Sleep Ingredients & Drug Interactions
by Gaia Herbs
What is this page for?
First and foremost: checking Sleep against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.
Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy
Sleep is a dietary supplement by Gaia Herbs with 5 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for immune support, fatigue and general well-being, stress and sleep.Based on those ingredients, 1,473 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated major. The ingredients most likely to interact are Ashwagandha Root Extract , Passionflower aerial parts extract, Jujube. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.
Check Your Meds Against Sleep by Gaia Herbs
Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Sleep by Gaia Herbs — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.
AI summaries are generated from our interaction database for education only — always confirm with your pharmacist. How we use AI
Ask the Pharmacist
A licensed pharmacist will answer your question by email — free, usually within 24 hours.
Got it — thank you!
A licensed pharmacist will answer within 24 hours. Keep an eye on your email (worth checking spam, just in case).
HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Sleep by Gaia Herbs
Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.
What’s inside
Low disclosure
Gaia Herbs Sleep contains five active ingredients. Ashwagandha root extract is the primary one, joined by passionflower aerial parts extract, reishi fruiting body extract, jujube, and orange peel essential oil.
These are suspended in a proprietary blend base and delivered as a gummy or jelly with inactive ingredients including apple and cherry juice concentrates, pectin, and other food-grade compounds.
Does it work?
Moderate evidence
Ashwagandha is possibly effective for insomnia, anxiety, stress, and generalized anxiety disorder. Passionflower is possibly effective for insomnia and pre-procedural anxiety.
The evidence isn't established in our data for reishi mushroom's sleep or anxiety effects, jujube's effects on anxiety or sleep, or orange peel essential oil's effects on any sleep or mood condition. Most of the other conditions studied for these ingredients showed insufficient evidence or were ineffective.
How safe is it?
Well-documented data
Ashwagandha is generally well tolerated short-term in healthy adults, though long-term safety data are limited. The safety data advise against it during pregnancy because it's traditionally thought to risk miscarriage, and breastfeeding safety is unknown.
Passionflower and reishi mushroom are generally well tolerated short-term, but both lack pregnancy safety data — passionflower is possibly unsafe, reishi's safety is unknown. Jujube is likely safe in pregnancy and lactation if consumed as food, but concentrated medicinal amounts haven't been well studied.
Orange peel essential oil is likely safe in normal amounts during pregnancy and lactation. Common side effects across these ingredients include drowsiness (ashwagandha, passionflower), dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, and gastrointestinal upset.
Serious adverse effects are rare but have included liver damage with ashwagandha and cases of cardiac rhythm changes or hypersensitivity reactions with passionflower.
Meds to double-check
Major interaction found
Before taking this product, check with your pharmacist if you take any of these: blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs (anticoagulants); sedatives, sleeping pills, anti-anxiety medications, or other CNS depressants including benzodiazepines; blood pressure medications (antihypertensive drugs); diabetes medications; thyroid hormone; or immune-suppressing drugs (immunosuppressants). Also double-check if you take fexofenadine (Allegra), celiprolol, ivermectin (Stromectol), or pravastatin — these carry Major-severity interactions with the orange peel oil.
Orange peel also moderately affects quinolone antibiotics and P-glycoprotein substrates.
The bottom line
Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Major medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.
This product may help with insomnia or anxiety if you have no other medications, because ashwagandha and passionflower have some evidence for those uses. But because ashwagandha, passionflower, and jujube all amplify sedation, avoid this if you're already taking sedatives, anti-anxiety drugs, or sleep aids without talking to your pharmacist first.
If you take a blood pressure drug, diabetes medication, thyroid hormone, immune-suppressing drug, or blood thinner, check with your pharmacist before adding this — and definitely check if you take fexofenadine, celiprolol, ivermectin, or pravastatin. Talk to your pharmacist or doctor before using during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI
Assessment coverage: 5 of 5 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated May 23, 2024.
This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed
General information
Key facts about Sleep, straight from the product label.
| Brand | Gaia Herbs |
|---|---|
| Barcode (UPC) | 751063152112 |
| Net contents | 40 Gummy(ies) |
| Market status | On market |
| Date entered into DSLD | May 23, 2024 |
| DSLD ID | 309578 |
| Product type | Botanical |
| Supplement form | Gummy Or Jelly |
| Dietary claims / uses | All Other, Structure/Function |
| Intended target group(s) | Adult (18 - 50 Years), Women (not pregnant or lactating), Organic |
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.
Supplement Facts
The label details for Sleep by Gaia Herbs, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.
Supplement Facts
| Ingredient | Amount | % DV |
|---|---|---|
| Calories | 15 Calorie(s) | -- |
| Total Carbohydrates | 4 Gram(s) | 1% |
| Proprietary Blend | 166 mg | -- |
| Added Sugars | 2 Gram(s) | 5% |
| Total Sugars | 3 Gram(s) | -- |
| Ashwagandha Root Extract | 140 mg | -- |
| Passionflower aerial parts extract | 136 mg | -- |
| Reishi Fruiting Body Extract | 0 NP | -- |
| Jujube | 0 NP | -- |
| Orange Peel Essential Oil | 0 NP | -- |
Other ingredients: Apple juice concentrate, Apple puree concentrate, Cherry juice concentrate, Rice Flour, Pectin, Lemon juice concentrate, Sunflower Oil, Carnauba Wax
Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements
Enter ID# at meetyourherbs.com
New
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions
Suggested use Adults chew 2 gummies 1 hour before bed. Best results obtained after 1 month of use.
Precautions
Not for use during pregnancy or lactation. If you have a medical condition, or take medications, please consult with your doctor before use.
Safety-sealed for your protection.
Store away from children.
Storage
Store out of direct sunlight and in a cool, dry place.
Formulation
Dusted with organic rice flour to reduce sticking
Certified Organic by Oregon Tilth.
Product of Germany. Plant-powered sleep support
FDA Disclaimer Statement
This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
FDA Statement of Identity
Herbal Supplement
Seals/Symbols
USDA Organic
Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.
Sleep by Gaia Herbs label
The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.
Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.
View the full label (PDF)The Ingredients in Sleep by Gaia Herbs
These are the 5 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.
Serving size2 Gummy(ies) Dosage formGummy Or Jelly Servings per container20 Amounts shown are per serving.
Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.
Proprietary Blend
Ashwagandha Root Extract
Interacts with1,372 drugs
Ashwagandha is an Ayurvedic herb most often taken to help with stress, anxiety, and sleep, and some small studies suggest it may help, though the evid...
Ashwagandha Root Extract monograph & interactionsPassionflower aerial parts extract
Interacts with836 drugs
Passion flower is a traditional calming herb that many people use for anxiety and sleep. Early studies hint it may help with mild anxiety and restless...
Passionflower aerial parts extract monograph & interactionsOther (inactive) ingredients: Apple juice concentrate, Apple puree concentrate, Cherry juice concentrate, Rice Flour, Pectin, Lemon juice concentrate, Sunflower Oil, Carnauba Wax. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.
Sleep by Gaia Herbs Drug Interactions
HelloPharmacist Interaction Report
Gaia Herbs Sleep contains five active ingredients, and several of them interact with medications.
The most serious interactions involve orange peel essential oil, which carries Major-severity effects with a handful of specific drugs: it can significantly decrease absorption of ivermectin, celiprolol, and fexofenadine, and can increase pravastatin levels — all requiring careful timing or avoidance. It also moderately affects blood thinners (anticoagulants/antiplatelet drugs) and certain antibiotics.
Read the full breakdown — every affected drug type, severity by severity
Ashwagandha root extract, the product's main ingredient, has Moderate interactions with sedatives and anti-anxiety medications (benzodiazepines), blood pressure drugs (antihypertensive drugs), medications that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants), diabetes drugs, thyroid hormone replacements, and liver-toxic drugs; it also has a Minor interaction with certain enzyme substrates. Passionflower and jujube each add Moderate sedative effects with CNS depressants and both theoretically interact with diabetes medications.
Reishi mushroom moderately affects blood pressure drugs, blood thinners, and diabetes drugs.
The product's ingredients also carry Minor interactions with certain enzyme systems (CYP3A4, CYP1A2, and OATP substrates) that may reduce how your body processes specific medications. Altogether, these interactions span 1,451 individual medications.
Run your exact medications through the checker on this page before you start.
Check your own medications below · Editorial policy · How we use AI
Want to check YOUR meds against Sleep?
Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.
Go to the checkerIngredients driving the most interactions
Individual Drug Interactions
The ingredients in Sleep interact with 1,473 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.
5 of the 5 ingredients in Sleep interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Ashwagandha Root Extract Passionflower aerial parts extract Jujube Reishi Fruiting Body Extract Orange Peel Essential Oil
AtorvastatinAtorvaliq
How Atorvastatin interacts with Sleep — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Atorvastatin interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Hepatotoxic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Atorvastatin interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Organic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might decrease the effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Atorvastatin interactionAtorvastatin CalciumLipitor
How Atorvastatin Calcium interacts with Sleep — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Atorvastatin Calcium interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Hepatotoxic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Atorvastatin Calcium interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp), Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Atorvastatin Calcium interactionBosentanTracleer
How Bosentan interacts with Sleep — through 4 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Bosentan interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Hepatotoxic Drugs +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Bosentan interactionReishi Fruiting Body ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concurrent use of reishi mushroom with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Read the full Reishi Fruiting Body Extract + Bosentan interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Organic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might decrease the effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Bosentan interactionBrincidofovirTembexa
How Brincidofovir interacts with Sleep — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Brincidofovir interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Brincidofovir interactionCeliprololCelicard
How Celiprolol interacts with Sleep — through 4 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp), Celiprolol (celicard) +1 Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Celiprolol interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Antihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Celiprolol interactionReishi Fruiting Body ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concurrent use of reishi mushroom with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Read the full Reishi Fruiting Body Extract + Celiprolol interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Celiprolol interactionCerivastatin SodiumBaycol
How Cerivastatin Sodium interacts with Sleep — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Cerivastatin Sodium interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Hepatotoxic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Cerivastatin Sodium interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Cerivastatin Sodium interactionCinoxacinCinobac
How Cinoxacin interacts with Sleep — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp), Quinolone Antibiotics Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Cinoxacin interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Hepatotoxic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Cinoxacin interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Cinoxacin interactionCiprofloxacinCiloxan, Cipro, Cipro IV, Cipro XR, Ciprobay, Otiprio
How Ciprofloxacin interacts with Sleep — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp), Quinolone Antibiotics Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Ciprofloxacin interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Hepatotoxic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Ciprofloxacin interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Ciprofloxacin interactionCiprofloxacin, HydrocortisoneCipro HC Otic
How Ciprofloxacin, Hydrocortisone interacts with Sleep — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Ciprofloxacin, Hydrocortisone interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Ciprofloxacin, Hydrocortisone interactionClinafloxacinClinafloxacin
How Clinafloxacin interacts with Sleep — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp), Quinolone Antibiotics Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Clinafloxacin interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Clinafloxacin interactionEnoxacinPenetrex
How Enoxacin interacts with Sleep — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp), Quinolone Antibiotics Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Enoxacin interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Enoxacin interactionEtoposideEtopophos, VePesid, VP16
How Etoposide interacts with Sleep — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilP-glycoprotein Substrates, Organic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Major
Interaction Summary
Sweet orange juice seems to modulate P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which might affect the blood levels of P-gp substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Etoposide interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp), Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Etoposide interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Etoposide interactionEzetimibe, AtorvastatinLiptruzet
How Ezetimibe, Atorvastatin interacts with Sleep — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Ezetimibe, Atorvastatin interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Hepatotoxic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Ezetimibe, Atorvastatin interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp), Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Ezetimibe, Atorvastatin interactionFexofenadineAllegra
How Fexofenadine interacts with Sleep — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp), Fexofenadine (allegra) +1 Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Fexofenadine interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Fexofenadine interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp), Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Fexofenadine interactionFexofenadine, PseudoephedrineAllegra D
How Fexofenadine, Pseudoephedrine interacts with Sleep — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilP-glycoprotein Substrates, Organic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) +1 Major
Interaction Summary
Sweet orange juice seems to modulate P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which might affect the blood levels of P-gp substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Fexofenadine, Pseudoephedrine interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Organic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might decrease the effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Fexofenadine, Pseudoephedrine interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Fexofenadine, Pseudoephedrine interactionFluvastatinLescol, Lescol XL
How Fluvastatin interacts with Sleep — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Fluvastatin interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Hepatotoxic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Fluvastatin interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Fluvastatin interactionGatifloxacinTequin, Tequin Injection
How Gatifloxacin interacts with Sleep — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp), Quinolone Antibiotics Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Gatifloxacin interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Hepatotoxic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Gatifloxacin interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Gatifloxacin interactionGemifloxacinFactive
How Gemifloxacin interacts with Sleep — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp), Quinolone Antibiotics Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Gemifloxacin interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Gemifloxacin interactionGlyburideAlbert Glyburide, Diabeta, Glycron, Glynase, Glynase PresTab, Micronase +1 more
How Glyburide interacts with Sleep — through 5 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Glyburide interactionJujubeAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, zizyphus might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Read the full Jujube + Glyburide interactionReishi Fruiting Body ExtractAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, reishi mushroom might have additive effects with antidiabetes drugs.
Read the full Reishi Fruiting Body Extract + Glyburide interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Hepatotoxic Drugs, Antidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Glyburide interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Glyburide interactionGlyburide, MetforminGlucovance
How Glyburide, Metformin interacts with Sleep — through 5 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Glyburide, Metformin interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Antidiabetes Drugs, Hepatotoxic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Glyburide, Metformin interactionReishi Fruiting Body ExtractAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, reishi mushroom might have additive effects with antidiabetes drugs.
Read the full Reishi Fruiting Body Extract + Glyburide, Metformin interactionJujubeAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, zizyphus might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Read the full Jujube + Glyburide, Metformin interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Glyburide, Metformin interactionGrepafloxacinRaxar
How Grepafloxacin interacts with Sleep — through 4 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp), Quinolone Antibiotics Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Grepafloxacin interactionJujubeCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, zizyphus might decrease the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Jujube + Grepafloxacin interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Grepafloxacin interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Grepafloxacin interactionIrinotecanCamptosar, Onivyde
How Irinotecan interacts with Sleep — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Irinotecan interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Irinotecan interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Organic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might decrease the effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Irinotecan interactionIrinotecan Hydrochloride
How Irinotecan Hydrochloride interacts with Sleep — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Irinotecan Hydrochloride interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp), Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Irinotecan Hydrochloride interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Irinotecan Hydrochloride interactionIsoniazid, Pyrazinamide, RifampinRifater
How Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Rifampin interacts with Sleep — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Rifampin interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Hepatotoxic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Rifampin interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Rifampin interactionIsoniazid, RifampinRifamate
How Isoniazid, Rifampin interacts with Sleep — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Isoniazid, Rifampin interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Hepatotoxic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Isoniazid, Rifampin interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Isoniazid, Rifampin interactionIvermectinMectizan, Sklice, Soolantra, Stromectol
How Ivermectin interacts with Sleep — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilP-glycoprotein Substrates, Ivermectin (stromectol, Others) Major
Interaction Summary
Sweet orange juice seems to modulate P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which might affect the blood levels of P-gp substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Ivermectin interactionLevofloxacinLeva-pak, Levaquin, Levaquin Injection
How Levofloxacin interacts with Sleep — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp), Quinolone Antibiotics Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Levofloxacin interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Hepatotoxic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Levofloxacin interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Levofloxacin interactionLevofloxacin (ophthalmic)Levofloxacin
How Levofloxacin (ophthalmic) interacts with Sleep — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp), Quinolone Antibiotics Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Levofloxacin (ophthalmic) interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Levofloxacin (ophthalmic) interactionLomefloxacinMaxaquin
How Lomefloxacin interacts with Sleep — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp), Quinolone Antibiotics Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Lomefloxacin interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Hepatotoxic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Lomefloxacin interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Lomefloxacin interactionLovastatinAltocor, Mevacor
How Lovastatin interacts with Sleep — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Orange Peel Essential OilOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp) Major
Interaction Summary
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates.
Read the full Orange Peel Essential Oil + Lovastatin interactionAshwagandha Root Extract Hepatotoxic Drugs, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Read the full Ashwagandha Root Extract + Lovastatin interactionPassionflower Aerial Parts ExtractOrganic Anion-transporting Polypeptide Substrates (oatp), Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Passionflower Aerial Parts Extract + Lovastatin interactionEach ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects
For each ingredient in Sleep with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.
Ashwagandha Root Extract
Antidiabetes Drugs
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
There is preliminary clinical evidence suggesting that ashwagandha might lower blood glucose levels. Theoretically, ashwagandha might have additive effects when used with antidiabetes drugs and increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Antihypertensive Drugs
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Animal research suggests that ashwagandha might lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Theoretically, ashwagandha might have additive effects when used with antihypertensive drugs and increase the risk of hypotension.
Benzodiazepines
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha might increase the sedative effects of benzodiazepines.
There is preliminary evidence that ashwagandha might have an additive effect with diazepam (Valium) and clonazepam (Klonopin). This may also occur with other benzodiazepines.
Cns Depressants
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha might increase the sedative effects of CNS depressants.
Ashwagandha seems to have sedative effects. Theoretically, this may potentiate the effects of barbiturates, other sedatives, and anxiolytics.
Hepatotoxic Drugs
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Ashwagandha has been linked to cases of acute hepatitis, liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy, autoimmune hepatitis, the need for liver transplantation, and death due to liver failure.
Immunosuppressants
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha might decrease the effects of immunosuppressants.
Ashwagandha has demonstrated immunostimulant effects in humans. Animal research has shown that ashwagandha can attenuate the immunosuppression caused by cyclophosphamide.
Thyroid Hormone
Ashwagandha might increase the effects and adverse effects of thyroid hormone.
Concomitant use of ashwagandha with thyroid hormones may cause additive therapeutic and adverse effects. Preliminary clinical research and animal studies suggest that ashwagandha boosts thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion. In one clinical study, ashwagandha increased triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels by 41.5% and 19.6%, respectively, and reduced serum TSH levels by 17.4% from baseline in adults with subclinical hypothyroidism.
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
In vitro research shows that ashwagandha extract induces CYP1A2 enzymes.
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
In vitro research shows that ashwagandha extract induces CYP3A4 enzymes.
Serotonergic Drugs
Some animal studies have reported that ashwagandha can enhance serotonergic transmission by altering certain serotonin (5-HT) receptors. However, there is no evidence to suggest that ashwagandha increases the risk of serotonin-related effects, and there have been no published case reports of serotonin syndrome when combined with other serotonergic drugs. Nevertheless, due to the lack of extensive studies on the matter and the fact that ashwagandha appears to affect serotonergic pathways, it would be prudent to exercise caution when combining it with drugs that affect serotonin. [References: - Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwaga ndha) on Stress and the Stress-Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2021 Sep 14; 19: 1468–1495. - A Prospective, Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Safety and Efficacy of a High-Concentration Full-Spectrum Extract of Ashwagandha Root in Reducing Stress and Anxiety in Adults. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3573577/]
Passionflower aerial parts extract
Cns Depressants
Concomitant use of passion flower with sedative drugs might cause additive effects and side effects.
Research in animals and humans shows that passion flower has sedative effects which can be additive when used with sedative medications like lorazepam.
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates
Theoretically, passion flower might decrease the effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
In vitro research suggests that passion flower can induce CYP3A4 enzymes, albeit to a much lower degree than rifampin, a known CYP3A4 inducer.
Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide Substrates (Oatp)
Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
In vitro research shows that the passion flower constituents apigenin and vitexin inhibit OATP2B1 and OATP1A2. This inhibition may be dose-dependent. One specific high-flavonoid passion flower extract (Valverde) seems to inhibit OATP2B1 and OATP1A2, while another extract with a lower flavonoid concentration (Arkocaps) shows less potent inhibition. OATPs are responsible for the uptake of drugs and other compounds into the body; however, the specific activities of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 are not well characterized.
Jujube
Antidiabetes Drugs
Theoretically, zizyphus might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Animal research shows that zizyphus has hypoglycemic activity. However, a small clinical study shows that zizyphus fruit powder does not reduce fasting blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Cns Depressants
Theoretically, zizyphus might cause additive sedative effects when taken with CNS depressants.
Some animal research has found that various parts of zizyphus have sedative effects. However, other animal research shows that zizyphus plant extract does not alter sleep parameters when used in combination with pentobarbital.
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates
Theoretically, zizyphus might decrease the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Animal research shows that zizyphus induces CYP1A2 enzymes. However, this effect has not been reported in humans.
Reishi Fruiting Body Extract
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs
Theoretically, high doses of reishi mushroom might increase the risk of bleeding.
A dose of 1.5 grams daily of reishi mushroom does not seem to decrease platelet aggregation, but a higher dose of 3 grams daily does.
Antidiabetes Drugs
Theoretically, reishi mushroom might have additive effects with antidiabetes drugs.
Animal research suggests that reishi mushroom decreases blood sugar. However, in patients with type 2 diabetes, taking reishi mushroom does not reduce fasting glucose levels, and its effects on glycated hemoglobin are inconsistent.
Antihypertensive Drugs
Theoretically, concurrent use of reishi mushroom with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Reishi mushroom has shown hypotensive activity in animal research. Clinical evidence suggests that reishi mushroom reduces blood pressure in some, but not all, patients with hypertension.
Orange Peel Essential Oil
Celiprolol (Celicard)
Consuming sweet orange with celiprolol can decrease oral absorption of celiprolol.
A pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers shows that celiprolol levels, after a single dose of 100 mg, are decreased by up to 90% in people who drink sweet orange juice 200 mL three times daily. It's not known if lower consumption of sweet orange juice will have the same effect. Theoretically, this occurs due to short-term inhibition of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP). Recommend separating drug administration and consumption of sweet orange by at least 4 hours.
Ivermectin (Stromectol, Others)
Consuming sweet orange juice with ivermectin can decrease the oral absorption of ivermectin.
A pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers shows that taking ivermectin orally with sweet orange juice 750 mL over 4 hours reduces the bioavailability of ivermectin. This effect does not seem to be related to effects on P-glycoprotein. The effect on ivermectin is more pronounced in males compared to females.
Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide Substrates (Oatp)
Consuming sweet orange juice can decrease oral absorption of OATP substrates. Separate administration by at least 4 hours.
Clinical research shows that consuming sweet orange juice inhibits OATP, which reduces bioavailability of oral drugs that are substrates of OATP. For example, sweet orange juice decreases bioavailability of fexofenadine, a substrate of OATP, by about 72% and of celiprolol, another OATP substrate, by up to 90%. Since sweet orange juice seems to affect OATP for a short time, recommend separating drug administration and consumption of sweet orange juice by at least 4 hours.
Pravastatin (Pravachol)
Consuming sweet orange juice with pravastatin can increase the absorption of pravastatin.
A small pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers shows that consuming sweet orange juice 800 mL over 3 hours, including before, during, and after taking pravastatin 10 mg, increases pravastatin levels by about 149%, without affecting pravastatin elimination. Theoretically this effect might be due to modulation of organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) by sweet orange juice. Sweet orange juice does not seem to affect simvastatin levels, but it is not known if sweet orange affects any of the other statins.
Fexofenadine (Allegra)
Consuming sweet orange juice with fexofenadine can decrease oral absorption of fexofenadine.
Clinical research shows that coadministration of sweet orange juice 1200 mL decreases bioavailability of fexofenadine by about 72%. In an animal model, sweet orange juice decreased bioavailability of fexofenadine by 31%. Fexofenadine manufacturer data indicates that concomitant administration of sweet orange juice and fexofenadine results in larger wheal and flare sizes in research models. This suggests that sweet orange reduces the clinical response to fexofenadine. Theoretically, this occurs due to short-term inhibition of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP). Recommend separating drug administration and consumption of sweet orange by at least 4 hours.
P-Glycoprotein Substrates
Sweet orange juice seems to modulate P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which might affect the blood levels of P-gp substrates.
Animal and in vitro research suggest that orange juice extract inhibits drug efflux by P-gp, increasing absorption and levels of P-gp substrates. In contrast, pharmacokinetic research in humans shows that drinking large amounts of sweet orange juice decreases absorption and levels of the P-gp substrate celiprolol. This suggests that orange juice actually induces drug efflux by P-gp or affects drug levels by another mechanism such as inhibiting the gut drug transporter called organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP). Until more is known, sweet orange juice should be used cautiously in people taking P-gp substrates.
Quinolone Antibiotics
Calcium-fortified sweet orange juice might reduce quinolone absorption.
Calcium binds to quinolones in the gut. Theoretically, the calcium in certain fortified orange juices can also bind to quinolone antibiotics and reduce their absorption and levels.
Brand information
Manufacturer and brand details for Sleep, from the product label.
Gaia Herbs
See all Gaia Herbs products- Name
- Gaia Herbs, Inc.
- Street Address
- 101 Gaia Herbs Dr.
- City
- Brevard
- State
- NC
- ZipCode
- 28712
- Web Address
- meetyourherbs.com
Sleep by Gaia Herbs: Common Questions
Does Sleep by Gaia Herbs interact with any medications?
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Where does this information come from?
Is ashwagandha in this product safe to take while I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
Can this make me drowsy?
What is jujube and why is it in a sleep product?
Does this product actually work for insomnia?
I take a blood pressure medication. Can I use this product?
What's orange peel essential oil doing in a sleep gummy?
Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy
Not sure if Sleep is safe with your meds?
Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.
Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.
The Full Monographs Behind Sleep’s Ingredients
Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.
Reishi Mushroom
Interacts with 375 drugsReishi is a traditional Asian mushroom widely used to support the immune system and overall wellness. Human evidence for most of its claimed benefits is limited or low-quality, so it should...
Read the full Reishi Mushroom monograph → Herb & supplement monographZizyphus
Interacts with 469 drugsZizyphus (jujube) is an edible fruit and traditional remedy used mainly for sleep, anxiety, and digestion. The fruit is a nutritious food, but human evidence for its medicinal benefits is li...
Read the full Zizyphus monograph → Herb & supplement monographSweet Orange
Interacts with 246 drugsSweet orange is a common citrus fruit that is a good source of vitamin C, fiber, and antioxidants, and is enjoyed as a food worldwide. Its peel and essential oil are used in aromatherapy and...
Read the full Sweet Orange monograph → Herb & supplement monographAshwagandha
Interacts with 1,372 drugsAshwagandha is an Ayurvedic herb most often taken to help with stress, anxiety, and sleep, and some small studies suggest it may help, though the evidence is still limited. It is generally w...
Read the full Ashwagandha monograph → Herb & supplement monographPassion Flower
Interacts with 836 drugsPassion flower is a traditional calming herb that many people use for anxiety and sleep. Early studies hint it may help with mild anxiety and restlessness, but the evidence is limited and mo...
Read the full Passion Flower monograph →Sources & How We Checked
Sleep's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.
- NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) — The official product label on file for this supplement.
- Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) — Evidence-graded clinical reference behind the ingredient interaction data.
Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.
The 100 references behind this product’s interaction data
Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.
Ashwagandha 32 references
- McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
- Upton R, ed. Ashwagandha Root (Withania somnifera): Analytical, quality control, and therapuetic monograph. Santa Cruz, CA: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia 2000:1-25.
- Davis L, Kuttan G. Effect of Withania somnifera on cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity. Cancer Lett 2000;148:9-17. PubMed
- Davis L, Kuttan G. Suppressive effect of cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity by Withania somnifera extract in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 1998;62:209-14. PubMed
- Mishra LC, Singh BB, Dagenais S. Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): a review. Altern Med Rev 2000;5:334-46. DOI
- Andallu B, Radhika B. Hypoglycemic, diuretic and hypocholesterolemic effect of winter cherry (Withania somnifera, Dunal) root. Indian J Exp Biol 2000;38:607-9.
- Kulkarni RR, Patki PS, Jog VP, et al. Treatment of osteoarthritis with a herbomineral formulation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. J Ethnopharmacol 1991;33:91-5. PubMed
- Ahumada F, Aspee F, Wikman G, Hancke J. Withania somnifera exract. Its effects on arterial blood pressure in anaesthetized dogs. Phytother Res 1991;5:111-14.
- Panda S, Kar A. Withania somnifera and Bauhinia purpurea in the regulation of circulating thyroid hormone concentrations in female mice. J Ethnopharmacol 1999;67:233-39. PubMed
- Panda S, Kar A. Changes in thyroid hormone concentrations after administration of ashwagandha root extract to adult male mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 1998;50:1065-68. PubMed
- Sehgal, V. N., Verma, P., and Bhattacharya, S. N. Fixed-drug eruption caused by ashwagandha (Withania somnifera): a widely used Ayurvedic drug. Skinmed. 2012;10(1):48-49.
- Agnihotri AP, Sontakke SD, Thawani VR, Saoji A, Goswami VS. Effects of Withania somnifera in patients of schizophrenia: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled pilot trial study. Indian J Pharmacol. 2013;45(4):417-8. PubMed
- Biswal BM, Sulaiman SA, Ismail HC, Zakaria H, Musa KI. Effect of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on the development of chemotherapy-induced fatigue and quality of life in breast cancer patients. Integr Cancer Ther. 2013;12(4):312-22.
- Sharma AK, Basu I, Singh S. Efficacy and safety of Ashwagandha root extract in subclinical hypothyroid patients: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2018 Mar;24(3):243-248. PubMed
- Durg S, Bavage S, Shivaram SB. Withania somnifera (Indian ginseng) in diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of scientific evidence from experimental research to clinical application. Phytother Res. 2020;34(5):1041-1059.
- Björnsson HK, Björnsson ES, Avula B, et al. Ashwagandha-induced liver injury: A case series from Iceland and the US Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network. Liver Int. 2020;40(4):825-829. PubMed
- Tharakan A, Shukla H, Benny IR, Tharakan M, George L, Koshy S. Immunomodulatory Effect of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) Extract-A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial with an Open Label Extension on Healthy Participants. J Clin Med 2021;1 PubMed
- Ireland PJ, Hardy T, Burt AD, Donnelly MC. Drug-induced hepatocellular injury due to herbal supplement ashwagandha. J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2021;51(4):363-365. PubMed
- Kamal HI, Patel K, Brdak A, Heffernan J, Ahmad N. Ashwagandha as a unique cause of thyrotoxicosis presenting with supraventricular tachycardia. Cureus. 2022 Mar 25;14(3):e23494. PubMed
- Suryawanshi G, Abdallah M, Thomson M, Desai N, Chauhan A, Lim N. Ashwagandha-Associated Acute Liver Failure Requiring Liver Transplantation. Am J Ther 2023;30(1):e80-e83. PubMed
- Pusec CM, Wolsky R, Llerena C, Sura P. A Case of Supplement-Induced Hepatitis. Cureus 2022;14(10):e30433. PubMed
- Ajgaonkar A, Jain M, Debnath K. Efficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract for Improvement of Sexual Health in Healthy Women: A Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Cureus 2022;14(10):e30787. PubMed
- Haron MH, Dale O, Martin K, et al. Evaluation of the Herb-Drug Interaction Potential of Commonly Used Botanicals on the US Market with Regard to PXR- and AhR-Mediated Influences on CYP3A4 and CYP1A2. J Diet Suppl 2022. PubMed
- Lubarska M, Halasinski P, Hryhorowicz S, et al. Liver Dangers of Herbal Products: A Case Report of Ashwagandha-Induced Liver Injury. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023;20(5):3921. PubMed
- Tóth M, Benedek AE, Longerich T, Seitz HK. Ashwagandha-induced acute liver injury: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2023;11(3):e7078.
- Bokan G, Glamocanin T, Mavija Z, et al. Herb-Induced Liver Injury by Ayurvedic Ashwagandha as Assessed for Causality by the Updated RUCAM: An Emerging Cause. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023;16(8):1129. PubMed
- Patel PA, Sanborn E, Then R, Williams DM. Recurrent Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome: A Report of Two Cases. Cureus 2023;15(8):e42992. PubMed
- Majeed M, Nagabhushanam K, Murali A, Vishwanathan DT, Mamidala RV, Mundkur L. A Standardized Withania somniferra (Linn.) Root Extract with Piperine Alleviates the Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression by Increasing Serotonin Levels: A Double-Blind, Randomize
- Philips CA, Valsan A, Theruvath AH, et al. Ashwagandha-induced liver injury-A case series from India and literature review. Hepatol Commun 2023;7(10):e0270. PubMed
- Hayashi M, Hamada H, Azuma SI, Hayashi K. Painless Thyroiditis by Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha). Cureus 2024;16(3):e55352. PubMed
- Vazirani S, Kothari A, Fujimoto J, Gomez M. Supplements Are Not a Synonym for Safe: Suspected Liver Injury From Ashwagandha. Fed Pract 2023;40(9):315-319. PubMed
- Patel M, Newell R, Hillier M, Ramalingam R. Herbal remedies as a potential cause of hypoadrenalism. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2024;85(6):1-4. PubMed
Passion Flower 19 references
- Newall CA, Anderson LA, Philpson JD. Herbal Medicine: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. London, UK: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1996.
- The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
- Fisher AA, Purcell P, Le Couteur DG. Toxicity of Passiflora incarnata L. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2000;38:63-6.
- Akhondzadeh S, Naghavi HR, Shayeganpour A, et al. Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam. J Clin Pharm Ther 2001;26:363-7. PubMed
- Farnsworth N, Bingel A, Cordell G, et al. Potential value of plants as sources of new antifertility agents I. J Pharm Sci 1975;64:535-98. DOI
- Mori A, Hasegawa K, Murasaki M, et al. Clinical evaluation of Passiflamin (passiflora extract) on neurosis - multicenter double blind study in comparison with mexazolam. Rinsho Hyoka (Clinical Evaluation) 1993;21:383-440.
- Miyasaka LS, Atallah AN, Soares BG. Passiflora for anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(1):CD004518. DOI
- Speroni E., Minghetti A. Neuropharmacological activity of extracts from Passiflora incarnata. Planta Med. 1988;54:488-91.
- Capasso A., Sorrentino L. Pharmacological studies on the sedative and hypnotic effect of Kava kava and Passiflora extracts combination. Phytomedicine. 2005;12:39-45. PubMed
- Carrasco MC, Vallejo JR, Pardo-de-Santayana M, et al. Interactions of Valeriana officinalis L. and Passiflora incarnata L. in a patient treated with lorazepam. Phytother Res. 2009 Dec;23:1795-6.
- Smith, G. W., Chalmers, T. M., and Nuki, G. Vasculitis associated with herbal preparation containing Passiflora extract. Br J Rheumatol. 1993;32(1):87-88.
- Soulimani, R., Younos, C., Jarmouni, S., Bousta, D., Misslin, R., and Mortier, F. Behavioural effects of Passiflora incarnata L. and its indole alkaloid and flavonoid derivatives and maltol in the mouse. J Ethnopharmacol. 1997;57(1):11-20. PubMed
- Nojoumi M, Ghaeli P, Salimi S, Sharifi A, Raisi F. Effects of Passion Flower Extract, as an Add-On Treatment to Sertraline, on Reaction Time in Patients ?with Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. Iran J Psychiatry. 2016;1
- Rokhtabnak F, Ghodraty MR, Kholdebarin A, et al. Comparing the Effect of Preoperative Administration of Melatonin and Passiflora incarnata on Postoperative Cognitive Disorders in Adult Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery. Anesth Pain Med. 2016;7(1):e4123 PubMed
- Dantas LP, de Oliveira-Ribeiro A, de Almeida-Souza LM, Groppo FC. Effects of passiflora incarnata and midazolam for control of anxiety in patients undergoing dental extraction. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2017;22(1):e95-e101. PubMed
- Ozturk Z, Kalayci CC. Pregnancy outcomes in psychiatric patients treated with passiflora incarnata. Complement Ther Med. 2018 Feb;36:30-32. PubMed
- da Cunha RS, Amorim KS, Gercina AC, et al. Herbal medicines as anxiolytics prior to third molar surgical extraction. A randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2020. PubMed
- Schäfer AM, Gilgen PM, Spirgi C, et al. Constituents of Passiflora incarnata, but Not of Valeriana officinalis, Interact with the Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides (OATP)2B1 and OATP1A2. Planta Med. 2021. PubMed
- Mazzari ALDA, Lacerda MG, Milton FA, et al. In vitro effects of European and Latin-American medicinal plants in CYP3A4 gene expression, glutathione levels, and P-glycoprotein activity. Front Pharmacol 2022;13:826395. PubMed
Reishi Mushroom 17 references
- McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
- Tao J, Feng KY. Experimental and clinical studies on inhibitory effect of ganoderma lucidum on platelet aggregation. J Tongji Med Univ 1990;10:240-3. PubMed
- Singh AB, Gupta SK, Pereira BM, Prakash D. Sensitization to Ganoderma lucidum in patients with respiratory allergy in India. Clin Exp Allergy 1995;25:440-7.
- Lee SY, Rhee HM. Cardiovascular effects of mycelium extract of Ganoderma lucidum: inhibition of sympathetic outflow as a mechanism of its hypotensive action. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1990;38:1359-64. PubMed
- Kwok Y, Ng KFJ, Li, CCF, et al. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the platelet and global hemostatic effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Ling-Zhi) in healthy volunteers. Anesth Analg 2005;101:423-6. PubMed
- Wanmuang, H., Leopairut, J., Kositchaiwat, C., Wananukul, W., and Bunyaratvej, S. Fatal fulminant hepatitis associated with Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi) mushroom powder. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007;90(1):179-181.
- Seto, S. W., Lam, T. Y., Tam, H. L., Au, A. L., Chan, S. W., Wu, J. H., Yu, P. H., Leung, G. P., Ngai, S. M., Yeung, J. H., Leung, P. S., Lee, S. M., and Kwan, Y. W. Novel hypoglycemic effects of Ganoderma lucidum water-extract in obese/diabetic (+db/+db
- Chu, T. T., Benzie, I. F., Lam, C. W., Fok, B. S., Lee, K. K., and Tomlinson, B. Study of potential cardioprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi): results of a controlled human intervention trial. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107(7):1017-1027.
- Jin, X., Ruiz, Beguerie J., Sze, D. M., and Chan, G. C. Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) for cancer treatment. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;6:CD007731.
- Kabir, Y., Kimura, S., and Tamura, T. Dietary effect of Ganoderma lucidum mushroom on blood pressure and lipid levels in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). J Nutr Sci Vitaminol.(Tokyo) 1988;34(4):433-438. PubMed
- Kanmatsuse, K., Kajiwara, N., Hayashi, K., Shimogaichi, S., Fukinbara, I., Ishikawa, H., and Tamura, T. [Studies on Ganoderma lucidum. I. Efficacy against hypertension and side effects]. Yakugaku Zasshi 1985;105(10):942-947. PubMed
- Gao, Y., Lan, J., Dai, X., Ye, J., and Zhou, S. A Phase I/II Study of Ling Zhi Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum(W.Curt: Fr.) Lloyd (Aphyllophoromycetideae) Extract in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 2004;6. DOI
- Jin H, Zhang G, Cao X, and et al. Treatment of hypertension by linzhi combined with hypotensor and its effects on arterial, arteriolar and capillary pressure and microcirculation. In: Niimi H, Xiu RJ, Sawada T, and et al. Microcirculatory Approach to Asi
- Klupp NL, Chang D, Hawke F, Kiat H, Cao H, Grant SJ, Bensoussan A. Ganoderma lucidum mushroom for the treatment of cardiovascular risk factors. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Feb 17;2:CD007259. PubMed
- Zhao H, Zhang Q, Zhao L, Huang X, Wang J, Kang X. Spore Powder of Ganoderma lucidum Improves Cancer-Related Fatigue in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Endocrine Therapy: A Pilot Clinical Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:809614.
- Pazzi F, Adsuar JC, Domínguez-Muñoz FJ, García-Gordillo MA, Gusi N, Collado-Mateo D. Ganoderma lucidum effects on mood and health-related quality of life in women with fibromyalgia. Healthcare (Basel) 2020;8(4):520. PubMed
- Kogure T, Koiwai A, Fukushi D, et al. Hypereosinophilia with hepatic nodule formation caused by Ganoderma lucidum. Intern Med 2021;60(24):3897-3903.
Zizyphus 15 references
- Adzu, B., Amos, S., Dzarma, S., Wambebe, C., and Gamaniel, K. Effect of Zizyphus spina-christi Willd aqueous extract on the central nervous system in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;79(1):13-16.
- Cisse, A., Ndiaye, A., Lopez-Sall, P., Seck, F., Faye, B., and Faye, B. [Antidiabetic activity of Zizyphus mauritiana Lam (Rhamnaceae)]. Dakar Med 2000;45(2):105-107.
- Abdel-Zaher, A. O., Salim, S. Y., Assaf, M. H., and Abdel-Hady, R. H. Antidiabetic activity and toxicity of Zizyphus spina-christi leaves. J Ethnopharmacol. 10-3-2005;101(1-3):129-138. PubMed
- Nesseem, D. I., Michel, C. G., Sleem, A. A., and El-Alfy, T. S. Formulation and evaluation of antihyperglycemic leaf extracts of Zizyphus spina-christi (L.) Willd. Pharmazie 2009;64(2):104-109. DOI
- Anand, K. K., Singh, B., Chand, D., Chandan, B. K., and Gupta, V. N. Effect of Zizyphus sativa leaves on blood glucose levels in normal and alloxan-diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 1989;27(1-2):121-127. PubMed
- Morishita, S., Mishima, Y., Hirai, Y., Saito, T., and Shoji, M. Pharmacological studies of water extract of the Zizyphus seed and the Zizyphus seed containing drug. Gen Pharmacol 1987;18(6):637-641. PubMed
- Watanabe, I., Saito, H., and Takagi, K. Pharmacological studies of Zizyphus seeds. Jpn J Pharmacol 1973;23(4):563-571. DOI
- Wu, S. X., Zhang, J. X., Xu, T., Li, L. F., Zhao, S. Y., and Lan, M. Y. [Effects of seeds, leaves and fruits of Ziziphus spinosa and jujuboside A on central nervous system function]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1993;18(11):685-4.
- Glombitza, K. W., Mahran, G. H., Mirhom, Y. W., Michel, K. G., and Motawi, T. K. Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effects of Zizyphus spina-christi in rats. Planta Med 1994;60(3):244-247.
- Jarald, E. E., Joshi, S. B., and Jain, D. C. Antidiabetic activity of extracts and fraction of <it>Zizyphus mauritiana. Pharmaceutical Biology 2009;47:328-334.
- Ebrahimimd S, Ashkani-Esfahani S, Poormahmudibs A. Investigating the efficacy of zizyphus jujuba on neonatal jaundice. Iran J Pediatr. 2011 Sep;21(3):320-4.
- Hajhashemi V, Safaei A. Hypnotic effect of Coriandrum sativum, Ziziphus jujuba, Lavandula angustifolia and Melissa officinalis extracts in mice. Res Pharm Sci. 2015 Nov-Dec;10(6):477-84.
- Jing XY, Peng YR, Wang XM, Duan JA. Effects of Ziziphus jujuba fruit extracts on cytochrome P450 (CYP1A2) activity in rats. Chin J Nat Med. 2015 Aug;13(8):588-94. PubMed
- Irannejad Niri Z, Shidfar F, Jabbari M, et al. The effect of dried Ziziphus vulgaris on glycemic control, lipid profile, apo-proteins and hs-CRP in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Food Biochem 2020; Mar 30
- Shergis JL, Hyde A, Meaklim H, Varma P, Da Costa C, Jackson ML. Medicinal seeds Ziziphus spinosa for insomnia: a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over, feasibility clinical trial. Complement Ther Med 2021;57:102657. PubMed
Sweet Orange 17 references
- Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
- FDA, CFSAN. FDA-approved potassium health claim notification for potassium containing foods. 2000. Available at: www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/hclm-k.html.
- Kurowska EM, Spence JD, Jordan J, et al. HDL-cholesterol-raising effect of orange juice in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:1095-100. PubMed
- Murry JJ, Healy MD. Drug-mineral interactions: a new responsibility for the hospital dietician. J Am Diet Assoc 1991;91:66-73.
- Bailey DG, Dresser GK, Munoz C, et al. Reduction of fexofenadine bioavailability by fruit juices. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001;69:P21.
- Pletz MW, Petzold P, Allen A, et al. Effect of calcium carbonate on bioavailability of orally administered gemifloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:2158-60.. PubMed
- Lilja JJ, Juntti-Patinen L, Neuvonen PJ. Orange juice substantially reduces the bioavailability of the beta-adrenergic-blocking agent celiprolol. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;75:184-90.
- Tian R, Koyabu N, Takanaga H, et al. Effects of grapefruit juice and orange juice on the intestinal efflux of P-glycoprotein substrates. Pharm Res 2002;19:802-9. PubMed
- Vanapalli SR, Chen Y, Ellingrod VL, et al. Orange juice decreases the oral bioavailability of ivermectin in health volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;73 (Abstract PDII-A-10):P94.
- Huang SM, Lesko LJ. Drug-drug, drug-dietary supplement, and drug-citrus fruit and other food interactions: what have we learned? J Clin Pharmacol 2004;44:559-69. PubMed
- Koitabashi Y, Kumai T, Matsumoto N, et al. Orange juice increased the bioavailability of pravastatin, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase inhibitor, in rats and healthy human subjects. Life Sci 2006;78:2852-9. PubMed
- Takanaga H, Ohnishi A, Yamada S, et al. Polymethoxylated flavones in orange juice are inhibitors of P-glycoprotein but not cytochrome P450 3A4. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000;293:230-6. DOI
- Greenblatt DJ. Analysis of drug interactions involving fruit beverages and organic anion-transporting polypeptides. J Clin Pharmacol 2009;49:1403-7. PubMed
- Bailey DG. Fruit juice inhibition of uptake transport: a new type of food-drug interaction. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010;70:645-55. PubMed
- Kamath AV, Yao M, Zhang Y, Chong S. Effect of fruit juices on the oral bioavailability of fexofenadine in rats. J Pharm Sci 2005;94:233-9. PubMed
- Kays MB, Overholser BR, Mueller BA, et al. Effects of sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium acetate on the oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42(6):1253-9. PubMed
- Neuhofel, A. L., Wilton, J. H., Victory, J. M., Hejmanowsk, L. G., and Amsden, G. W. Lack of bioequivalence of ciprofloxacin when administered with calcium-fortified orange juice: a new twist on an old interaction. J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;42(4):461-466. DOI
Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.
DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.
© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC