Major interaction on record — check this product against your medications before combining. Based on 5 of 6 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Purush Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Ayush Herbs

Purush label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Major
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 9, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Purush against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Major

Purush is a dietary supplement by Ayush Herbs with 6 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for low libido and sexual function, athletic performance and muscle building, testosterone support.Based on those ingredients, 1,640 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated major. The ingredients most likely to interact are Withania somnifera, Tribulus terrestris, Serenoa repens. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

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Check Your Meds Against Purush by Ayush Herbs

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Purush by Ayush Herbs — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Purush by Ayush Herbs

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Sep 3, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 5 of its 12 active ingredients.
  • “Proprietary Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (200 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “Extracts of” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label doesn't break down how much of each component you get.

Purush contains 12 ingredients, most delivered in a proprietary blend and extract blend (meaning the exact amounts of each are not disclosed on the label). The active ingredients include Tribulus terrestris, traditionally used for sexual function; Piper longum (Indian long pepper) and ashwagandha, both used for stress and wellness; cowhage, which contains levodopa, an active compound similar to a Parkinson's drug; Bacopa monnieri, used for memory and cognition; Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis) for antioxidant support; saffron for mood and nerve health; licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) for digestive and skin health; shilajit (Asphaltum punjabianum), a mineral-rich substance; and saw palmetto for prostate health.

The capsule itself is vegetarian.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: nutrition support to sexual health.
  • We looked for evidence on: Antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction, Erectile dysfunction, Low libido, Sexual performance.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Tribulus is rated "Possibly Effective" for Sexual dysfunction (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Tribulus is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Erectile dysfunction (ED).
  • Also on file: Muira Puama is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Sexual dysfunction, Erectile dysfunction (ED).

The evidence for most ingredients in Purush is limited. Tribulus appears possibly effective for sexual dysfunction, though possibly ineffective for athletic performance, and there isn't enough reliable data on benign prostatic hyperplasia (an enlarged prostate).

Ashwagandha shows possibly effective evidence for insomnia, anxiety, and stress, but insufficient evidence for ADHD. Saffron is possibly effective for chemotherapy-related nerve pain and Alzheimer's disease.

Licorice is possibly effective for eczema and canker sores. For the other ingredients—cowhage, Bacopa, Indian gooseberry, shilajit, saw palmetto, Muira puama, and Piper longum—either the evidence isn't strong enough to rate their effectiveness for any condition, or the data we hold shows insufficient reliable evidence.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Tribulus Ashwagandha Muira Puama Shilajit Saw Palmetto

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 10 of the 12 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 12 of 12.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 12 of 12.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Most ingredients are generally well tolerated short-term in healthy adults, but long-term safety data are limited. Tribulus is usually well tolerated, though rare serious effects like liver or kidney injury and seizures have been reported.

Ashwagandha and Bacopa are generally well tolerated, with common mild side effects being gastrointestinal upset, nausea, and diarrhea. Cowhage is typically well tolerated orally but contains levodopa—an active drug-like compound—so it requires careful use.

Saffron is generally well tolerated but can cause nausea, gastrointestinal complaints, and sedation; rare serious effects include anaphylaxis. Licorice in high doses or long-term use can cause serious problems from its active ingredient glycyrrhizin, including altered potassium and blood pressure.

Shilajit products may contain heavy metals or contaminants unless purified and tested. Saw palmetto is well tolerated with mild, reversible side effects like headache, nausea, and diarrhea, though rare cardiac effects have been reported.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Tribulus Ashwagandha Muira Puama Shilajit Saw Palmetto

Meds to double-check

Major interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Major identified

At least one ingredient has a documented Major-severity interaction. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 10 of the 12 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Tribulus, Indian Long Pepper, Bacopa, Indian Gooseberry, Saffron, among others.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Major.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; diabetes medications; heart-rhythm medications; lithium; Parkinson's medications.
  • For scale: 1,641 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking Purush, check with your doctor or pharmacist if you take any of the following: methyldopa or other blood pressure medications (cowhage poses a Major risk of dangerous low blood pressure); monoamine oxidase inhibitors or other antidepressants (cowhage poses a Major risk of hypertensive crisis); levodopa for Parkinson's disease (cowhage poses a Major risk of intensified side effects); anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs like warfarin, aspirin, or clopidogrel (multiple ingredients may increase bleeding risk); antidiabetes medications (several ingredients may intensify low blood sugar); lithium (Tribulus may raise levels); blood pressure or heart medications including propranolol, theophylline, or cyclosporine (Piper longum may raise levels); sedatives, benzodiazepines, or CNS depressants (ashwagandha and saffron may increase sedation); thyroid hormone (ashwagandha, Bacopa may alter effects); or any medication processed by your liver's enzyme systems (Bacopa and others may affect levels).

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Major medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

Purush is designed as a men's health supplement containing traditional botanicals and minerals. Given the large number of potential drug interactions—especially the Major-severity risks with certain blood pressure and psychiatric medications, and the Moderate interactions with blood thinners, diabetes drugs, and liver-metabolized medications—it's essential you discuss this product with your own doctor or pharmacist before starting, particularly if you take any prescription medications.

The evidence for effectiveness is mixed and limited for most ingredients; longer-term safety data are also sparse.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 12 of 12 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Aug 23, 2013.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Purush, straight from the product label.

Brand Ayush Herbs
Barcode (UPC) 891501001326
Net contents 60 Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Aug 23, 2013
DSLD ID 21523
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Vegetarian, Adult (18 - 50 Years), Dairy Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Purush by Ayush Herbs, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
60
UPC/BARCODE
891501001326
IngredientAmount% DV
Proprietary Blend200 mg--
Tribulus terrestris50 mg--
Extracts of0 Not Present--
Piper longum0 NP--
Withania somnifera175 mg--
Mucuna pruriens0 NP--
Bacopa monnieri0 NP--
Emblica officinalis0 NP--
Crocus sativus0 NP--
Muira puama25 mg--
Glycyrrhiza glabra0 NP--
Anacyclus pyrethrum0 NP--
Asphaltum punjabianum25 mg--
Serenoa repens25 mg--

Other ingredients: Vegetarian Capsule

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements

001604 5-2013

Ayruveda ~ Wealth of Health

NUTRITION SUPPORT TO SEXUAL HEALTH*

Formulation

VEGETARIAN

Milk, Soy, Egg & Wheat Free.

FDA Statement of Identity

DIETARY SUPPLEMENT

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

SUGGESTED USE: 2 Capsules at bedtime or 1 capsule twice a day. Do not exceed 6 capsules a day. Discontinue 1 week after ever 10 to 12 weeks, or use as directed by your health care practitioner.

Precautions

Warning: If pregnant, consult your physician before using this or any other product.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

*This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Purush by Ayush Herbs label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Purush label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Purush by Ayush Herbs

These are the 6 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container60 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Proprietary Blend

200 mg per serving

Other (inactive) ingredients: Vegetarian Capsule. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Purush by Ayush Herbs Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Purush?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,640Drugs
17 Major 1,582 Moderate 41 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Withania somnifera 1,372
Tribulus terrestris 259
Serenoa repens 174
Asphaltum punjabianum 86

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Purush interact with 1,640 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

4 of the 6 ingredients in Purush interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Withania somnifera Tribulus terrestris Serenoa repens Asphaltum punjabianum

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Purush with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Withania somnifera10 drug types · 1,372 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
There is preliminary clinical evidence suggesting that ashwagandha might lower blood glucose levels. Theoretically, ashwagandha might have additive effects when used with antidiabetes drugs and increase the risk of hypoglycemia.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Animal research suggests that ashwagandha might lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Theoretically, ashwagandha might have additive effects when used with antihypertensive drugs and increase the risk of hypotension.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Benzodiazepines

Theoretically, taking ashwagandha might increase the sedative effects of benzodiazepines.
There is preliminary evidence that ashwagandha might have an additive effect with diazepam (Valium) and clonazepam (Klonopin). This may also occur with other benzodiazepines.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cns Depressants

Theoretically, taking ashwagandha might increase the sedative effects of CNS depressants.
Ashwagandha seems to have sedative effects. Theoretically, this may potentiate the effects of barbiturates, other sedatives, and anxiolytics.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Hepatotoxic Drugs

Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Ashwagandha has been linked to cases of acute hepatitis, liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy, autoimmune hepatitis, the need for liver transplantation, and death due to liver failure.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Theoretically, taking ashwagandha might decrease the effects of immunosuppressants.
Ashwagandha has demonstrated immunostimulant effects in humans. Animal research has shown that ashwagandha can attenuate the immunosuppression caused by cyclophosphamide.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Thyroid Hormone

Ashwagandha might increase the effects and adverse effects of thyroid hormone.
Concomitant use of ashwagandha with thyroid hormones may cause additive therapeutic and adverse effects. Preliminary clinical research and animal studies suggest that ashwagandha boosts thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion. In one clinical study, ashwagandha increased triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels by 41.5% and 19.6%, respectively, and reduced serum TSH levels by 17.4% from baseline in adults with subclinical hypothyroidism.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
In vitro research shows that ashwagandha extract induces CYP1A2 enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
In vitro research shows that ashwagandha extract induces CYP3A4 enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Serotonergic Drugs

Some animal studies have reported that ashwagandha can enhance serotonergic transmission by altering certain serotonin (5-HT) receptors. However, there is no evidence to suggest that ashwagandha increases the risk of serotonin-related effects, and there have been no published case reports of serotonin syndrome when combined with other serotonergic drugs. Nevertheless, due to the lack of extensive studies on the matter and the fact that ashwagandha appears to affect serotonergic pathways, it would be prudent to exercise caution when combining it with drugs that affect serotonin. [References: - Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwaga ndha) on Stress and the Stress-Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2021 Sep 14; 19: 1468–1495. - A Prospective, Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Safety and Efficacy of a High-Concentration Full-Spectrum Extract of Ashwagandha Root in Reducing Stress and Anxiety in Adults. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3573577/]

Likelihood Possible Evidence C
Withania somnifera full monograph & interactions

Tribulus terrestris3 drug types · 259 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Taking tribulus with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Clinical research shows that Tribulus can lower blood glucose levels in adults with type 2 diabetes who are taking antidiabetes medications.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, taking tribulus with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Animal research shows that tribulus can lower blood pressure by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Tribulus has also demonstrated hypotensive effects in pre-hypertensive adults.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Lithium

Theoretically, tribulus might increase the levels and clinical effects of lithium.
Tribulus is thought to have diuretic properties. Due to these potential diuretic effects, tribulus might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium. The dose of lithium might need to be decreased.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Tribulus terrestris full monograph & interactions

Serenoa repens3 drug types · 174 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Saw palmetto might increase the risk of bleeding with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Saw palmetto is reported to prolong bleeding time. Theoretically, it might increase the risk of bleeding when used concomitantly with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Contraceptive Drugs

Saw palmetto might reduce the effectiveness of contraceptive drugs.
Saw palmetto might have antiestrogenic effects. Theoretically, it might interfere with contraceptive drugs taken concomitantly.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Estrogens

Saw palmetto might reduce the effectiveness of estrogens.
Saw palmetto might have antiestrogenic effects. Theoretically, it might interfere with estrogens taken concomitantly.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Serenoa repens full monograph & interactions

Asphaltum punjabianum1 drug type · 86 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Taking shilajit with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Most human and animal research shows that shilajit can decrease fasting plasma glucose levels. In an animal model, shilajit 100 mg per kg daily enhanced the glucose-lowering ability of both glibenclamide and metformin when given in combination over a 4 week period. Monitor blood glucose levels closely. Dose adjustments might be necessary.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Asphaltum punjabianum full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Purush, from the product label.

Ayush Herbs

See all Ayush Herbs products
Name
Ayush Herbs, Inc.
City
Redmond
State
WA
ZipCode
98052
Web Address
www.ayush.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Purush by Ayush Herbs: Common Questions

Does Purush by Ayush Herbs interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Purush has a known interaction with 1,640 medications, including 17 rated major. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Purush contains 6 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take Purush if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
No. Tribulus, ashwagandha, cowhage, saffron, and licorice are all rated unsafe or possibly unsafe in pregnancy due to hormonal effects or lack of safety data. Additionally, cowhage may reduce milk supply during breastfeeding because it contains levodopa, which lowers prolactin. Avoid this product during pregnancy and while breastfeeding; talk with your doctor or pharmacist about safer options.
What is cowhage, and why is it in this supplement?
Cowhage (Mucuna pruriens) is a plant that naturally contains levodopa, the same active compound used to treat Parkinson's disease. It's included in Purush as a traditional ingredient for men's sexual and reproductive health, though the evidence for effectiveness in these areas isn't established in our data. Because cowhage contains a drug-like compound, it carries significant risks with certain medications.
Does Purush actually work for sexual function?
Tribulus terrestris, one of the main ingredients, shows possibly effective evidence for sexual dysfunction—meaning some studies suggest it may help, but the evidence isn't conclusive. For the other ingredients used in sexual health formulas, like cowhage and Muira puama, the data we hold shows insufficient reliable evidence to establish whether they work.
Are there any common side effects I should expect?
Most ingredients are generally well tolerated, but mild gastrointestinal side effects like nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort are possible with ashwagandha, Bacopa, and others. Saffron may cause sedation. Because this is a blend with undisclosed amounts, individual side effects depend on how much of each ingredient you receive per dose.
Why does this product interact with so many medications?
Several ingredients in Purush—especially Piper longum, Bacopa, and licorice—affect how your liver processes medications through its cytochrome P450 enzyme systems. This means they can change blood levels of drugs you take, making them work differently. Cowhage contains levodopa, which has major interactions with blood pressure and psychiatric drugs. The more ingredients with liver effects, the more medications are potentially affected.
Should I stop taking my medications to use Purush?
No. Do not stop or change any prescription medication without your doctor's guidance. Instead, bring a list of your current medications to your doctor or pharmacist and ask whether Purush is safe to take alongside them. They can check the specific drugs you take and advise you on whether this product is appropriate for you.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Purush label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Purush’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Tribulus

Interacts with 259 drugs

Tribulus is a plant supplement most often marketed to boost libido, testosterone, and athletic performance, but the human evidence behind these claims is weak and inconsistent. It is general...

Read the full Tribulus monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Ashwagandha

Interacts with 1,372 drugs

Ashwagandha is an Ayurvedic herb most often taken to help with stress, anxiety, and sleep, and some small studies suggest it may help, though the evidence is still limited. It is generally w...

Read the full Ashwagandha monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Muira Puama

Muira puama is a Brazilian plant traditionally used as an aphrodisiac and general tonic, often nicknamed 'potency wood.' Human research is very limited, so its benefits are not well proven,...

Read the full Muira Puama monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Shilajit

Interacts with 86 drugs

Shilajit is a sticky, tar-like substance found in rocks of mountain ranges like the Himalayas, used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for energy and vitality. Human evidence is limited and m...

Read the full Shilajit monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Saw Palmetto

Interacts with 174 drugs

Saw palmetto is a plant extract most often used for urinary symptoms linked to an enlarged prostate (BPH). The best research suggests it works no better than a placebo for most men, though i...

Read the full Saw Palmetto monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Purush's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 231 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Tribulus 10 references
  1. Sharifi AM, Darabi R, Akbarloo N. Study of antihypertensive mechanism of Tribulus terrestris in 2K1C hypertensive rats: role of tissue ACE activity. Life Sci 2003;73:2963-71. PubMed
  2. Walker D, Bird A, Flora T, O'Sullivan B. Some effects of feeding Tribulus terrestris, Ipomoea lonchophylla and the seed of Abelmoschus ficulneus on fetal development and the outcome of pregnancy in sheep. Reprod Fertil Dev 1992;4:135-44. PubMed
  3. Al-Ali M, Wahbi S, Twaij H, Al-Badr A. Tribulus terrestris: preliminary study of its diuretic and contractile effects and comparison with Zea mays. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;85:257-60. PubMed
  4. Tabakova, P., Dimitrov, M., Ognyanov, K., and et al. Clinical study of Tribestan in females with endocrine sterility. Documentation for Registration (unpublished) 1999.
  5. Akhtari E, Raisi F, Keshavarz M, et al. Tribulus terrestris for treatment of sexual dysfunction in women: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Daru 2014;22:40. PubMed
  6. Ryan M, Lazar I, Nadasdy GM, et al. Acute kidney injury and hyperbilirubinemia in a young male after ingestion of Tribulus terrestris. Clin Nephrol 2015;83(3):177-83. PubMed
  7. Postigo S, Lima SM, Yamada SS, et al. Assessment of the effects of Tribulus terrestris on sexual function of menopausal women. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2016;38(3):140-6. PubMed
  8. Talasaz AH, Abbasi MR, Abkhiz S, Dashti-Khavidaki S. Tribulus terrestris-induced severe nephrotoxicity in a young healthy male. Nephrol Dial Tranplant 2010;25(11):3792-3. PubMed
  9. Samani NB, Jokar A, Soveid M, Heydari M, Mosavat SH. Efficacy of the hydroalcoholic extract of Tribulus terrestris on the serum glucose and lipid profile of women with diabetes mellitus: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Evid
  10. Siddiqui MA, Itrat M, Mobeen A, Khan MI. Efficacy of khar-i-khasak (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) in prehypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Complement Integr Med. 2021.

See these in context on the Tribulus monograph →

Indian Long Pepper 12 references
  1. Bano G, Amla V, Raina RK, et al. The effect of piperine on pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in healthy volunteers. Planta Med 1987;53:568-9. PubMed
  2. Bano G, et al. Effect of piperine on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of propranolol and theophylline in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991;41;615-7. PubMed
  3. Bhardwaj RK, Glaeser H, Becquemont L, et al. Piperine, a major constituent of black pepper, inhibits human P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;302:645-50. PubMed
  4. Pattanaik S, Hota D, Prabhakar S, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction of a single dose of piperine with steady-state carbamazepine in epilepsy patients. Phytother Res 2009;23:1281-6.
  5. Kasibhatta, R. and Naidu, M. U. Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of nevirapine under fasting conditions: a randomised, crossover, placebo-controlled study. Drugs R.D. 2007;8(6):383-391. PubMed
  6. Mujumdar, A. M., Dhuley, J. N., Deshmukh, V. K., Raman, P. H., Thorat, S. L., and Naik, S. R. Effect of piperine on pentobarbitone induced hypnosis in rats. Indian J Exp.Biol. 1990;28(5):486-487.
  7. Panda, S. and Kar, A. Piperine lowers the serum concentrations of thyroid hormones, glucose and hepatic 5'D activity in adult male mice. Horm.Metab Res. 2003;35(9):523-526. PubMed
  8. Hiwale, A. R., Dhuley, J. N., and Naik, S. R. Effect of co-administration of piperine on pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics in rats. Indian J Exp.Biol. 2002;40(3):277-281.
  9. Han, Y., Chin Tan, T. M., and Lim, L. Y. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the effects of piperine on P-gp function and expression. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 8-1-2008;230(3):283-289. PubMed
  10. Sharma, P., Varma, M. V., Chawla, H. P., and Panchagnula, R. In situ and in vivo efficacy of peroral absorption enhancers in rats and correlation to in vitro mechanistic studies. Farmaco 2005;60(11-12):874-883. PubMed
  11. Zutshi, R. K., Singh, R., Zutshi, U., Johri, R. K., and Atal, C. K. Influence of piperine on rifampicin blood levels in patients of pulmonary tuberculosis. J Assoc.Physicians India 1985;33(3):223-224.
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Pellitory 1 reference
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Shilajit 8 references
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Saw Palmetto 22 references
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