Evening Primrose + Quetiapine
Quetiapine brand names: Seroquel, Dopaquel.
We found no known interaction between Evening Primrose and Quetiapine in our sources. Absence of a documented interaction is not the same as proven safety, and does not guarantee one does not exist. Do not start, stop, or change a medication or supplement based on this page; confirm with your pharmacist or doctor first. Additionally, although there is no interaction, the label for Quetiapine states a food rule worth keeping to, and the two are separately associated with some of the same side effects, which would make a new symptom harder to attribute to one or the other.
Evening Primrose and Quetiapine
We checked these two against our interaction database. Here is what we found.
No Known Interaction Found
We did not find a documented interaction between Quetiapine and Evening Primrose in our sources. This does not guarantee that the combination is completely free of risk — there is often limited research on supplements and herbal products, especially around drug interactions.
If you decide to take both, the practical routine is simple: add one new thing at a time and note the date you started it. If the combination is going to disagree with you, it usually shows in the first days to a couple of weeks — and a start date turns “I’ve been feeling off” into something a pharmacist can actually work with. Do not stop a prescribed medicine on your own.
Always talk with your pharmacist or doctor before making changes to your medications or supplements, particularly if you take several medications or have an ongoing health condition.
Evening Primrose safety at a glance
Pregnancy & breastfeeding ratings are from Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) — the full detail is in the Special populations card below. Safety guidance is general; always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor for your situation.
Why No Interaction Is Listed for Quetiapine
Interactions in our licensed database are recorded against drug classes, not just single drug names. Quetiapine is filed under 10 classifications — including antipsychotic drugs, qt interval-prolonging drugs, serotonergic drugs. Evening Primrose has documented interactions with 5 drug classes — the most serious being anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs (moderate), lithium (moderate) and lopinavir/ritonavir (kaletra) (moderate) — and none of Quetiapine’s classifications are among them.
Classification data comes from our licensed Natural Medicines dataset. A medication can belong to classes beyond those recorded there, so this describes how the check was run — it is not a safety guarantee.
Evening Primrose Does Interact With Other Medications
Evening Primrose has 148 moderate, 85 minor known drug interactions in our database — Quetiapine isn’t one of them. If you take anything else, check it against the full list below.
Check Another of Your Medications Against Evening Primrose
We haven’t checked that one against Evening Primrose yet — ask our pharmacists directly.
Covers the 2,830 medications we’ve checked against Evening Primrose. Pick one to open its full report.
Evening Primrose in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
When evening primrose oil is used orally and appropriately. In small studies of evening primrose oil for pre-eclampsia, 4 grams has been used orally daily for up to 10 weeks during pregnancy with apparent safety. ...when evening primrose oil is used orally or intravaginally to improve cervical ripening. Evening primrose oil has been used safely during the last 1-3 weeks of pregnancy to improve cervical ripening. Intravaginally, evening primrose oil 500-1000 mg as either a single dose or administered daily starting at week 38 until pregnancy has been used with apparent safety for this purpose. Orally, evening primrose oil 1500-4500 mg in divided doses daily for 1-3 weeks has been used with apparent safety for this purpose, although one study found 5 cases of meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Some studies report that improvement was lacking and there was a trend toward prolonged labor, prolonged rupture of membranes, increased rates of arrest of descent, and increased oxytocin requirements. Intravaginally, evening primrose oil, 1000 mg every 4 hours up to 5 times or 2000 mg as a single dose, has been used as an adjunct to misoprostol for a medication abortion with apparent safety for this purpose. Evening primrose oil has also been linked to a case report of petechiae and ecchymoses in a newborn infant whose mother took a total of 6.5 grams during the week before giving birth; use with caution, especially in high doses.
When evening primrose oil is used orally. Supplementation with evening primrose oil during lactation results in the secretion of high levels of the constituent gamma linolenic acid into breast milk; however, this fatty acid is normally present in significant amounts in breast milk.
DISCLAIMER: This tool is intended for informational purposes only, and should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Patients should consult with a qualified healthcare provider before making decisions about therapies and/or health conditions.© 2026 Therapeutic Research Center
Some Quetiapine Products Have a Food Rule — Evening Primrose Should Not Break It
At least one FDA label for a product containing Quetiapine says to take it on an empty stomach. Most supplements — Evening Primrose included — are taken with a meal, so the easy mistake is swallowing both together at breakfast. Where that rule applies, keep Quetiapine on its own and move Evening Primrose to a meal later in the day.
This may not be true of your version. Food instructions belong to the product, not the ingredient: two Quetiapine products can carry different directions, and extended-release forms often differ from immediate-release ones. The label we read is quoted below — check the directions on your own box or bottle, or ask your pharmacist, for how to take the exact product you were given.
It is recommended that SEROQUEL XR be taken without food or with a light meal (approximately 300 calories) [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ].
From the Dosage and Administration section of the FDA label we read for Quetiapine — where that label names a specific product, the instruction is that product's. Read the label on DailyMed ›
A food rule is not an interaction — it is about how much of the medicine you absorb. The directions that came with your own product, and your pharmacist, outrank anything on this page.
What Quetiapine Is Prescribed For, and What Evening Primrose Has Been Studied For
These two come up together because they touch the same health topic — not because they do the same job. Quetiapine is a prescription medicine with approved uses on its FDA label. Evening Primrose is a supplement: what follows is what researchers have looked at it for, and how strong that evidence is.
Quetiapine is prescribed for: Quetiapine treats schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in adults and certain age groups of children and adolescents. For bipolar disorder, it is approved for manic episodes (both as a stand-alone treatment and alongside lithium or divalproex) and for depressive episodes. The extended-release form of quetiapine is also approved as add-on therapy for major depressive disorder (MDD) in adults who are already taking an antidepressant. The regular tablet form is not approved for this use.
Evening Primrose has been studied for:
-
Schizophrenia studied, not established Evening Primrose has been studied for this. Natural Medicines rates the evidence: Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Read what the research shows
Evening Primrose for schizophrenia
It is unclear if oral evening primrose oil is beneficial in patients with schizophrenia.
Effectiveness ratings and the research summaries above are the verbatim record from the Natural Medicines database, which grades evidence from “Effective” down to “Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate”. A rating below the top of that scale means researchers have looked at it — not that it works, and never that it can stand in for a prescribed medicine. Do not stop or replace Quetiapine on your own; if you are taking Evening Primrose for the same health topic, tell your prescriber, especially if the medicine is being adjusted to a target.
Questions About Evening Primrose or Quetiapine
These are real questions from readers, answered by the pharmacists at HelloPharmacist — written by a person, not generated from a database. Each one covers Evening Primrose or Quetiapine, not necessarily both, but if one is close to what you were about to ask it will usually go further than a database entry can:
- Can You Split Seroquel Tablets? ›
- Accidentally Took Two Seroquel During The Day Instead Of One ›
- Seroquel - Mirapex Interaction Details ›
Not quite your question? Ask our pharmacists directly — it is free, there is no account required, and answers usually come back within 24 hours.
See Every Supplement That Interacts With Quetiapine
This page covers Evening Primrose only. If you take other supplements — a multivitamin, a sleep aid, something for joints — the Quetiapine page lists 199 supplements it has a documented interaction with, worst first, each one explained.
The most serious there right now: Activated Charcoal (major), American Hellebore (major), Arsenic (major), Cesium (major) and Ephedra (major).
By severity: 11 major · 147 moderate · 41 minor.
From our pharmacist’s overview on the Quetiapine page
“Quetiapine (Seroquel) treats schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, illnesses where an unplanned swing in the drug's blood level has real consequences, and that is why these 199 supplement interactions deserve a careful read rather than a shrug. Most of the risk runs through CYP3A4, the liver enzyme that clears quetiapine: grapefruit bloc…”
Reviewed by 2 · Jul 18, 2026
Taking Evening Primrose as Part of a Dietary Supplement Product? Check It for Interactions
We hold 98 real supplement products containing Evening Primrose, each one broken down to its full ingredient list — and combination products often carry several ingredients besides Evening Primrose. Even though Evening Primrose itself has no known interaction with Quetiapine, another ingredient on your label might. Find your product and we’ll check every ingredient on its label:
Where Evening Primrose and Quetiapine Sit Against Everything Else
Out of every supplement and medication people look up on HelloPharmacist, here is where these two land this week — and which way each has been moving.
#465 of 1,452 supplements looked up here in the last 7 days
#45 of 2,830 medications looked up here in the last 7 days
Position among everything looked up on this site, not a measure of how commonly either one is used or how important it is. A supplement can climb this list because of a news story. It counts every request to the page, automated ones included, and nothing here identifies anyone.
Where does our data come from?
- Source: the Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) clinical database — the evidence-graded professional reference for herb & supplement interactions.
- Citation library: 103,510 references behind our interaction content, 65,311 of them resolved to verified PubMed/DOI sources. See every Evening Primrose reference on this page ↓
- Freshness: we automatically re-check this combination every week — this pair was last verified September 13, 2026. The Evening Primrose and Quetiapine records this page draws on were last updated July 11, 2026.
- What “no known interaction” means: no documented interaction in the sources above — not a guarantee of safety. Supplements are studied far less than prescription drugs, so we say exactly what the evidence supports, and nothing more.
About Evening Primrose
What is Evening Primrose?
- Eczema and skin health
- PMS symptoms
- Breast pain (mastalgia)
- Menopause symptoms
- Inflammation
- Diabetic nerve pain
Evening primrose oil is a seed oil rich in gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an omega-6 fatty acid, that is popularly used for skin conditions, PMS, and breast pain. The evidence behind most of these uses is mixed or weak, and it is not proven to be a reliable treatment for any condition. It is generally well tolerated for short-term use, but talk to your pharmacist or doctor before starting it, especially if you are pregnant or have a bleeding disorder.
Oenothera biennis · Onagraceae · Seed oil · Capsules, softgels, oil, topical creams
An interaction check asks whether these two react with each other — it does not ask whether Evening Primrose is a good idea for someone in your situation. Here is what our Evening Primrose record says about it on its own.
Evening Primrose: dosing
There is no official, well-established standard dose of evening primrose oil. Do not assume that taking more will give a better result, and avoid using it long-term without medical guidance.
From our Evening Primrose monograph — the full record covers uses, side effects and every documented interaction.
About Quetiapine
What Is Quetiapine Used For?
Brand names: Seroquel, Dopaquel
Quetiapine treats schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in adults and certain age groups of children and adolescents. For bipolar disorder, it is approved for manic episodes (both as a stand-alone treatment and alongside lithium or divalproex) and for depressive episodes.
The extended-release form of quetiapine is also approved as add-on therapy for major depressive disorder (MDD) in adults who are already taking an antidepressant. The regular tablet form is not approved for this use.
Other Drugs & Evening Primrose
Browse every other medication we’ve checked against Evening Primrose — both the ones with a known interaction and the ones without. Select any drug for the full detail.
No drugs match “”.
148 interactions
- Diclofenac Sodium ›
- Ibuprofen ›
- Aspirin ›
- Naproxen ›
- Minocycline ›
- Diclofenac Potassium ›
- Dipyridamole ›
- Ketoprofen ›
- Bivalirudin ›
- Fluphenazine ›
- Warfarin Sodium ›
- Bromfenac Sodium ›
- Chlorpromazine ›
- Dabigatran ›
- Diclofenac Epolamine ›
- Iloprost ›
- Lithium Carbonate (prescription Drug) ›
- Piroxicam ›
- Prochlorperazine ›
- Streptokinase ›
- Ticlopidine ›
- Treprostinil (oral) ›
- Abciximab ›
- Abrocitinib ›
- Acenocoumarol ›
- Acepromazine ›
- Acetylsalicylic Acid ›
- Anacaulase-bcdb ›
- Anagrelide ›
- Anisindione ›
- Antithrombin Iii ›
- Apixaban ›
- Argatroban ›
- Betrixaban ›
- Cablivi ›
- Cangrelor ›
- Carphenazine ›
- Cilostazol ›
- Clopidogrel ›
- Cyamemazine ›
- Dalteparin ›
- Danaparoid ›
- Defibrotide Sodium ›
- Diclofenac ›
- Dicumarol ›
- Edoxaban ›
- Effient ›
- Enoxaparin ›
- Eptifibatide ›
- Fish Oil Triglycerides ›
- Fondaparinux ›
- Heparin ›
- Ibrutinib ›
- Ibuprofen Lysine ›
- Icosapent Ethyl (prescription Drug) ›
- Inotersen ›
- Lepirudin ›
- Nadroparin ›
- Naproxen Sodium ›
- Nintedanib Esylate ›
Showing 60 of 148 moderate interactions — see all 148 on the Evening Primrose page.
85 interactions
- Glyburide ›
- Flurbiprofen ›
- Phenytoin ›
- Formoterol ›
- Indomethacin ›
- Trimipramine ›
- Diazepam ›
- Meloxicam ›
- Omeprazole ›
- Carvedilol ›
- Celecoxib ›
- Clomipramine ›
- Dronabinol ›
- Fluoxetine ›
- Fluvastatin ›
- Glipizide ›
- Imipramine ›
- Irbesartan ›
- Lacosamide ›
- Pitavastatin ›
- Tamoxifen Citrate ›
- Tapentadol ›
- Torsemide ›
- Valsartan ›
- Zileuton ›
- Agomelatine ›
- Amitriptyline ›
- Azilsartan ›
- Bosentan ›
- Enasidenib ›
- Erdafitinib ›
- Etrasimod ›
- Etravirine ›
- Fomoterol ›
- Fosphenytoin ›
- Fosphenytoin Sodium ›
- Gliclazide ›
- Glimepiride ›
- Lesinurad ›
- Lonafarnib ›
- Losartan Potassium ›
- Lumiracoxib ›
- Mefenamic Acid ›
- Mephenytoin ›
- Montelukast Sodium ›
- Nateglinide ›
- Perampanel ›
- Rabeprazole ›
- Ramelteon ›
- Rosiglitazone Maleate ›
- Sildenafil ›
- Sildenafil Citrate ›
- Siponimod ›
- Sulfamethoxazole ›
- Tipranavir ›
- Tolbutamide ›
- Valdecoxib ›
- Voriconazole ›
- Zafirlukast ›
- Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprim ›
Showing 60 of 85 minor interactions — see all 85 on the Evening Primrose page.
No interaction 2,596 drugs checked — show the list
We also checked Evening Primrose against these medications and found no known interaction in our sources. Open any page to confirm.
- Levothyroxine ›
- Amlodipine ›
- Methylphenidate ›
- Sertraline ›
- Testosterone ›
- Metoprolol ›
- Ivermectin ›
- Rosuvastatin ›
- Escitalopram ›
- Acetaminophen ›
- Tadalafil ›
- Atorvastatin ›
- Docusate ›
- Valacyclovir ›
- Abemaciclib ›
- Hydroxyurea ›
- Methamphetamine ›
- Sumatriptan ›
- Semaglutide ›
- Tirzepatide ›
- Prednisone ›
- Propranolol ›
- Bupropion ›
- Metformin ›
- Lisdexamfetamine ›
- Amoxicillin ›
- Lisinopril ›
- Acyclovir ›
- Bendamustine ›
- Doxycycline ›
- Methotrexate ›
- Lamotrigine ›
- Amphetamine ›
- Acetaminophen, Codeine ›
- Gabapentin ›
- Pregabalin ›
- Azithromycin ›
- Dextroamphetamine ›
- Isotretinoin ›
- Clonazepam ›
- Methylene Blue ›
- Amlodipine Besylate ›
- Duloxetine ›
- Letrozole ›
- Buspirone ›
- Citalopram ›
- Ciprofloxacin ›
- Bisoprolol ›
- Levothyroxine, Liothyronine ›
- Acetaminophen, Oxycodone ›
- Dapsone ›
- Cyclopentolate ›
- Candesartan Cilexetil ›
- Cephalexin ›
- Mannitol ›
- Roxithromycin ›
- Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Doxylamine ›
- Atorvastatin Calcium ›
- Pegunigalsidase Alfa-iwxj ›
- Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine ›
Showing the 60 most looked-up of 2,596 medications checked with no known interaction — see the full Evening Primrose list.
Evening Primrose References
The 33 references that drive our Evening Primrose monograph and interaction data, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Citations with a link open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.
- Shaw D, Leon C, Kolev S, Murray V. Traditional remedies and food supplements: a 5-year toxicological study (1991-1995). Drug Saf 1997;17:342-56.
- Laivuori H, Hovatta O, Viinikka L, et al. Dietary supplementation with primrose oil or fish oil does not change urinary excretion of prostacyclin and thromboxane metabolites in pre-eclamptic women. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1993;49:691-4. PubMed
- Dove D, Johnson P. Oral evening primrose oil: its effect on length of pregnancy and selected intrapartum outcomes in low-risk nulliparous women (abstract). J Nurse Midwifery 1999;44:320-4. PubMed
- Guivernau M, Meza N, Barja P, Roman O. Clinical and experimental study on the long-term effect of dietary gamma-linolenic acid on plasma lipids, platelet aggregation, thromboxane formation, and prostacyclin production. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty A PubMed
- Cant A, Shay J, Horrobin DF. The effect of maternal supplementation with linoleic and gamma- linolenic acids on the fat composition and content of human milk: a placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1991;37:573-9. PubMed
- Keen H, Payan J, Allawi J, et al. Treatment of diabetic neuropathy with gamma-linolenic acid. The gamma-Linolenic Acid Multicenter Trial Group. Diabetes Care 1993;16:8-15.
- Blommers J, de Lange-De Klerk ES, Kuik DJ, et al. Evening primrose oil and fish oil for severe chronic mastalgia: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:1389-94.. DOI
- Cheung KL. Management of cyclical mastalgia in oriental women: pioneer experience of using gamolenic acid (Efamast) in Asia. Aust N Z J Surg 1999;69:492-4..
- Das UN. The lipids that matter from infant nutrition to insulin resistance. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2002;67:1-12. PubMed
- Wedig KE, Whitsett JA. Down the primrose path: petechiae in a neonate exposed to herbal remedy for parturition. J Pediatr 2008;152:140, 140.e1. PubMed
- Ty-Torredes KA. The effect of oral evening primrose oil on bishop score and cervical length amongst term gravidas. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(6 Suppl 1):S30.
- Moodley J and Norman RJ. Attempts at dietary alteration of prostaglandin pathways in the management of pre-eclampsia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1989;37(3):145-147. PubMed
- Tong M. [Treatment of hyperlipemia with evening primrose oil capsules]. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1988;8:469-71, 452-3.
- Holman CP and Bell AF. A trial of evening primrose oil in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. J Orhtomolecular Psych 1983;12:302-304.
- Vaddadi KS. The use of gamma-linolenic acid and linoleic acid to differentiate between temporal lobe epilepsy and schizophrenia. Prostaglandins Med 1981;6(4):375-379. PubMed
- Zou L, Harkey MR, and Henderson GL. Effects of herbal components on cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 enzyme catalytic activity. Life Sci 8-16-2002;71(13):1579-1589. PubMed
- Yoon, S., Lee, J., and Lee, S. The therapeutic effect of evening primrose oil in atopic dermatitis patients with dry scaly skin lesions is associated with the normalization of serum gamma-interferon levels. Skin Pharmacol Appl.Skin Physiol 2002;15(1):20- PubMed
- Bamford, J. T., Gibson, R. W., and Renier, C. M. Atopic eczema unresponsive to evening primrose oil (linoleic and gamma- linolenic acids). J Am.Acad.Dermatol. 1985;13(6):959-965.
- Preece PE, Hanslip JI Gilbert L. Evening primrose oil (Efamol) for mastalgia. In: Horrobin DF. Clinical Uses of Essential Fatty Acids . Montreal, Quebec: Eden;1982.
- Parveen, S. Sarwar G. Ali M. Channa G. A. Danazol versus oil of evening primrose in the treatment of mastalgia. Pakistan Journal of Surgery. 2007;23(1):10-13.
- Belch JJF, Shaw B, O'Dowd A, et al. Evening primrose oil (Efamol) as a treatment for cold-induced vasospasm (Raynaud's phenomenon). Prog Lipid Res 1986;25:335-40.
- Johnson, M., Ostlund, S., Fransson, G., Kadesjo, B., and Gillberg, C. Omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in children and adolescents. J.Atten.Disord. 2009;12(5):394-401. PubMed
- Farzaneh F, Fatehi S, Sohrabi MR, Alizadeh K. The effect of oral evening primrose oil on menopausal hot flashes: a randomized clinical trial. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013;288(5):1075-9. PubMed
- Puri BK. The safety of evening primrose oil in epilepsy. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids 2007;77:101-3. PubMed
- Jalloh MA, Gregory PJ, Hein D, et al. Dietary supplement interactions with antiretrovirals: a systematic review. Int J STD AIDS. 2017 Jan;28(1):4-15. PubMed
- Osman M, Badawi E. Evening primrose oil reducing serum lithium concentration. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2016 Oct;6(5):343-44. PubMed
- Kalati M, Kashanian M, Jahdi F, Naseri M, Haghani H, SHeikhansari N. Evening primrose oil and labour, is it effective? A randomized clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2018 Feb 9:1-5.
- Sharif SN, Darsareh F. Impact of evening primrose oil consumption on psychological symptoms of postmenopausal women: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial. Menopause. 2020;27(2):194-198. PubMed
- Shahraki AD, Mirhoseini S, Movahedi M, Hajihashemy M, Haghollahi F. Comparative Study of the Effect of Vaginal use of Primrose Oil with Misoprostol on Cervical Preparation of Prim Gravid Women: A Double-blind Clinical Trial. Adv Biomed Res 2023;12:78. PubMed
- Shahinfar S, Abedi P, Jahanfar S, Khajehpoor M, Chashmyazdan M. The effect of evening primrose oil on cervical ripening and birth outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 2023;9(2):e13414. PubMed
- Mahmoodinasab M, Loripoor M, Vazirinejad R, Aminzadeh F. Effect of misoprostol with and without evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) on induction of missed abortion. Avicenna J Phytomed 2023;13(5):454-462.
- Hashemi H, Hasanpoor-Azghady SB, Farahani M, Amiri-Farahani L. Comparison of the effect of vaginal misoprostol and evening primrose oil capsule with misoprostol alone on the consequences of abortion in women with intrauterine fetal death: a randomized cli
- Ariana S, Amjadi N, Kazemi SN, Ahmadli Z. The Use of Evening Primrose Oil for Cervical Ripening in Low-Risk Women with Term Pregnancy: A Randomized Double-Blinded Controlled Trial. Complement Med Res 2024;31(3):215-221. PubMed
Medication overviews come from MedlinePlus (NIH); supplement label data from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists — see our data sources and editorial standards.
Taking Evening Primrose and Quetiapine Together: Common Questions
Is it safe to take Evening Primrose with Quetiapine?
Do Evening Primrose and Quetiapine have any of the same side effects?
Should I take Evening Primrose and Quetiapine at the same time of day?
Are Evening Primrose and Quetiapine used for the same thing?
How was the Evening Primrose and Quetiapine combination checked?
Does Evening Primrose interact with any other medications?
Does Quetiapine interact with any supplements?
Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy
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Still Have a Question About Quetiapine and Evening Primrose?
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This information is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always check with your pharmacist or doctor before starting, stopping, or combining supplements and medications.