Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Power-E Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Physician's Strength

Capsule Category: Botanical With Nutrients
Most serious interaction: Moderate
The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Power-E is a dietary supplement by Physician's Strength with 5 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for heart and cholesterol support, antioxidant support, liver health (fatty liver).Based on those ingredients, 915 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Sunflower Seed Vitamin E Complex, wild Rosemary Oil, Vitamin E Complex. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Power-E by Physician's Strength

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 1 of its 5 active ingredients.
  • “Proprietary Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (750 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

Power-E is a five-ingredient capsule. The active ingredients are Vitamin E Complex from tocotrienols (a form of vitamin E), wild Rosemary Oil, cold-pressed Austrian Pumpkin Seed Oil, cold-pressed Red Palm Oil, and Sunflower Seed Vitamin E Complex.

The product also contains one inactive ingredient, tapioca gelatin, which is the capsule material.

Does it work?

Strong evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed

This product doesn't appear to be marketed for a specific use, so we graded its ingredients' overall clinical evidence instead.

Strong

Strong clinical evidence supports its ingredients for:

Why this rating?
  • We looked at the product name, claims, and label statements and couldn't find a stated purpose to grade.
  • Since the label doesn't commit to one use, we graded the ingredients' overall clinical evidence instead.
  • On file: Vitamin E deficiency — rated "Effective" (Vitamin E) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED) — rated "Effective" (Vitamin E) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Vitamin A deficiency — rated "Likely Effective" (Palm Oil) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Alzheimer disease — rated "Possibly Effective" (Vitamin E) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) — rated "Possibly Effective" (Pumpkin) (Natural Medicines).

The vitamin E ingredients in this product are effective for treating vitamin E deficiency and ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (a neurological condition linked to vitamin E lack). Vitamin E is possibly effective for Alzheimer disease, beta-thalassemia, G6PD deficiency (a blood disorder), and intracranial hemorrhage.

Rosemary is possibly effective for memory. The other ingredients—pumpkin seed oil and red palm oil—show mixed evidence: pumpkin is possibly effective for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and red palm oil is likely effective for vitamin A deficiency.

Evidence is insufficient to rate rosemary for age-related cognitive decline, alopecia areata, or fatty liver disease, and insufficient to rate pumpkin for androgenic hair loss, interstitial cystitis, parasitic infections, or urinary tract infections.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Tocotrienols Rosemary Pumpkin Palm Oil Vitamin E

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 5 of the 5 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 5 of 5.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 5 of 5.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Vitamin E from food and prenatal vitamins is safe, but high-dose long-term supplements may raise the risk of bleeding and other harms—check with your doctor before taking high-dose supplements while breastfeeding. Tocotrienols appear well-tolerated in studies with no adverse effects reported in clinical trials; however, long-term safety at supplement doses is not well established.

Rosemary is safe in normal culinary amounts, but medicinal or large doses should be avoided in pregnancy due to possibly unsafe effects, and food amounts are likely fine during breastfeeding but concentrated doses aren't well studied. Pumpkin seed oil is generally safe, though concentrated supplements are not well studied in pregnancy or breastfeeding; mild abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting have been reported.

Red palm oil is possibly safe in pregnancy as a normal food but not well studied as a concentrated supplement. Topical vitamin E can rarely cause bleeding or hemorrhagic stroke at high doses, and vitamin E acetate from vaping is linked to lung injury.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Tocotrienols Rosemary Pumpkin Palm Oil Vitamin E

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 5 of the 5 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Rosemary, Pumpkin, Vitamin E, Palm Oil, Tocotrienols.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; cancer treatments; diabetes medications; lithium.
  • For scale: 916 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before you take Power-E, double-check your exact medications with your doctor or pharmacist, especially if you're on blood thinners (anticoagulants or antiplatelets like warfarin), aspirin or related pain relievers, blood sugar medications, chemotherapy drugs, cyclosporine, or niacin. The vitamin E and rosemary content poses documented Moderate-severity risks with these drug types.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with strong clinical evidence behind its ingredients' uses. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product may appeal to you if you're looking to address vitamin E deficiency, support memory with rosemary, or explore pumpkin seed oil for prostate health. However, if you take blood thinners (including aspirin or warfarin), blood sugar medications, chemotherapy, cyclosporine, or have a vitamin K deficiency, you need to check with your doctor or pharmacist before starting it.

High-dose vitamin E carries a risk of bleeding and may interfere with several classes of medication. Talk it over with your own healthcare provider before adding this to your routine.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 5 of 5 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Aug 23, 2023.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Power-E, straight from the product label.

Brand Physician's Strength
Barcode (UPC) 850032454773
Net contents 60 Cap(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Aug 23, 2023
DSLD ID 296831
Product type Botanical With Nutrients
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses Nutrient, All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Power-E by Physician's Strength, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
60
UPC/BARCODE
850032454773
IngredientAmount% DV
Proprietary Blend750 mg--
Vitamin E Complex110 mg700%
wild Rosemary Oil0 NP--
Austrian Pumpkin Seed Oil, Cold-Pressed0 NP--
Red Palm Oil, Cold-Pressed0 NP--
Sunflower Seed Vitamin E Complex0 NP--

Other ingredients: Tapioca Gelatin

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Directions: Take one capsule daily with meals.

Formula

Power-E is the only 100% food-source, non- GMO vitamin E available. It is also the only soy-free vitamin E. Most vitamin E contains GMO soy or is synthetic. Power-E Is made exclusively from sunflower seeds, wild red palm, and Austrian pumpkin seeds, plus wild Rosemary oil for enhanced stability. A true whole food supplement, this is no isolate. Power-E is full spectrum mixed tocotrienols and tocopherols. It's the only vitamin E you need.

Soy-free Vitamin E Complex

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Formulation

Power-E is the only 100% food-source, non- GMO vitamin E available. Soy-free Vitamin E Complex

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

General Statements

Doctor's formula

See for yourself

Power-E by Physician's Strength label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

What’s inside

The Ingredients in Power-E by Physician's Strength

These are the 5 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container60 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Other (inactive) ingredients: Tapioca Gelatin. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Power-E by Physician's Strength Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Power-E?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

Go to the checker
915Drugs
848 Moderate 67 Minor

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Power-E with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Sunflower Seed Vitamin E Complex8 drug types · 764 drugs

Alkylating Agents

Theoretically, antioxidant effects of vitamin E might reduce the effectiveness of alkylating agents.
There's concern that antioxidants could reduce the activity of chemotherapy drugs which generate free radicals, such as cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, carmustine, busulfan, and thiotepa. However, some researchers theorize that antioxidants might make chemotherapy more effective by reducing oxidative stress that might interfere with apoptosis (cell death) of cancer cells. More evidence is needed to determine what effect, if any, antioxidants such as vitamin E have on chemotherapy. Advise patients to consult their oncologist before using vitamin E supplements, especially in high doses.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Concomitant use of vitamin E and anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents might increase the risk of bleeding.
Vitamin E seems to inhibit of platelet aggregation and antagonize the effects of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. These effects appear to be dose-dependent, and are probably only likely to be clinically significant with doses of at least 800 units daily. Mixed tocopherols, such as those found in food, might have a greater antiplatelet effect than alpha-tocopherol. RRR alpha-tocopherol (natural vitamin E) 1000 IU daily antagonizes vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Advise patients to avoid high doses of vitamin E, especially in people with low vitamin K intake or other risk factors for bleeding.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antitumor Antibiotics

Theoretically, antioxidant effects of vitamin E might reduce the effectiveness of antitumor antibiotics.
There's concern that antioxidants could reduce the activity of antitumor antibiotic drugs such as doxorubicin, which generate free radicals. However, some researchers theorize that antioxidants might make chemotherapy more effective by reducing oxidative stress that might interfere with apoptosis (cell death) of cancer cells. More evidence is needed to determine what effect, if any, antioxidants such as vitamin E have on chemotherapy involving antitumor antibiotics. Advise patients to consult their oncologist before using vitamin E supplements, especially in high doses.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)

A specific form of vitamin E might increase absorption and levels of cyclosporine.
There is some evidence that one specific formulation of vitamin E (D-alpha-tocopheryl-polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate, TPGS, tocophersolan, Liqui-E) might increase absorption of cyclosporine. This vitamin E formulation forms micelles which seems to increase absorption of cyclosporine by 40% to 72% in some patients. However, this interaction is unlikely to occur with the usual forms of vitamin E.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, vitamin E might induce metabolism of CYP3A4, possibly reducing the levels CYP3A4 substrates.
Vitamin E appears to bind with the nuclear receptor, pregnane X receptor (PXR), which results in increased expression of CYP3A4. Although the clinical significance of this is not known, use caution when considering concomitant use of vitamin E and other drugs affected by these enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Selumetinib (Koselugo)

Taking selumetinib with vitamin E can result in a total daily dose of vitamin E that exceeds safe limits and therefore might increase the risk of bleeding.
Selumetinib contains 48-54 IU vitamin E per capsule. The increased risk of bleeding with vitamin E appears to be dose-dependent. Be cautious when using selumetinib in combination with supplemental vitamin E, especially in patients at higher risk of bleed, such as those with chronic conditions and those taking antiplatelet drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Using vitamin E with warfarin might increase the risk of bleeding.
Due to interference with production of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, use of more than 400 IU of vitamin E daily with warfarin might increase prothrombin time (PT), INR, and the risk of bleeding,. At a dose of 1000 IU per day, vitamin E can antagonize vitamin K-dependent clotting factors even in people not taking warfarin. Limited clinical evidence suggests that doses up to 1200 IU daily may be used safely by patients taking warfarin, but this may not be applicable in all patient populations.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Niacin

Vitamin E might decrease the beneficial effects of niacin on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels.
A combination of niacin and simvastatin (Zocor) effectively raises high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in people with coronary disease and low HDL levels. Clinical research shows that taking a combination of antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and selenium) along with niacin and simvastatin (Zocor) attenuates this rise in HDL, specifically the HDL-2 and apolipoprotein A1 fractions, by more than 50%. Vitamin E alone combined with a statin does not seem to decrease HDL levels. It is not known whether the adverse effect on HDL is due to one of the other antioxidants or to the combination. It also is not known whether it will occur in other patient populations.

Likelihood Possible Evidence A

wild Rosemary Oil6 drug types · 372 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, rosemary may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro and animal research suggests that rosemary inhibits platelet aggregation.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking rosemary with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Animal research shows that rosemary extract can decrease blood glucose levels in diabetic models. However, research in humans is conflicting. Although rosemary powder decreased blood glucose levels in healthy adults, no change in blood glucose levels was seen in adults with type 2 diabetes, most of whom were taking antidiabetes drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Aspirin

Theoretically, rosemary might have additive effects with salicylate-containing drugs such as aspirin.
Rosemary is reported to contain salicylates.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Choline Magnesium Trisalicylate (Trilisate)

Theoretically, rosemary might have additive effects with salicylate-containing drugs such as choline magnesium trisalicylate.
Rosemary is reported to contain salicylate.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Salsalate (Disalcid)

Theoretically, rosemary might have additive effects with salicylate-containing drugs such as salsalate.
Rosemary is reported to contain salicylate.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, rosemary might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
In vitro research shows that rosemary induces CYP1A2 enzymes. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence D

Vitamin E Complex1 drug type · 122 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Concomitant use of tocotrienols with anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents might increase the risk of bleeding. However, this has not been reported in humans.
Taking tocotrienols orally inhibits experimentally-induced platelet aggregation in humans. Theoretically tocotrienols might increase the risk of bleeding if taken with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs. However, tocotrienols 400-800 mg daily have been used with aspirin and/or clopidogrel for 1 year with no clear cumulative antiplatelet effects and no reports of bleeding.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B

Red Palm Oil, Cold-Pressed1 drug type · 122 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, palm oil might decrease the effectiveness of antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs.
The palm olein constituent in palm oil seems to increase platelet aggregation.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B

Austrian Pumpkin Seed Oil, Cold-Pressed1 drug type · 1 drug

Lithium

Pumpkin might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium.
Pumpkin is thought to have diuretic properties. Theoretically, this might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium. The dose of lithium might need to be decreased.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Power-E, from the product label.

Physician's Strength

See all Physician's Strength products
Name
Physician's Strength
Street Address
13900 W. Polo Trail Drive
City
Lake Forest
State
IL
ZipCode
60045
Phone Number
1-800-473-8460
Web Address
www.physicians-strength.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Power-E by Physician's Strength: Common Questions

Does Power-E by Physician's Strength interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Power-E has a known interaction with 915 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Power-E contains 5 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take Power-E if I'm on warfarin or another blood thinner?
No—not without checking with your doctor first. Vitamin E in this product may increase your bleeding risk when combined with warfarin or other blood thinners, and rosemary and other ingredients also interact with these drugs. Your doctor or pharmacist needs to review this product and your specific dose before you start.
Is Power-E safe to take during pregnancy?
The safety data varies by ingredient. Vitamin E from food and prenatal vitamins is fine, but avoid high-dose vitamin E supplements. Rosemary at medicinal doses should be avoided in pregnancy. Pumpkin seed oil and red palm oil are not well studied as concentrated supplements in pregnancy. Talk with your doctor before taking this product if you're pregnant.
Does this product actually help with memory?
Rosemary in this product is listed as possibly effective for memory, meaning there is some evidence it may help but it's not conclusive. The other ingredients' effects on memory are not established in the data we have.
What's the main active ingredient in Power-E?
This is a five-ingredient product with two forms of vitamin E (one from tocotrienols and one from sunflower seed), plus wild rosemary oil, pumpkin seed oil, and red palm oil. All five work together as the active formula.
Can I take this if I'm on diabetes medication?
You need to check with your doctor first. Rosemary in this product may theoretically increase the risk of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) when combined with diabetes medications, though human research is conflicting. Your doctor should review whether this product is safe for you.
Are there any fillers or extra ingredients?
The product contains one inactive ingredient: tapioca gelatin, which is the capsule material. There are no other inactive ingredients listed.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Power-E label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Power-E’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Power-E's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 105 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Tocotrienols 4 references
  1. Mensink RP, van Houwelingen AC, Kromhout D, Hornstra G. A vitamin E concentrate rich in tocotrienols had no effect on serum lipids, lipoproteins, or platelet function in men with mildly elevated serum lipid concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:213-9. PubMed
  2. Baumann LS, Spencer JS. The effects of topical vitamin E on the cosmetic appearance of scars. Dermatol Surg 1999;25:311-5. PubMed
  3. Khoo TL, Halim AS, Zakaria Z, Mat Saad AZ, Wu LY, Lau HY. A prospective, randomised, double-blinded trial to study the efficacy of topical tocotrienol in the prevention of hypertrophic scars. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2011 Jun;64(6):e137-45. Epub 201 PubMed
  4. Slivka A, Rink C, Paoletto D, Sen CK. Platelet function in stroke/transient ischemic attack patients treated with tocotrienol. FASEB J. 2020;34(9):11838-11843. PubMed

See these in context on the Tocotrienols monograph →

Rosemary 20 references
  1. Newall CA, Anderson LA, Philpson JD. Herbal Medicine: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. London, UK: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1996.
  2. Foster S, Tyler VE. Tyler's Honest Herbal: A Sensible Guide to the Use of Herbs and Related Remedies. 3rd ed., Binghamton, NY: Haworth Herbal Press, 1993.
  3. The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
  4. McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
  5. Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 1st ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc., 1998.
  6. Cartier LC, Lehrer A, Malo JL. Occupational asthma caused by aromatic herbs. Allergy 1996;51:647-9. DOI
  7. Burkhard PR, Burkhardt K, Haenggeli CA, Landis T. Plant-induced seizures: reappearance of an old problem. J Neurol 1999;246:667-70. PubMed
  8. Swain AR, Dutton SP, Truswell AS. Salicylates in foods. J Am Diet.Assoc 1985;85(8):950-60. DOI
  9. Zhu BT, Loder DP, Cai MX, et al. Dietary administration of an extract from rosemary leaves enhances the liver microsomal metabolism of endogenous estrogens and decreases their uterotropic action in CD-1 mice. Carcinogenesis 1998;19(10):1821-7. PubMed
  10. Debersac P, Heydel JM, Amiot MJ, et al. Induction of cytochrome P450 and/or detoxication enzymes by various extracts of rosemary: description of specific patterns. Food Chem Toxicol 2001;39(9):907-18. PubMed
  11. Debersac P, Vernevaut MF, Amiot MJ, et al. Effects of a water-soluble extract of rosemary and its purified component rosmarinic acid on xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in rat liver. Food Chem Toxicol 2001;39(2):109-17. PubMed
  12. Lee JJ, Jin YR, Lee JH, et al. Antiplatelet activity of carnosic acid, a phenolic diterpene from Rosmarinus officinalis. Planta Med 2007;73(2):121-7.
  13. Yamamoto J, Yamada K, Naemura A, et al. Testing various herbs for antithrombotic effect. Nutrition 2005;21(5):580-7. PubMed
  14. Naemura A, Ura M, Yamashita T, et al. Long-term intake of rosemary and common thyme herbs inhibits experimental thrombosis without prolongation of bleeding time. Thromb Res 2008;122(4):517-22. PubMed
  15. Lee JJ, Jin YR, Lim Y, et al. Antiplatelet activity of carnosol is mediated by the inhibition of TXA2 receptor and cytosolic calcium mobilization. Vascul Pharmacol 2006;45:148-53. PubMed
  16. Bakirel, T., Bakirel, U., Keles, O. U., Ulgen, S. G., and Yardibi, H. In vivo assessment of antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) in alloxan-diabetic rabbits. J Ethnopharmacol 2-28-2008;116(1):64-73. PubMed
  17. Erenmemisoglu, A., Saraymen, R., and Ustun, S. Effect of a Rosmarinus officinalis leave extract on plasma glucose levels in normoglycaemic and diabetic mice. Pharmazie 1997;52(8):645-646.
  18. Valones MAA, Silva ICG, Gueiros LAM, Leão JC, Caldas AF Jr, Carvalho AAT. Clinical assessment of rosemary-based toothpaste (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.): A randomized controlled double-blind study. Braz Dent J. 2019;30(2):146-151. PubMed
  19. Quirarte-Báez SM, Zamora-Perez AL, Reyes-Estrada CA, et al. A shortened treatment with rosemary tea (rosmarinus officinalis) instead of glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (TSD). J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2019;26(4):e18-e28.
  20. Al Jamal A. Effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) on lipid profiles and blood glucose in human diabetic patients (type-2). African J. Biochem. Res. 2014;8(8):147-50. DOI

See these in context on the Rosemary monograph →

Pumpkin 5 references
  1. Marks L, Partin AW, Epstein JI, et al. Effects of a saw palmetto herbal blend in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 2000;163:1451-6. DOI
  2. Cho YH, Lee SY, Jeong DW, et al. Effect of pumpkin seed oil on hair growth in men with androgenetic alopecia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014;2014:549721. PubMed
  3. Vahlensieck W, Theurer C, Pfitzer E, Patz B, Banik N, Engelmann U. Effects of pumpkin seed in men with lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia in the one-year, randomized, placebo-controlled GRANU study. Urol Int 2015;94(3):286-95 PubMed
  4. Assouly P. Hair loss associated with cucurbit poisoning. JAMA Dermatol. 2018 May 1;154(5):617-618. PubMed
  5. Gawryjolek J, Ludwig H, Zbikowska-Götz M, Bartuzi Z, Krogulska A. Anaphylaxis after consumption of pumpkin seeds in a 2-y-old child tolerant to its pulp: A case study. Nutrition 2021;89:111272. PubMed

See these in context on the Pumpkin monograph →

Palm Oil 12 references
  1. Radhika MS, Bhaskaram P, Balakrishna N, Ramalakshmi BA. Red palm oil supplementation: a feasible diet-based approach to improve vitamin A status of pregnant women and their infants. Food Nutr Bull 2003;24:208-17.
  2. Zagre NM, Delpeuch F, Traissac P, Delisle H. Red palm oil as a source of vitamin A for mothers and children: impact of a pilot project in Burkina Faso. Public Health Nutr 2003;6:733-42. PubMed
  3. Lietz G, Henry CJ, Mulokozi G, et al. Comparison of the effects of supplemental red palm oil and sunflower oil on maternal vitamin A status. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:501-9. PubMed
  4. Sanchez-Muniz FJ, Oubina P, Rodenas S, et al. Platelet aggregation, thromboxane production and thrombogenic ratio in postmenopausal women consuming high oleic acid-sunflower oil or palmolein. Eur J Nutr 2003:42:299-306. PubMed
  5. Vega-Lopez, S., Ausman, L. M., Jalbert, S. M., Erkkila, A. T., and Lichtenstein, A. H. Palm and partially hydrogenated soybean oils adversely alter lipoprotein profiles compared with soybean and canola oils in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects. Am J Cli
  6. Cater, N. B., Heller, H. J., and Denke, M. A. Comparison of the effects of medium-chain triacylglycerols, palm oil, and high oleic acid sunflower oil on plasma triacylglycerol fatty acids and lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in humans. Am.J Clin.Nutr PubMed
  7. Fattore E, Bosetti C, Brighenti F, et al. Palm oil and blood lipid-related markers of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary intervention trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;99:1331-50. PubMed
  8. Sun Y, Neelakantan N, Wu Y, et al. Palm oil consumption increases LDL cholesterol compared with vegetable oils low in saturated fat in a meta-analysis of clinical trials. J Nutr 2015;145:1549-58. PubMed
  9. Chen BK, Seligman B, Farquhar JW, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD. Multi-Country analysis of palm oil consumption and cardiovascular disease mortality for countries at different stages of economic development: 1980-1997. Global Health 2011;7:45. PubMed
  10. Voon PT, Lee ST, Ng TKW, et al. Intake of palm olein and lipid status in healthy adults: a meta-analysis. Adv Nutr 2019;10(4):647-59. PubMed
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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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