Major interaction on record — check this product against your medications before combining. Based on 11 of 35 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

SyntheSize Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by VPX

SyntheSize label
See full label image
Powder Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Major
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 23, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking SyntheSize against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Major

SyntheSize is a dietary supplement by VPX with 35 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for replacing fluids and electrolytes, preventing dehydration during exercise or illness, treating low blood sodium (under medical care).Based on those ingredients, 275 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated major. The ingredients most likely to interact are Sodium, Casein Protein hydrolysate, Whey Protein Isolate. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

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Check Your Meds Against SyntheSize by VPX

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with SyntheSize by VPX — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of SyntheSize by VPX

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 1 of its 33 active ingredients.
  • “Protein Hydrolysate Matrix” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (9,712 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “Branched Chain Ethyl Ester Amino Acid Matrix” is a proprietary blend — the label doesn't break down how much of each component you get.
  • “Proprietary Muscle Volumizing, NO2, Insulinotrophic” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (9,352 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

SyntheSize contains 33 ingredients total. The active components include whey protein (isolate and hydrolysate), amino acids such as L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-histidine, L-threonine, and L-lysine, along with beta-alanine, creatine (in three forms: monohydrate, gluconate, and magnesium chelate), casein peptide hydrolysate, and smaller amounts of folate and citrulline malate.

The remaining ingredients are inactive additives—flavors, acids, phosphates, sweetener, and citric acid—that help with taste and preservation.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Lean muscle growth and athletic performance.
  • We looked for evidence on: Athletic performance, Exercise-induced muscle damage, Exercise-induced muscle soreness, Exercise-induced muscle breakdown, Cognitive function, Muscle strength — and 2 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Whey Protein is rated "Possibly Effective" for Athletic performance (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Creatine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Athletic performance, Muscle strength.
  • Also on file: Beta-alanine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Athletic performance.

Evidence for this product's active ingredients is mixed. Whey protein is possibly effective for athletic performance but possibly ineffective for osteoporosis.

Creatine (all three forms) is possibly effective for sarcopenia, cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes, muscle strength, and athletic performance, but possibly ineffective for Huntington disease and osteopenia. Beta-alanine is possibly effective for athletic performance and physical performance.

L-lysine is possibly effective for herpes labialis (cold sores). L-methionine is possibly effective for neural tube birth defects.

Casein peptide hydrolysate is likely effective for atopic dermatitis and food allergies. For many other uses—like COPD, age-related cognitive decline, and various neurological conditions—the evidence we hold is insufficient to rate.

L-phenylalanine is possibly ineffective for ADHD.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Whey Protein Casein Peptides Methionine Phenylalanine Histidine Threonine Lysine

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 9 of the 11 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 11 of 11.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 11 of 11.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

The whey protein components are generally well tolerated by healthy adults, though acne, bloating, cramps, diarrhea, and nausea have been reported and are usually dose-related. Creatine forms are generally well tolerated in healthy adults but warrant caution if you have kidney problems; common side effects include dehydration, diarrhea, muscle cramps, and water retention.

Beta-alanine commonly causes a harmless tingling or flushing of the skin, typically starting on the scalp and lasting about an hour. L-phenylalanine may cause anxiety, headache, insomnia, nausea, or constipation.

Sodium carries a caution: too much is linked to high blood pressure and heart strain; avoid supplementing sodium beyond normal diet without medical advice. L-threonine may cause headache or mild gastrointestinal upset.

We hold no adverse effect data for L-histidine or casein peptide hydrolysate. For pregnancy and breastfeeding, creatine forms and beta-alanine should be avoided due to insufficient safety data; L-phenylalanine supplement doses should also be avoided during pregnancy and breastfeeding; L-methionine is likely safe in pregnancy; L-histidine is likely safe in pregnancy and lactation; data is insufficient or absent for other ingredients—discuss with your doctor or pharmacist.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Whey Protein Casein Peptides Methionine Phenylalanine Histidine Threonine Lysine

Meds to double-check

Major interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Major identified

At least one ingredient has a documented Major-severity interaction. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 7 of the 11 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Lysine, Phenylalanine, Phosphate Salts, Whey Protein, Threonine, among others.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Major.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: lithium; Parkinson's medications.
  • For scale: 275 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before starting SyntheSize, double-check with your pharmacist if you take levodopa (Major severity—whey and L-phenylalanine can reduce its effect); NMDA antagonists like memantine (Major—L-threonine may reduce efficacy); antihypertensive (blood pressure) drugs, corticosteroids, lithium, didanosine, sodium phosphate, or tolvaptan (all Moderate due to sodium content); quinolone or tetracycline antibiotics or bisphosphonates (Moderate—whey protein reduces their absorption); baclofen or MAOIs (Moderate—L-phenylalanine interaction); or 5-HT4 agonists (Minor—L-lysine). No interactions are documented for the ingredients we could check if you take other drugs, but this does not guarantee none exist.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Major medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

SyntheSize is designed for muscle support and athletic performance, with creatine and amino acids as its core. If you take levodopa for Parkinson disease, blood pressure medications, lithium, antibiotics, bisphosphonates, MAOIs, or baclofen, check this product with your pharmacist first—several interactions are documented.

Those with kidney disease should be cautious with the creatine content. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should talk to their doctor before use.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 18 of 33 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Nov 25, 2011.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about SyntheSize, straight from the product label.

Brand VPX
Barcode (UPC) 610764840202
Net contents 644 g; 1.42 lb
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Nov 25, 2011
DSLD ID 2028
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Powder
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for SyntheSize by VPX, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
23 Gram(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
23 Gram(s)
Servings per container
28
UPC/BARCODE
610764840202
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories82 {Calories}--
Total Fat0 {Calories}--
Protein20 g40%
Sodium65 mg2.6%
Whey Protein Isolate0 NP--
L-Leucine0 NP--
L-Isoleucine0 NP--
Creatine Monohydrate0 NP--
L-Methionine0 NP--
Carbohydrates0 g--
L-Phenylalanine0 NP--
L-Valine0 NP--
L-Histidine0 NP--
Beta-Alanine0 NP--
L-Threonine0 NP--
L-Lysine0 NP--
Folate0 NP100%
Citrulline Malate0 NP--
Whey Protein hydrolysate0 NP--
Creatine Gluconate0 NP--
L-Leucine Ethyl Ester0 NP--
L-Valine Ethyl Ester0 NP--
L-Isoleucine Ethyl Ester0 NP--
Beta-Alanine Ethyl Ester0 NP--
Creatine Magnesium Chelate0 NP--
L-2-aminopentanoic Acid0 NP--
Gamma-Butyrobetaine Ethyl Ester0 NP--
Casein Protein hydrolysate0 NP--
CEX0 NP--
Creatine Taurinate0 NP--
COP0 NP--
Di-Na Creatine Phosphate Tetrahydrate0 NP--
Di-L-Arginine Malate0 NP--
MTB Pump0 NP--
Gamma-Butyrobetaine0 NP--
Phosphates0 NP--
Protein Hydrolysate Matrix9712 mg--
Branched Chain Ethyl Ester Amino Acid Matrix0 NP--
Proprietary Muscle Volumizing, NO2, Insulinotrophic9352 mg--
Bis Picolinato Oxo Vanadium0 NP--

Other ingredients: Natural & Artificial flavors, Malic Acid, Monosodium Phosphate Anhydrous, Trisodium Phosphate Dodecahydrate, Sucralean Brand Sucralose, Citric Acid Anhydrous

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Brand IP Statement(s)

lf you want to speed up lean muscle growth, get this one fact straight: insulin is the most Anabolic (muscle building) of all hormones. ln fact, insulin triggers more lean muscle growth than Anabolic Steroids or Growth Hormone! Consequently, the goal of sugar-free SyntheSize is to promote massive increases in insulin without the use of high glycemic index carbohydrates and thus, prevent insulin resistance. Therefore, SyntheSize(R) provides a carbohydrate free approach utilizing research-proven compounds to boost insulin that have no adverse effect on blood sugar. This method keeps the body highly sensitive and responsive to insulin resulting in greater lean muscle growth and destruction of fat tissue. Efficient insulin metabolism also allows you to continually access stored body fat to use as energy. The end result of this "Zero lmpact(R) Diet Strategy" is a ripped and muscular physique! Making Carbohydrates Obsolete In assembling the pieces of the scientific puzzle, SyntheSize(R) was formulated to mimic the insulin response generated by high glycemic (high Gl) carbs (i.e. sugar) to activate beta-cells and stimulate whole body creatine retention! One of the solutions was to use bis-Picolinato Oxo-Vanadium (BPOV) which is a potent form of chemically altered Vanadium that makes beta-cells super responsive to insulin. Additionally, Beta-Alanine was employed to stimulate research-proven whole-body creatine retention! In fact, these two compounds are far more effective than sugar-laden "N.O." supplements without the unwanted carb-induced side effects - water retention, bloating, and an increase in body fat. Vou train intensely to get lean, hard, and pumped with crisp, water-free muscle separation, and this is where sugar free SyntheSize(R) out-performs the competition! Research has proven that the cutting-edge compounds contained in the Shotgun(R)/SyntheSize(R) Stack work synergistically to effectively stimulate insulin secretion. VPX scientists used a carb-free approach to achieve greater receptive-ness of the beta-cells by taking advantage of the efficient insulin spiking abilities of protein hydrolysates and the potent anabolic amino acid, L-Leucine. When post-exercise insulin is increased in the presence of protein hydrolysates and leucine, massive amounts of muscle building amino acids flood the blood resulting in significant net protein being deposited into muscle. Finally, the ingestion of creatine in conjunction with proteins and high-Gl carbs is no longer required to stimulate whole-body creatine retention! The Shotgun(R)/SyntheSize(R) Stack re-wrote cutting edge carb-free muscle science. Owoc’s Research-Proven 7-Compound-Protocol to Ignite Synthesis of Lean Muscle 1) Whey and Casein Protein Hydrolysates: these extraordinary proteins increase insulin production by 110% greater than carbs alone and increase glycogen synthesis by 35%. Whey and Casein Protein Hydrolysates are far superior to intact proteins such as whey, casein and egg for promoting nitrogen utilization and muscle growth. The powerful lean muscle building effect occurs after consuming Protein Hydrolysates prior to, during and after training. These specialized peptides dump into the blood rapidly causing super high blood levels of amino acids and increased production of the powerful anabolic hormone, insulin. These two physiological events result in a potent anabolic (muscle building) response in the body. Shotgun(R) and SyntheSize(R) both contain copious amounts of Whey and Casein Protein Hydrolysates. These potent protein fractions are comprised of 22% Glutamine Peptide, 41% total peptide bonded Essential Amino Acids (EAA’s) and 21% peptide bonded BCAA's (Branched Chain Amino Acids)! This is important because muscle consists of 78% glutamine while BCAA’s and EAA’s are the most potent research-proven muscle building amino acids. 2) L-Leucine intermixed with Protein Hydrolysates has an even greater effect on insulin production and muscle growth than Protein Hydrolysates alone. Shotgun(R) and SyntheSize(R) are rich in added free form L-Leucine and Leucine Peptides. 3) Cutting Edge High Tech Creatines: It is well documented in research that insulin transports Creatine into muscle tissue. Further, Creatine combined with protein increases creatine retention within the muscle cell and results in increased lean muscle mass. More insulin means more creatine = greater muscle mass, quicker recovery and increased strength! Shotgun(R) and SyntheSize(R) contain the most anabolic proteins known to man and several cutting edge high tech Creatines, such as Creatinol-O-Phosphate & Di-Na Creatine Phosphate Tetrahydrate, that all exert specialized effects in promoting lean muscle growth, strength and ATP Resynthesis! 4) Beta-Alanine radically improves whole body Creatine retention and muscle Carnosine, consequently, vastly improving strength, repetition capability, endurance and lean muscle growth. The synergy of intermixing Protein Hydrolysates, Leucine, Creatine and Beta-Alanine along with resistance training results in explosive muscle growth! Beta-Alanine is so powerful you can actually feel it working within seconds because of the unique parasalsys action of the muscles and skin. 5) BPOV (bis-Picolinate Oxu-Vanadium) increases the beta ceIl's sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin. This is hugely important because the kinetics and dynamics of insulin dictate that it is not how much you produce, but more importantly, how "insuIin responsive" or efficient your body utilizes insulin to shuttle Creatine, Beta-alanine, Leucine and other muscle energetic compounds into the muscle cell to manufacture more lean muscle. Sixty-seven percent (67%) of Americans are insulin resistant to some degree. lf you have any degree of insulin resistance, your ability to use insulin is compromised. Therefore, it doesn’t really matter how much insulin your body releases because you are "resistant" to insulin‘s ability to build muscle (anabolism). Less overall carbohydrate consumption (glycemic load) and elimination of high glycemic index dietary carbs along with higher protein intake, BPOV supplementation and increasing muscle mass via resistance training are all factors that increase insulin sensitivity and utilization. 6) N.O.+ Pumping Agents: Finally, we added some radical new compounds to induce a serious Nitric Oxide Pump. The Nitric Oxide Releasing Facton GBBEE (Gamma-Butyrobetaine Ethyl Ester) was combined along with the most powerful NO-inducing-Arginine known to science called. ALCA(TM) (Acetyl-L-Carnitine Arginine HCI) - making all other forms of Arginine obsolete. Nitric Oxide (N.O.) is the mother of all compounds at filling the muscle (and other body parts) with nutrient dense. blood engorged hard dense pumps! 7) Spiking the Pump even further, "MTB Pump(TM)" (Magnesium Tashinoate B) was combined with the powerful compound BPOV noted for insulin-induced pumps and muscle fullness. And, of course, all of these cutting edge nutrients and compounds workin concert to set off a biochemical chain of events that aid in rapid muscle recuperation.

Muscle energetic compounds within Shotgun(R) may cause a tingling sensation in lips and skin. Contains no Niacin.

NEW with COP(TM) Creatinol-O-Phosphate & Di-Na Creatine Phosphate Tetrahydrate

WORLD'S MOST HARDCORE CREATINE MATRIX!(TM)

ZERO CARB(R) TECHNOLOGY RTD

*N.O. SyntheSize(R) was Designed to Enhance -Unparalleled Training Intensity -Mental Acuity and Focus -Whole Body Creatine Retention -Insulin Sensitivity and Responsiveness -Insulin Mediated Lean Mass -Meltdown-Induced Fat Loss -Muscle Fullness and Blood-Engorged Pumps -Strength, Power, Endurance & Recuperation -Crisp, Water-Free Muscle Separation -Blood Flow & Nitric Oxide (N.O.) Levels -COP is Resistant to Creatinine Degradation in the gut

©2008 VITAL PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Precautions

Phenylketonurics: Contains Phenylalanine.

Caution: As with all dietary supplements, do not use this product if you are pregnant or nursing or have a medical condition. This product contains caffeine and should not be used with any other caffeine and/or stimulant containing products. This product is intended for use by healthy individuals only.

DO NOT PURCHASE IF SAFETY SEAL IS BROKEN OR MISSING.

Formulation

Stimulant Free

FDA Statement of Identity

DIETARY SUPPLEMENT

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Drink and additional one half (1/2) ounce of water for each pound of body weight.

RECOMMENDED USE: Mix one scoop of N.O. SYNTHESIZE(R) with 8 to 10 ounces of water or your favorite beverage. N.O. SYNTHESIZE(R) can be used as a stand alone product or stacked together along with N.O. SHOTGUN v.3(R) prior to any type of athletic event or resistance training. Consume N.O. SYNTHESIZE(R) during and after training. Other (Nitric Oxide) supplements may require several scoops; howerver, N.O. SYNTHESIZE(R) is extremely powerful and requires only one scoop. The N.O. SYNTHESIZE(R)/N.O. SHOTGUN v.3(R) supplement strategy should always be utilized 30 minutes prior to, during and after resistance training. The N.O. SHOTGUN v.3(R) and N.O. SYNTHESIZE(R) supplement strategy represents the most advanced and latest research on muscle growth and athletic performance.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Storage

PROTECT FROM HEAT, LIGHT AND MOISTURE.

STORE AT 15-30(0)C (59-86(0)F)

STORE IN A COOL, DRY PLACE.

General Statements

*When combined with resistance training and a sensible diet.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

AWESOME NEW BLACK CHERRY FLAVOR

BEST BY DATE ON BOTTOM

CONTENTS SOLD BY WEIGHT NOT VOLUME; SOME SETTLING MAY OCCUR.

Explosive Lean Muscle Growth with Research-Proven Science!

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See for yourself

SyntheSize by VPX label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

SyntheSize label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in SyntheSize by VPX

These are the 35 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size23 Gram(s) Dosage formPowder Servings per container28 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Protein

20 g per serving

Sodium

Interacts with
205 drugs
65 mg per serving

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets g...

Sodium monograph & interactions

Carbohydrates

0 g per serving

Protein Hydrolysate Matrix

9712 mg per serving

Branched Chain Ethyl Ester Amino Acid Matrix

0 NP per serving

Proprietary Muscle Volumizing, NO2, Insulinotrophic

9352 mg per serving

Other (inactive) ingredients: Natural & Artificial flavors, Malic Acid, Monosodium Phosphate Anhydrous, Trisodium Phosphate Dodecahydrate, Sucralean Brand Sucralose, Citric Acid Anhydrous. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

SyntheSize by VPX Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against SyntheSize?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
275Drugs
10 Major 264 Moderate 1 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Sodium 205
Casein Protein hydrolysate 172
Whey Protein Isolate 53
L-Phenylalanine 16
Phosphates 12

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in SyntheSize interact with 275 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

7 of the 35 ingredients in SyntheSize interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Sodium Casein Protein hydrolysate Whey Protein Isolate L-Phenylalanine Phosphates L-Threonine L-Lysine

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in SyntheSize with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Sodium7 drug types · 205 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
High intake of dietary sodium can increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Also, high intake of sodium may necessitate increased use of antihypertensive medications to achieve blood pressure control in some patients, such as those with chronic kidney disease.

Likelihood Probable Evidence A
Corticosteroids

Concomitant use of mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) cause sodium retention. This effect is dose-related and depends on mineralocorticoid potency. It is most common with hydrocortisone, cortisone, and fludrocortisone, followed by prednisone and prednisolone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Didanosine (Videx)

Concomitant use of didanosine with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Didanosine formulations contain a significant amount of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Lithium

Altering dietary intake of sodium might alter the levels and clinical effects of lithium.
High sodium intake can reduce plasma concentrations of lithium by increasing lithium excretion. Reducing sodium intake can significantly increase plasma concentrations of lithium and cause lithium toxicity in patients being treated with lithium carbonate. Stabilizing sodium intake is shown to reduce the percentage of patients with lithium level fluctuations above 0.8 mEq/L. Patients taking lithium should avoid significant alterations in their dietary intake of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Sodium Phosphates

Theoretically, concomitant use of sodium phosphate with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Use of high doses (> 45 mL in 24 hours) of sodium phosphate, such as those used for bowel cleansing before surgery, can lead to serious electrolyte disturbances, including hypernatremia. The risk of hypernatremia is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sodium-Containing Drugs

Concomitant use of sodium-containing drugs with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia and long-term sodium-related complications.
The Chronic Disease Risk Reduction (CDRR) intake level of 2.3 grams of sodium daily indicates the intake at which it is believed that chronic disease risk increases for the apparently healthy population. Some medications contain high quantities of sodium. When used in conjunction with sodium supplements or high-sodium diets, the CDRR may be exceeded. Additionally, concomitant use may increase the risk for hypernatremia; this risk is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tolvaptan (Samsca)

Theoretically, concomitant use of tolvaptan with sodium might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Tolvaptan is a vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist that is used to increase sodium levels in patients with hyponatremia. Patients taking tolvaptan should use caution with the use of sodium salts such as sodium chloride.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Sodium full monograph & interactions

Casein Protein hydrolysate1 drug type · 172 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, combining these casein peptides with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Clinical research shows that some casein peptides, including the lactotripeptides isoleucine-proline-proline (IPP) and valine-proline-proline (VPP), can modestly reduce blood pressure in patients with hypertension.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Casein Protein hydrolysate full monograph & interactions

Whey Protein Isolate4 drug types · 53 drugs

Levodopa

Theoretically, whey protein might decrease levodopa absorption.
Small clinical studies show that concomitant ingestion of protein or high doses of leucine or isoleucine (100 mg/kg) and levodopa can exacerbate tremor, rigidity, and the "on-off" syndrome in patients with Parkinson disease.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Bisphosphonates

Theoretically, whey protein might reduce the absorption of bisphosphonates.
Whey protein contains minerals such as calcium that bind bisphosphonates in the gut. Advise patients to take bisphosphonates at least 30 minutes before whey protein, but preferably at a different time of day.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Quinolone Antibiotics

Theoretically, whey protein might decrease quinolone absorption.
Whey protein contains minerals, such as calcium, that can bind to quinolones in the gut. To avoid this interaction, advise patients to take oral quinolones at least 2 hours before or 4-6 hours after whey protein.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Tetracycline Antibiotics

Theoretically, whey protein might decrease tetracycline absorption.
Whey protein contains minerals, such as calcium, that bind to tetracyclines in the gut. To avoid this interaction, advise patients to take oral tetracyclines at least 2 hours before or 4-6 hours after whey protein.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Whey Protein Isolate full monograph & interactions

L-Phenylalanine3 drug types · 16 drugs

Levodopa

Phenylalanine, especially in high doses, can reduce the effectiveness of levodopa.
Phenylalanine competes with levodopa for carrier-mediated transport into the brain. The resulting reduction in levels of levodopa in the brain can exacerbate tremor, rigidity, and the "on-off" phenomenon in patients with Parkinson disease.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Baclofen

Concomitant intake of phenylalanine may reduce the intestinal absorption of baclofen.
Phenylalanine and baclofen share the same intestinal carrier for absorption; phenylalanine competitively inhibits the absorption of baclofen, reducing its plasma levels.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (Maois)

Theoretically, concomitant use of L-phenylalanine and non-selective MAOIs might increase the risk of hypertensive crisis.
L-phenylalanine is metabolized to tyrosine. Some evidence suggests that L-phenylalanine, given with the non-selective MAOI pargyline, might prevent the elimination of tyramine, increasing the risk of hypertensive crisis. However, this was not reported in a small number of patients when using L-phenylalanine with the partially selective MAO-B inhibitor, selegiline.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
L-Phenylalanine full monograph & interactions

Phosphates3 drug types · 12 drugs

Erdafitinib (Balversa)

Taking erdafitinib with phosphate salts increases the risk of hyperphosphatemia.
Erdafitinib increases phosphate levels. It is recommended that patients taking erdafitinib restrict phosphate intake to no more than 600-800 mg daily.

Likelihood Probable Evidence A
Futibatinib (Lytgobi)

Taking futibatinib with phosphate salts increases the risk of hyperphosphatemia.
Futibatinib can cause hyperphosphatemia, as reported in 88% of patients in clinical studies. In addition, 77% of patients in clinical studies required use of a phosphate binder to manage hyperphosphatemia. Phosphate salts should generally be avoided by people taking this medication.

Likelihood Likely Evidence A
Bisphosphonates

Theoretically, taking phosphate salts with bisphosphonates might increase the risk of hypocalcemia.
Combining bisphosphonates and phosphate can cause hypocalcemia. In one report, hypocalcemic tetany developed in a patient taking alendronate (Fosamax) who received a large dose of phosphate salts as a pre-operative laxative.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Phosphates full monograph & interactions

L-Threonine1 drug type · 3 drugs

Nmda Antagonists

Theoretically, threonine might decrease the effects of NMDA antagonists.
Threonine increases central nervous system (CNS) glycine levels. Glycine seems to bind a site on NMDA receptors and enhance the activity of the receptors.

Likelihood Likely Evidence B
L-Threonine full monograph & interactions

L-Lysine1 drug type · 1 drug

5-Ht4 Agonists

Theoretically, lysine may reduce the effects of 5-HT4 agonists.
Animal research suggests that L-lysine is a partial serotonin receptor 4 (5-HT4) antagonist and inhibits diarrhea induced by the 5-HT4 agonist, 5-hydroxytryptophane.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence D
L-Lysine full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for SyntheSize, from the product label.

VPX

See all VPX products
Web Address
WWW.VPX1.COM
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

SyntheSize by VPX: Common Questions

Does SyntheSize by VPX interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, SyntheSize has a known interaction with 275 medications, including 10 rated major. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
SyntheSize contains 35 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Does SyntheSize contain anything I should avoid if I have milk allergies?
Yes. This product contains whey protein isolate, whey protein hydrolysate, and casein peptide hydrolysate—all milk-derived. If you have a milk allergy, avoid this product. If you're unsure whether casein or whey cross-reacts with your allergy, talk to your pharmacist or allergist.
Will SyntheSize help me build muscle and improve athletic performance?
Whey protein, creatine, and beta-alanine are possibly effective for athletic performance and muscle strength. Evidence is strongest for creatine in building strength. Results depend on your training and diet, so discuss realistic expectations with a trainer or nutritionist.
What's the tingling feeling I might get from this product?
Beta-alanine commonly causes harmless tingling (paresthesia) and skin flushing, typically starting on the scalp within 20 minutes and lasting about an hour. The intensity depends on dose—it's milder at lower amounts. It goes away on its own and isn't dangerous.
Is SyntheSize safe to use if I have kidney disease?
SyntheSize contains three forms of creatine, which requires caution in people with kidney problems. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before using this product if you have kidney disease or reduced kidney function.
Can I take SyntheSize while I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
The creatine and beta-alanine in this product should be avoided during pregnancy and breastfeeding because safety data is insufficient. L-methionine is likely safe in pregnancy, and L-histidine is likely safe in both. Discuss this product with your doctor or pharmacist for personalized advice.
What are the most common side effects?
Side effects depend on the ingredient. Whey protein may cause bloating, cramps, diarrhea, or nausea. Creatine often causes water retention, muscle cramps, or diarrhea. Beta-alanine causes tingling and flushing. L-phenylalanine may cause headache, anxiety, or insomnia. Most are dose-related and mild.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if SyntheSize is safe with your meds?

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

SyntheSize label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind SyntheSize’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Sodium

Interacts with 205 drugs

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets get more than enough—often too much—from...

Read the full Sodium monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Whey Protein

Interacts with 53 drugs

Whey protein is a high-quality, complete protein made from cow's milk that can help people meet protein needs and support muscle growth when combined with exercise. It is generally safe for...

Read the full Whey Protein monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Casein Peptides

Interacts with 172 drugs

Casein peptides are small protein fragments made from milk casein, often studied for mild blood pressure support and relaxation. The evidence is limited and mostly modest, so they should not...

Read the full Casein Peptides monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Methionine

Methionine is an essential amino acid that your body needs for protein building and many basic chemical reactions. Most people get enough from a normal diet, and supplements are generally no...

Read the full Methionine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Phenylalanine

Interacts with 16 drugs

Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid the body uses to make brain chemicals like dopamine and norepinephrine. Some people take it for mood, vitiligo, or pain, but the evidence is mostly l...

Read the full Phenylalanine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Histidine

Histidine is an essential amino acid your body needs to build proteins and to make compounds like histamine and carnosine. Most people get enough from a normal diet, and good-quality researc...

Read the full Histidine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Threonine

Interacts with 3 drugs

Threonine is an essential amino acid your body needs but cannot make, so you must get it from food or supplements. Most people get plenty from a normal diet, and high-quality evidence for ta...

Read the full Threonine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Lysine

Interacts with 1 drug

Lysine is an essential amino acid your body cannot make on its own, so it must come from food or supplements. People most often take extra lysine to try to prevent or shorten cold sores, but...

Read the full Lysine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Creatine

Creatine is one of the most studied sports supplements, with solid evidence that it can boost strength and performance during short, high-intensity activities like weightlifting and sprintin...

Read the full Creatine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Beta-alanine

Beta-alanine is an amino acid taken mostly by athletes to raise muscle carnosine, which may help buffer acid and reduce fatigue during short, high-intensity exercise. The evidence is moderat...

Read the full Beta-alanine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Phosphate Salts

Interacts with 12 drugs

Phosphate salts are mineral compounds used mainly to correct low phosphate levels, as laxatives, and sometimes by athletes. Most people who eat a normal diet already get plenty of phosphate...

Read the full Phosphate Salts monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

SyntheSize's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 238 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Sodium 38 references
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  2. Food and Drug Administration Science Background: Safety of Sodium Phosphates Oral Solution. September 17, 2001. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/safety/sodiumphospate.htm
  3. Coton T, Mallaret C, Coilliot C, Carre D, Guisset M. Severe acute ulcerated gastritis induced by salt. Presse Med 2009;38(3):499-500. PubMed
  4. Frings-Meuthen P, Buehlmeier J, Baecker N, et al. High sodium chloride intake exacerbates immobilization-induced bone resorption and protein losses. J Appl Physiol 2011;111(2):537-542. PubMed
  5. Frings-Meuthen P, Baecker N, Heer M. Low-grade metabolic acidosis may be the cause of sodium chloride-induced exaggerated bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23(4):517-524. PubMed
  6. Alam S, Johnson AG. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) among healthy normotensive and essential hypertensive elderly patients to determine the effect of high salt (NaCl) diet of blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 1999;13(6):367-74.
  7. Boudville N, Ward S, Benaroia M, House AA. Increased sodium intake correlates with greater use of antihypertensive agents by subjects with chronic kidney disease. Am J Hypertens 2005;18(10):1300-5. PubMed
  8. Bennett WM. Drug interactions and consequences of sodium restriction. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(2 Suppl):678S-681S. PubMed
  9. Okusa MD, Crystal LJ. Clinical manifestations and management of acute lithium intoxication. Am J Med 1994;97(4):383-9. PubMed
  10. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2005. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10925. DOI
  11. D'Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr 2012;31(4):489-98. PubMed
  12. Goldsmith SR. Hyponatremia in heart failure: time for a trial. J Card Fail 2013;19(6):398-400. PubMed
  13. Willocks L, Brettle R, Keen J, Valentine C, Pinching AJ. Formulations of didanosine (ddI) and salt overload. Lancet 1992;339(8786):190.
  14. Chen L, Zhang Z, Chen W, Whelton PK, Appel LJ. Lower Sodium Intake and Risk of Headaches: Results From the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(7):1270-5. PubMed
  15. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2014;129(9):981-9. PubMed
  16. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Sodium Intake and All-Cause Mortality Over 20 Years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(15):1609-1617. PubMed
  17. Mente A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies. Lancet. 2016;388(10043):465-75. PubMed
  18. Moosavian SP, Haghighatdoost F, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. Salt and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;68(3):265-277. PubMed
  19. O'Donnell M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(7):612-23. DOI
  20. Poggio R, Gutierrez L, Matta MG, Elorriaga N, Irazola V, Rubinstein A. Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(4):695-704. PubMed
  21. Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, Food and Nutrition Board, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington (DC): National Acad
  22. Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I, et al. Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1693-1700. PubMed
  23. Yancy CW. Sodium Restriction in Heart Failure: Too Much Uncertainty-Do the Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1700-1701. PubMed
  24. He FJ, Campbell NRC, Ma Y, MacGregor GA, Cogswell ME, Cook NR. Errors in estimating usual sodium intake by the Kawasaki formula alter its relationship with mortality: implications for public health. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(6):1784-1795. PubMed
  25. Murthy K, Ondrey GJ, Malkani N, et al. THE EFFECTS OF HYPONATREMIA ON BONE DENSITY AND FRACTURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Endocr Pract. 2019;25(4):366-378. PubMed
  26. Messerli FH, Hofstetter L, Syrogiannouli L, et al. Sodium intake, life expectancy, and all-cause mortality. Eur Heart J 2021;42(21):2103-2112. PubMed
  27. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;12(12):CD004022. PubMed
  28. Giatti S, Santos RB, Aielo AN, et al. Association of sodium with obstructive sleep apnea. The ELSA-Brasil study. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021;18(3):502-510. PubMed
  29. Nan X, Lu H, Wu J, et al. The interactive association between sodium intake, alcohol consumption and hypertension among elderly in northern China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2021;21(1):135. PubMed
  30. Kyozuka H, Fukusda T, Murata T, et al. Impact of preconception sodium intake on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children's study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021;23:66-72. PubMed
  31. Zhao L, Ogden CL, Yang Q, et al. Association of usual sodium intake with obesity among US children and adolescents, NHANES 2009-2016. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021;29(3):587-594. PubMed
  32. Ma Y, He FJ, Sun Q, et al. 24-Hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2022;386(3):252-263. PubMed
  33. Liu J, Yang X, Zhang P, et al. Association of urinary sodium excretion and left ventricular hypertrophy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021;12:728493. PubMed
  34. Filippini T, Malavolti M, Whelton PK, Vinceti M. Sodium intake and risk of hypertension: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational cohort studies. Curr Hypertens Rep 2022;24(5):133-144. PubMed
  35. Wang DD, Li Y, Nguyen XT, et al. Dietary sodium and potassium intake and risk of non-fatal cardiovascular diseases: The million veteran program. Nutrients 2022;14(5):1121. PubMed
  36. Kwak JH, Park CH, Eun CS, et al. The associations of dietary intake of high sodium and low zinc with gastric cancer mortality: A prospective cohort study in Korea. Nutr Cancer 2022;74(10):3501-3508. PubMed
  37. George S, Maiti R, Mishra BR, Jena M, Mohapatra D. Effect of regulated add-on sodium chloride intake on stabilization of serum lithium concentration in bipolar disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Bipolar Disord 2023;25(1):66-75. PubMed
  38. Zhou TL, Schütten MTJ, Kroon AA, et al. Urinary Sodium Excretion and Salt Intake Are Not Associated With Blood Pressure Variability in a White General Population. J Am Heart Assoc 2023;12(1):e026578. PubMed

See these in context on the Sodium monograph →

Whey Protein 25 references
  1. Martindale W. Martindale the Extra Pharmacopoeia. Pharmaceutical Press, 1999.
  2. Maton PN, Burton ME. Antacids revisited: a review of their clinical pharmacology and recommended therapeutic use. Drugs 1999;57:855-70.
  3. Bell SJ. Whey protein concentrates with and without immunoglobulins: a review. J Med Food 2000;3:1-13. PubMed
  4. Nutt JG, Woodward WR, Hammerstad JP, et al. The "on-off" phenomenon in Parkinson's disease. Relation to levodopa absorption and transport. N Engl J Med 1984;310:483-8. PubMed
  5. Baruzzi A, Contin M, Riva R, et al. Influence of meal ingestion time on pharmacokinetics of orally administered levodopa in parkinsonian patients. Clin Neuropharmacol 1987;10:527-37. PubMed
  6. Juncos JL, Fabbrini G, Mouradian MM, et al. Dietary influences on the antiparkinsonian response to levodopa. Arch Neurol 1987;44:1003-5. PubMed
  7. Eriksson T, Granerus AK, Linde A, et al. "On-off" phenomenon in Parkinson's disease: relationship between dopa and other large neutral amino acids in plasma. Neurology 1988;38:1245-8. PubMed
  8. Semla TP, Beizer JL, Higbee MD. Geriatric Dosage Handbook. 4th ed. Hudson, OH: Lexicomp, 1998.
  9. Pletz MW, Petzold P, Allen A, et al. Effect of calcium carbonate on bioavailability of orally administered gemifloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:2158-60.. PubMed
  10. Peters ML, Leonard M, Licata AA. Role of alendronate and risedronate in preventing and treating osteoporosis. Cleve Clin J Med 2001;68:945-51. PubMed
  11. Micke, P., Beeh, K. M., and Buhl, R. Effects of long-term supplementation with whey proteins on plasma glutathione levels of HIV-infected patients. Eur.J Nutr 2002;41(1):12-18. PubMed
  12. Chitapanarux, T., Tienboon, P., Pojchamarnwiputh, S., and Leelarungrayub, D. Open-labeled pilot study of cysteine-rich whey protein isolate supplementation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients. J Gastroenterol.Hepatol. 2009;24(6):1045-1050. PubMed
  13. Sataloff, R. T., Bittermann, T., Marks, L., Lurie, D., and Hawkshaw, M. The effects of glutathione enhancement on sensorineural hearing loss. Ear Nose Throat J 2010;89(9):422-433.
  14. Zhu, K., Meng, X., Kerr, D. A., Devine, A., Solah, V., Binns, C. W., and Prince, R. L. The effects of a two-year randomized, controlled trial of whey protein supplementation on bone structure, IGF-1, and urinary calcium excretion in older postmenopausal
  15. Bjorkman, M. P., Pilvi, T. K., Kekkonen, R. A., Korpela, R., and Tilvis, R. S. Similar effects of leucine rich and regular dairy products on muscle mass and functions of older polymyalgia rheumatica patients: a randomized crossover trial. J Nutr Health A
  16. Brun, A. C., Stordal, K., Johannesdottir, G. B., Bentsen, B. S., and Medhus, A. W. The effect of protein composition in liquid meals on gastric emptying rate in children with cerebral palsy. Clin.Nutr 2012;31(1):108-112. PubMed
  17. Gouni-Berthold, I., Schulte, D. M., Krone, W., Lapointe, J. F., Lemieux, P., Predel, H. G., and Berthold, H. K. The whey fermentation product malleable protein matrix decreases TAG concentrations in patients with the metabolic syndrome: a randomised plac
  18. Errichiello, L., Pezzella, M., Santulli, L., Striano, S., Zara, F., Minetti, C., Mainardi, P., and Striano, P. A proof-of-concept trial of the whey protein alfa-lactalbumin in chronic cortical myoclonus. Mov Disord. 2011;26(14):2573-2575. PubMed
  19. Carcillo, J. A., Dean, J. M., Holubkov, R., Berger, J., Meert, K. L., Anand, K. J., Zimmerman, J., Newth, C. J., Harrison, R., Burr, J., Willson, D. F., and Nicholson, C. The randomized comparative pediatric critical illness stress-induced immune suppres
  20. Chungchunlam, S. M., Moughan, P. J., Henare, S. J., and Ganesh, S. Effect of time of consumption of preloads on measures of satiety in healthy normal weight women. Appetite 2012;59(2):281-288. PubMed
  21. Rencuzogullari I, Börekçi A, Karakoyun S, et al. Coronary thrombosis in three coronary arteries due to whey protein. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(4):664.e3-664.e4. PubMed
  22. Silverberg NB. Whey protein precipitating moderate to severe acne flares in 5 teenaged athletes. Case Reports Cutis. 2012;90(2):70-2.
  23. Simonart T. Acne and whey protein supplementation among bodybuilders. Dermatology. 2012;225(3):256-8. PubMed
  24. Pontes TC, Costa Fernandes Filho GM, Pereira Trindade AS, Sobral Filho JF. Incidence of acne vulgaris in young adult users of protein-calorie supplements in the city of João Pessoa-PB. An Bras Dermatol. 2013;88(6):907-12.
  25. Adebamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Berkey CS, et al. Milk consumption and acne in teenaged boys. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008 May;58(5):787-93. PubMed

See these in context on the Whey Protein monograph →

Creatine 86 references
  1. Koshy KM, Griswold E, Schneeberger EE. Interstitial nephritis in a patient taking creatine. N Engl J Med 1999;340:814-5. PubMed
  2. Vahedi K, Domingo V, Amarenco P, Bousser MG. Ischemic stroke in a sportsman who consumed MaHuang extract and creatine monohydrate for bodybuilding. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2000;68:112-3.
  3. Greenhaff P. Renal dysfunction accompanying oral creatine supplements. Lancet 1998;352:233-4. PubMed
  4. Vandenberghe K, Goris M, Van Hecke P, et al. Long-term creatine intake is beneficial to muscle performance during resistance training (abstract). J Appl Physiol 1997;83:2055-63. PubMed
  5. Hultman E, Soderlund K, Timmons JA, et al. Muscle creatine loading in men. J Appl Physiol 1996;81:232-7. PubMed
  6. Pritchard NR, Kalra PA. Renal dysfunction accompanying oral creatine supplements. Lancet 1998;351:1252-3. PubMed
  7. Poortmans JR, Auquier H, Renaut V, et al. Effect of short-term creatine supplementation on renal responses in men (abstract). Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1997;76:566-7. PubMed
  8. Poortmans JR, Francaux M. Long-term oral creatine supplementation does not impair renal function in healthy athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31:1108-10. PubMed
  9. Mihic S, MacDonald JR, McKenzie S, Tarnopolsky MA. Acute creatine loading increases fat-free mass, but does not affect blood pressure, plasma creatinine, or CK activity in men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32:291-6. PubMed
  10. Rawson ES, Wehnert ML, Clarkson PM. Effects of 30 days of creatine ingestion in older men. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1999;80:139-44. PubMed
  11. Earnest CP, Almada AL, Mitchell TL. High-performance capillary electrophoresis-pure creatine monohydrate reduces blood lipids in men and women. Clin Sci (Colch) 1996;91:113-8. PubMed
  12. Juhn MS. Oral creatine supplementation. Separating fact from hype. Phys Sportsmed 1999;27:47-50,53-54,56,61,89. PubMed
  13. Juhn MS, O'Kane JW, Vinci DM. Oral creatine supplementation in male collegiate athletes: a survey of dosing habits and side effects. J Am Diet Assoc 1999;99:593-5.
  14. Green AL, Hultman E, Macdonald IA, et al. Carbohydrate ingestion augments skeletal muscle creatine accumulation during creatine supplementation in humans. Am J Physiol 1996;271:E821-6. PubMed
  15. Balsom PD, Soderlund K, Sjodin B, Ekblom B. Skeletal muscle metabolism during short duration high-intensity exercise: influence of creatine supplementation. Acta Physiol Scand 1995;154:303-10. PubMed
  16. Snow RJ, McKenna MJ, Selig SE, et al. Effect of creatine supplementation on sprint exercise performance and muscle metabolism. (abstract) J Appl Physiol 1998;84:1667-73. PubMed
  17. McNaughton LR, Dalton B, Tarr J. The effects of creatine supplementation on high-intensity exercise performance in elite performers. (abstract) Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1998;78:236-40. PubMed
  18. Groeneveld GJ, Veldink JH, van der Tweel I, et al. A randomized sequential trial of creatine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2003;53:437-45. . PubMed
  19. Robinson SJ. Acute quadriceps compartment syndrome and rhabdomyolysis in a weight lifter using high-dose creatine supplementation. J Am Board Fam Pract 2000;13:134-7. PubMed
  20. Kammer RT. Lone atrial fibrillation associated with creatine monohydrate supplementation. Pharmacotherapy 2005;25:762-4. PubMed
  21. Gualano B, Ugrinowitsch C, Novaes RB, et al. Effects of creatine supplementation on renal function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008;103:33-40. PubMed
  22. Pfeffer, G., Majamaa, K., Turnbull, D. M., Thorburn, D., and Chinnery, P. F. Treatment for mitochondrial disorders. Cochrane Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;4:CD004426. PubMed
  23. Boos, C. J., White, S. H., Bland, S. A., and McAllister, P. D. Dietary supplements and military operations: caution is advised. J R.Army Med Corps 2010;156(1):41-43. PubMed
  24. Kreider, R. B. Dietary supplements and the promotion of muscle growth with resistance exercise. Sports Med 1999;27(2):97-110. PubMed
  25. Juhn, M. S., O'Kane, J. W., and Vinci, D. M. Oral creatine supplementation in male collegiate athletes: a survey of dosing habits and side effects. J Am.Diet.Assoc 1999;99(5):593-595.
  26. Volek, J. S., Duncan, N. D., Mazzetti, S. A., Putukian, M., Gomez, A. L., and Kraemer, W. J. No effect of heavy resistance training and creatine supplementation on blood lipids. Int J Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2000;10(2):144-156. PubMed
  27. Robinson, T. M., Sewell, D. A., Casey, A., Steenge, G., and Greenhaff, P. L. Dietary creatine supplementation does not affect some haematological indices, or indices of muscle damage and hepatic and renal function. Br.J Sports Med 2000;34(4):284-288. PubMed
  28. Tarnopolsky, M. A. Potential benefits of creatine monohydrate supplementation in the elderly. Curr.Opin.Clin Nutr.Metab Care 2000;3(6):497-502. PubMed
  29. Tarnopolsky, M. A. and MacLennan, D. P. Creatine monohydrate supplementation enhances high-intensity exercise performance in males and females. Int J Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2000;10(4):452-463. PubMed
  30. Arciero, P. J., Hannibal, N. S., III, Nindl, B. C., Gentile, C. L., Hamed, J., and Vukovich, M. D. Comparison of creatine ingestion and resistance training on energy expenditure and limb blood flow. Metabolism 2001;50(12):1429-1434. PubMed
  31. Chrusch, M. J., Chilibeck, P. D., Chad, K. E., Davison, K. S., and Burke, D. G. Creatine supplementation combined with resistance training in older men. Med Sci.Sports Exerc. 2001;33(12):2111-2117. PubMed
  32. Cox, G., Mujika, I., Tumilty, D., and Burke, L. Acute creatine supplementation and performance during a field test simulating match play in elite female soccer players. Int J Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2002;12(1):33-46. PubMed
  33. Kilduff, L. P., Vidakovic, P., Cooney, G., Twycross-Lewis, R., Amuna, P., Parker, M., Paul, L., and Pitsiladis, Y. P. Effects of creatine on isometric bench-press performance in resistance-trained humans. Med Sci.Sports Exerc. 2002;34(7):1176-1183. PubMed
  34. Brose, A., Parise, G., and Tarnopolsky, M. A. Creatine supplementation enhances isometric strength and body composition improvements following strength exercise training in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol.Sci.Med Sci. 2003;58(1):11-19. PubMed
  35. Volek, J. S., Ratamess, N. A., Rubin, M. R., Gomez, A. L., French, D. N., McGuigan, M. M., Scheett, T. P., Sharman, M. J., Hakkinen, K., and Kraemer, W. J. The effects of creatine supplementation on muscular performance and body composition responses to
  36. Tyler, T. F., Nicholas, S. J., Hershman, E. B., Glace, B. W., Mullaney, M. J., and McHugh, M. P. The effect of creatine supplementation on strength recovery after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-b DOI
  37. Groeneveld, G. J., Beijer, C., Veldink, J. H., Kalmijn, S., Wokke, J. H., and van den Berg, L. H. Few adverse effects of long-term creatine supplementation in a placebo-controlled trial. Int J Sports Med 2005;26(4):307-313. PubMed
  38. Astorino, T. A., Marrocco, A. C., Gross, S. M., Johnson, D. L., Brazil, C. M., Icenhower, M. E., and Kneessi, R. J. Is running performance enhanced with creatine serum ingestion? J Strength.Cond.Res 2005;19(4):730-734. PubMed
  39. Cramer, J. T., Stout, J. R., Culbertson, J. Y., and Egan, A. D. Effects of creatine supplementation and three days of resistance training on muscle strength, power output, and neuromuscular function. J Strength.Cond.Res 2007;21(3):668-677. PubMed
  40. Young, P., De, Jonghe P., Stogbauer, F., and Butterfass-Bahloul, T. Treatment for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2008;(1):CD006052. PubMed
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Histidine 3 references
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Beta-alanine 13 references
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Lysine 7 references
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Phosphate Salts 23 references
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  23. Hamilton Smith R, Eddleston M, Bateman DN. Toxicity of phosphate enemas - an updated review. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2022;60(6):672-680. PubMed

See these in context on the Phosphate Salts monograph →

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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