerny B and Samochowiec J. Klinische Untersuchungen mit einem Knoblauch-Lezithin-Präparat. Arztezeitschr Naturheilverf 1996;37:126-129.
  115. Yeh YY, Lin RI, Yeh SM, and et al. Garlic reduces plasma cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic men maintaining habitual diets. In: Ohigashi H, Osawa T, Terao J, and et al. Food Factors for Cancer Prevention. Tokyo, Japan: Springer-Verlag;1997. DOI
  116. Edelstein AJ and Johnstown PA. Dermatitis caused by garlic. Arch Dermatol 1950;61:111. PubMed
  117. Fleischer S, Bayerl C, and Jung EG. [Occupational allergic hand dermatitis to garlic in a pizza baker]. Aktuelle Dermatol 1996;22:278-279.
  118. Gaddoni G, Selvi M, Resta F, and et al. Allergic contact dermatitis to garlic in a cook. Ann Ital Dermatol Clin Sperimentale 1994;48:120-121.
  119. Ince DI, Sonmez GT, and Ince ML. Effects garlic on aerobic performance. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2000;30(6):557-561.
  120. Soltani PR. Preecampisia [sic] is an important complication of pregnancy which can result in morbidity and mortality in mother, fetus and the neonate. Journal of Medical Council of Islamic Republic of Iran (J MED COUNC ISLAMIC REPUB IRAN) 2005;23(3):319.
  121. Gravas S, Tzortzis V Rountas C Melekos MD. Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy and garlic consumption: a lesson to learn. Urol Res. 2010;38(1):61-63. PubMed
  122. Sunter WH. Warfarin and garlic. Pharm J 1991;246:722.
  123. Jeyaraj S, Shivaji G, and Jeyaraj SD. Effect of a combined supplementation of fish oil (MEGA-3) with garlic pearls on the serum lipid profile, blood pressure and body mass index of hypercholesterolemic subjects. Heart 2000;83(suppl 2):A4.
  124. Ashraf R, Khan RA, Ashraf I, Qureshi AA. Effects of Allium sativum (garlic) on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Pak J Pharm Sci 2013;26(5):859-63.
  125. Duncan A, Mills J. An unusual case of HIV virologic failure during treatment with boosted atazanavir. AIDS 2013;27:1361-2. PubMed
  126. Ergul B, Cakal B. Dysphagia caused by garlic induced esophagitis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2012;36(6):e134. PubMed
  127. Karabacak E, Aydin E, Kutlu A, Dogan B. An unusual garlic burn occurring on an unexpected area. BMJ Case Rep 2014. PubMed
  128. Ma S, Yin J. Anaphylaxis induced by ingestion of raw garlic. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012;9(8):773-5. PubMed
  129. Mane SK, Jordan PA, Bahna SL. Eosinophilic esophagitis to unsuspected rare food allergen. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013;111(1):64-5. PubMed
  130. Ried K, Frank OR, Stocks NP. Aged garlic extract reduces blood pressure in hypertensives: a dose-response trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013;67(1):64-70. PubMed
  131. Roussos AP, Hirsch AR. Alliaceous migraines. Headache 2014;54(2):378-82. PubMed
  132. Watson CJ, Grando D, Fairley CK, et al. The effects of oral garlic on vaginal candida colony counts: a randomised placebo controlled double-blind trial. BJOG 2014;121(4):498-506. PubMed
  133. Xu S, Heller M, Wu PA, Nambudri VE. Chemical burn caused by topical application of garlic under occlusion. Dermatol Online J 2014;20(1):21261. DOI
  134. Jalloh MA, Gregory PJ, Hein D, et al. Dietary supplement interactions with antiretrovirals: a systematic review. Int J STD AIDS. 2017 Jan;28(1):4-15. PubMed
  135. Gallicano K, Foster B, Choudhri S. Effect of short-term administration of garlic supplements on single-dose ritonavir pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;55(2):199-202. PubMed
  136. Hou LQ, Liu YH, Zhang YY. Garlic intake lowers fasting blood glucose: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2015;24(4):575-82.
  137. Oberle M, Wachs T, Brisson P. Garlic burn to the face. J Spec Oper Med. Winter 2016;16(4):80-81. PubMed
  138. Ried K. Garlic lowers blood pressure in hypertensive individuals, regulates serum cholesterol, and stimulates immunity: An updated meta-analysis and review. J Nutr. 2016;146(2):389S-396S. PubMed
  139. Shaikh SA, Tischer S, Choi EK, Fontana RJ. Good for the lung but bad for the liver? Garlic-induced hepatotoxicity following liver transplantation. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2017;42(5):646-648. PubMed
  140. Suzuki Y, Saito J, Misa K, Fukuhara N, Fukuhara A, Munakata M. A case of black garlic-induced pneumonia as an adverse reaction. Allergol Int. 2016;65(3):353-5. PubMed
  141. Treudler R, Reuter A, Engin AM, Simon JC. A case of anaphylaxis after garlic ingestion: Is alliinase the only culprit allergen? J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2015;25(5):374-5.
  142. Woodbury A, Sniecinski R. Garlic-induced surgical bleeding: How much is too much? A Case Rep. 2016;7(12):266-269. PubMed
  143. Yagami A, Suzuki K, Sano A, et al. Immediate allergy due to raw garlic (Allium sativum L.). J Dermatol. 2015;42(10):1026-7.
  144. Gandomkar H, Mahmoodzadeh H, Tavakoli H, Fazeli M, Rezaei J. Garlic-induced esophageal perforation: A case series. Asian J Surg. 2020;43(6):696-697. PubMed
  145. Dev T, Bharti P, Patel U, Bhari N. Chronic paronychia and nail dystrophy: an atypical presentation of allergic contact dermatitis to garlic. Int J Dermatol 2021 Feb 11. doi: 10.1111/ijd.15430. PubMed
  146. Jafari F, Tabarrai M, Abbassian A, Jafari F, Ayati MH. Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) Supplementation on Premenstrual Disorders: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021;2021:9965064. PubMed
  147. Tomo S, Santos IDS, Cruz TMD, Miyahara GI, Simonato LE. Garlic burn trauma of the oral mucosa in a patient with trigeminal neuralgia: A case report. Dent Traumatol 2022. PubMed
  148. Wasef AK, Wahdan SA, Saeed NM, El-Demerdash E. Effects of aged garlic and ginkgo biloba extracts on the pharmacokinetics of sofosbuvir in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2022;43(4):152-62. PubMed
  149. Sangouni AA, Alizadeh M, Jamalzehi A, Hosseinzadeh M, Parastouei K. Garlic supplementation improves intestinal transit time, lipid accumulation product and cardiometabolic indices in subjects with metabolic syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Phytoth PubMed
  150. Taghavi MR, Tavanaei Tamanaei T, Oghazian MB, et al. Effectiveness of fortified garlic extract oral capsules as adjuvant therapy in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A triple-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Curr Ther Res Cli PubMed
  151. Jamaluddin J, Jamil SN. An unexpected reaction to topical garlic medicament - A case report of irritant contact dermatitis successfully managed in primary care. Cureus 2023;15(1):e33657. PubMed
  152. Nair A, Abdelqader B, Sureshkumar S, Katmawai-Sabbagh S. Hematuria and dietary supplements - A case report on pronounced bleeding following a minimally invasive urological intervention in a patient on long term garlic supplements. Urol Case Rep 2023;50:10 PubMed
  153. Zhao X, Cheng T, Xia H, Yang Y, Wang S. Effects of Garlic on Glucose Parameters and Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2024;16(11):1692. PubMed
  154. Bhat GS, Shastry A. Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, two-arm study to evaluate the efficacy of coadministration of garlic as a hydrogen sulfide donor and tadalafil in patients with erectile dysfunction not responding to tadalafil alone - A pil

See these in context on the Garlic monograph →

Neem 28 references
  1. Sinniah D, Baskaran G. Margosa oil poisoning as a cause of Reye's syndrome. Lancet 1981;1:487-9. PubMed
  2. Sinniah D, Baskaran G, Looi LM, Leong KL. Reye-like syndrome due to margosa oil poisoning: report of a case with postmortem findings. Am J Gastroenterol 1982;77:158-61.
  3. Sinniah R, Sinniah D, Chia LS, Baskaran G. Animal model of margosa oil ingestion with Reye-like syndrome. Pathogenesis of microvesicular fatty liver. J Pathol 1989;159:255-64. PubMed
  4. Lai SM, Lim KW, Cheng HK. Margosa oil poisoning as a cause of toxic encephalopathy. Singapore Med J 1990;31:463-5.
  5. Biswas K, Chattopadhyay I, Banerjee RK, Bandyopadhyay U. Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadirachta indica). Curr Sci 2002;82:1336-45.
  6. Upadhyay SN, Dhawan S, Garg S, Talwar GP. Immunomodulatory effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil. Int J Immunopharmacol 1992;14:1187-93. PubMed
  7. Ibrahim IA, Khalid SA, Omer SA, Adam SE. On the toxicology of Azadirachta indica leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 1992;35:267-73. PubMed
  8. Ali BH. Toxicology of Azadirachta indica. J Ethnopharmacol 1994;42:71-2. PubMed
  9. Boeke SJ, Boersma MG, Alink GM, et al. Safety evaluation of neem (Azadirachta indica) derived pesticides. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;94:25-41. PubMed
  10. Abdel-Ghaffar, F. and Semmler, M. Efficacy of neem seed extract shampoo on head lice of naturally infected humans in Egypt. Parasitol.Res 2007;100(2):329-332. PubMed
  11. Reutemann, P. and Ehrlich, A. Neem oil: an herbal therapy for alopecia causes dermatitis. Dermatitis 2008;19(3):E12-E15.
  12. Senanayake, M. P., Rupasinghe, S., and Dissanayake, P. V. Margosa (Kohomba) oil induced toxic encephalopathy following home remedy for intestinal worms. Ceylon Med.J 2009;54(4):140. PubMed
  13. Bhaskar, M. V., Pramod, S. J., Jeevika, M. U., Chandan, P. K., and Shetteppa, G. MR imaging findings of neem oil poisoning. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31(7):E60-E61.
  14. Iyyadurai, R., Surekha, V., Sathyendra, S., Paul, Wilson B., and Gopinath, K. G. Azadirachtin poisoning: a case report. Clin Toxicol.(Phila) 2010;48(8):857-858. PubMed
  15. Sinniah, D., Sinniah, R., Baskaran, G., Pathmanathan, R., Yamashita, F., and Yoshino, M. Evaluation of the possible role of glucose, carnitine, coenzyme Q10 and steroids in the treatment of Reye's syndrome using the margosa oil animal model. Acta Paediat PubMed
  16. Balakrishnan, V., Pillai, N. R., and Santhakumari, G. Ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest due to neem leaf poisoning. J.Assoc.Physicians India 1986;34(7):536.
  17. Sivashanmugham, R., Bhaskar, N., and Banumathi, N. Ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest due to neem leaf poisoning. J.Assoc.Physicians India 1984;32(7):610-611.
  18. Mukherjee, S. and Talwar, G. P. Termination of pregnancy in rodents by oral administration of praneem, a purified neem seed extract. Am J Reprod.Immunol. 1996;35(1):51-56. PubMed
  19. Talwar, G. P., Pal, R., Singh, O., Garg, S., Taluja, V., Upadhyay, S. N., Gopalan, S., Jain, V., Kaur, J., and Sehgal, S. Safety of intrauterine administration of purified neem seed oil (Praneem Vilci) in women & effect of its co-administration with the
  20. Talwar, G. P., Shah, S., Mukherjee, S., and Chabra, R. Induced termination of pregnancy by purified extracts of Azadirachta Indica (Neem): mechanisms involved. Am J Reprod.Immunol. 1997;37(6):485-491. PubMed
  21. Greenblatt DT, Banerjee P, White JM. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by neem oil. Contact Dermatitis. 2012;67(4):242-3. PubMed
  22. Page C, Hawes EM. Haemolytic anaemia after ingestion of Neem (Azadirachta indica) tea. BMJ Case Rep. 2013. pii: bcr2013200890.
  23. Braidy N, Berg J, Clement J, et al. Role of nicotinamide dinucleotide and related precursors as therapeutic targets for age-related degenerative diseases: rationale, biochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and outcomes. Antiox Redox Signal 2018.
  24. Jadhav PB. Leucoderma on the lips induced by neem (Azadirachta indica): case series. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2018;43(8):943-6.
  25. Giuggioli D, Lumetti F, Spinella A, et al. Use of Neem oil and Hypericum perforatum for treatment of calcinosis-related skin ulcers in systemic sclerosis. J Int Med Res 2019:300060519882176. Online ahead of print.
  26. Pingali U, Ali MA, Gundagani S, Nutalapati C. Evaluation of the effect of an aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves and twigs on glycemic control, endothelial dysfunction and systemic inflammation in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus - a
  27. Amaeze O, Marques ES, Wei W, et al. Evaluation of Nigerian Medicinal Plants Extract on Human P-glycoprotein and Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Induction: Implications for Herb-drug Interaction. Curr Drug Metab. 2021;22(14):1103-1113. PubMed
  28. Amaeze O, Eng H, Horlbogen L, Varma MVS, Slitt A. Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Inhibition and Herb-Drug Interaction Potential of Medicinal Plant Extracts Used for Management of Diabetes in Nigeria. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2021;46(3):437-450. PubMed

See these in context on the Neem monograph →

Pau D'arco 6 references
  1. Gómez Castellanos JR, Prieto JM, Heinrich M. Red Lapacho (Tabebuia impetiginosa)--a global ethnopharmacological commodity? J Ethnopharmacol 2009;121:1-13. PubMed
  2. Guerra, Mde O., Mazoni, A. S., Brandao, M. A., and Peters, V. M. Toxicology of Lapachol in rats: embryolethality. Braz.J Biol. 2001;61(1):171-174. PubMed
  3. Felicio, A. C., Chang, C. V., Brandao, M. A., Peters, V. M., and Guerra, Mde O. Fetal growth in rats treated with lapachol. Contraception 2002;66(4):289-293. PubMed
  4. Son, D. J., Lim, Y., Park, Y. H., Chang, S. K., Yun, Y. P., Hong, J. T., Takeoka, G. R., Lee, K. G., Lee, S. E., Kim, M. R., Kim, J. H., and Park, B. S. Inhibitory effects of Tabebuia impetiginosa inner bark extract on platelet aggregation and vascular s
  5. Block JB, Serpick AA, Miller W, Wiernik PH. Early clinical studies with lapachol (NSC-11905). Cancer Chemother Rep 2. 1974;4(4):27-8.
  6. Algranti E, Mendonça EM, Ali SA, Kokron CM, Raile V. Occupational asthma caused by Ipe (Tabebuia spp) dust. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2005;15(1):81-3.

See these in context on the Pau D'arco monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

Keep exploring
Supplement interaction checker › Check any supplement or product against your medications Drug–drug interactions › Check two or more of your medications against each other Browse medications A–Z › Every drug we've checked against herbs & supplements NDC & pricing lookup › Find a drug’s NDCs, packaging and costs Ask a pharmacist › Free, personal answer from our licensed team