Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

AstaFX Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Purity Products

AstaFX label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking AstaFX against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

AstaFX is a dietary supplement by Purity Products with 3 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for antioxidant support, skin health and aging, eye health.Based on those ingredients, 1,043 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Bioperine Nature's Thermonutrient, AstaReal Astaxanthin, Tocotrienols. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

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Check Your Meds Against AstaFX by Purity Products

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with AstaFX by Purity Products — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of AstaFX by Purity Products

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 4 of its 4 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

AstaFX has four active ingredients. AstaReal Astaxanthin is a carotenoid antioxidant sourced from algae.

Tocotrienols are a form of vitamin E with antioxidant properties. Black pepper extract (Bioperine) is added as a thermonutrient — a compound thought to support nutrient absorption.

The product also contains monounsaturated fat, which we could not fully evaluate. The rest is inactive ingredients: olive oil, plant-based capsule material, vegetable wax, vitamin E acetate, rosemary oil, and chlorophyllin.

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: muscle endurance, skin health, vision, heart and brain function.
  • We looked for evidence on: Age-related cognitive decline, Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Aging, Aging skin, Athletic performance, Dry eye — and 4 related terms.
  • The closest evidence on file: Tocotrienols is rated "Possibly Ineffective" for Hypercholesterolemia (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Black Pepper is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Athletic performance.
  • Also on file: Astaxanthin is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Age-related cognitive decline, Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Aging skin, Athletic performance, and more.

The evidence we hold doesn't establish that AstaFX works for its intended purposes. Astaxanthin has insufficient reliable evidence for age-related cognitive decline, macular degeneration, aging skin, Alzheimer disease, athletic performance, and carpal tunnel syndrome.

Tocotrienols show possibly effective evidence for diabetes, but possibly ineffective for high cholesterol. Black pepper is rated insufficient reliable evidence for hay fever, asthma, athletic performance, headache, depression, and diarrhea.

None of these ingredients have strong proven effectiveness in the data available to us.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Astaxanthin Tocotrienols Black Pepper

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 3 of the 3 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 3 of 3.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 3 of 3.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Astaxanthin is generally well tolerated in studies, though long-term safety data are limited. The most common side effects are abdominal pain, diarrhea, and red-colored stool; a small number of trial participants at higher doses reported stomach pain.

Tocotrienols appear well tolerated orally with no adverse effects reported in trials, though long-term safety at supplement doses isn't well established. Black pepper is generally safe in food amounts; when used as a concentrated supplement, it's less well studied.

Reported side effects are rare and mild — burning aftertaste, indigestion, reduced taste perception, and in one case, an allergic reaction in a sensitive individual. Astaxanthin and tocotrienols both lack sufficient safety data for pregnancy, so the safety data advises against them during pregnancy.

For breastfeeding, astaxanthin should be avoided due to insufficient data, and tocotrienols should be avoided unless advised by your doctor. Black pepper from food is likely safe in pregnancy; concentrated supplements are not recommended without medical guidance.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Astaxanthin Tocotrienols Black Pepper

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 3 of the 3 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Black Pepper, Astaxanthin, Tocotrienols.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; diabetes medications; lithium.
  • For scale: 1,044 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking AstaFX, double-check if you're on propranolol (a beta-blocker for heart rate or blood pressure), seizure medication like phenytoin, nevirapine (an HIV drug), rifampin (a tuberculosis drug), cyclosporine (an immunosuppressant), pentobarbital or other sedatives, cholesterol drugs like atorvastatin, theophylline (an asthma/COPD medication), or blood thinners like warfarin. Black pepper can increase blood levels of these drugs.

Additionally, astaxanthin may theoretically decrease levels of medications broken down by liver enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 — a large group that includes many common drugs. Use the medication checker on this page with your specific prescriptions.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

AstaFX is most relevant if you're interested in antioxidant support, but the evidence for its specific claims is insufficient. The main caution is black pepper's interactions with heart medications, seizure drugs, and several others — a significant concern if you take any prescription medications.

Astaxanthin and tocotrienols aren't recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Talk to your pharmacist before starting, especially if you're on any regular medications.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 3 of 4 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Nov 21, 2019.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about AstaFX, straight from the product label.

Brand Purity Products
Net contents 60 Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Nov 21, 2019
DSLD ID 209887
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Vegetarian, Adult (18 - 50 Years), No Allergies, Gluten Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for AstaFX by Purity Products, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
2 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
2 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
30
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories10 Calorie(s)--
Calories from Fat10 Calorie(s)--
Total Fat1 Gram(s)2%
Monounsaturated Fat0.5 Gram(s)--
AstaReal Astaxanthin4 mg--
Tocotrienols20 mg--
Bioperine Nature's Thermonutrient5 mg--

Other ingredients: organic extra virgin Olive Oil, Vegetable Cellulose, Vegetable Wax, D-Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate, Rosemary Oil, Chlorophyllin

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements

As heard on radio/tv Evidence-based nutritional supplements

Supports muscle endurance Supports healthy skin Supports visual acuity Supports cardio function Heart, joint, brain and energy support

Formula

Astaxanthin super formula

AstaREAL

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested use: As a dietary supplement, take 2 vegetarian capsules daily with a meal, or take as directed by your health care professional. Optimally, during the first 15 days, double the dose. Best results obtained with daily use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry and dark place

Seals/Symbols

Allergen free Vegetarian GF Gluten free Made without GMO

Formulation

Vegetarian

Allergen free GF Gluten free Made without GMO

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

AstaFX by Purity Products label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

AstaFX label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in AstaFX by Purity Products

These are the 3 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size2 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

AstaReal Astaxanthin

Interacts with
671 drugs
4 mg per serving

Astaxanthin is a reddish carotenoid pigment with strong antioxidant activity in the lab, and it is widely promoted for skin, eye, heart, and exercise...

AstaReal Astaxanthin monograph & interactions

Tocotrienols

Interacts with
122 drugs
20 mg per serving Form: Tocomin Mixed Tocopherols/Tocotrienols

Tocotrienols are a less common form of vitamin E with strong antioxidant activity studied mostly for cholesterol, liver, and heart health. Early resea...

Tocotrienols monograph & interactions

Bioperine Nature's Thermonutrient

Interacts with
1,019 drugs
5 mg per serving Form: Piperine

Black pepper is a common kitchen spice that is generally safe in the amounts used in food. Its extract, piperine, is mostly added to supplements to he...

Bioperine Nature's Thermonutrient monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Organic extra virgin Olive Oil, Vegetable Cellulose, Vegetable Wax, D-Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate, Rosemary Oil, Chlorophyllin. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

AstaFX by Purity Products Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against AstaFX?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,043Drugs
1,002 Moderate 41 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Bioperine Nature's Thermonutrient 1,019
AstaReal Astaxanthin 671
Tocotrienols 122

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in AstaFX interact with 1,043 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

3 of the 3 ingredients in AstaFX interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Bioperine Nature's Thermonutrient AstaReal Astaxanthin Tocotrienols

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in AstaFX with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Bioperine Nature's Thermonutrient17 drug types · 1,019 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, black pepper might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs.
In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, seems to inhibit platelet aggregation. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, black pepper might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Animal research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, can reduce blood glucose levels. Monitor blood glucose levels closely. Dose adjustments might be necessary.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Atorvastatin (Lipitor)

Theoretically, black pepper might increase blood levels of atorvastatin.
Animal research shows that taking piperine, a constituent of black pepper, 35 mg/kg can increase the maximum serum concentration of atorvastatin three-fold. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)

Theoretically, black pepper might increase the effects and side effects of cyclosporine.
In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, increases the bioavailability of cyclosporine. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (Cyp2D6) Substrates

Theoretically, black pepper might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
In vitro research suggests that some constituents of black pepper inhibit CYP2D6. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, black pepper might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
In vitro research and pharmacokinetic simulation data suggest that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, as well as the pepper fruit seem to inhibit CYP3A4. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Lithium

Theoretically, black pepper might increase blood levels of lithium due to its diuretic effects. The dose of lithium might need to be reduced.
Black pepper is thought to have diuretic properties.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Nevirapine (Viramune)

Black pepper might increase blood levels of nevirapine.
Clinical research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, increases the plasma concentration of nevirapine. However, no adverse effects were observed in this study.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
P-Glycoprotein Substrates

Theoretically, black pepper might increase levels of P-glycoprotein substrates.
In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, seems to inhibit P-glycoprotein.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Pentobarbital (Nembutal)

Theoretically, black pepper might increase the sedative effects of pentobarbital.
Animal research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, increases pentobarbital-induced sleeping time.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Phenytoin (Dilantin)

Black pepper might increase blood levels of phenytoin.
Clinical research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, seems to increase absorption, slow elimination, and increase levels of phenytoin. Taking a single dose of black pepper 1 gram along with phenytoin seems to double the serum concentration of phenytoin. Consuming a soup with black pepper providing piperine 44 mg/200 mL of soup along with phenytoin also seems to increase phenytoin levels when compared with consuming the same soup without black pepper.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Propranolol (Inderal)

Black pepper might increase blood levels of propranolol.
Clinical research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, seems to increase absorption and slow elimination of propranolol.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Rifampin (Rifadin)

Black pepper might increase blood levels of rifampin.
Clinical research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, seems to increase absorption and serum levels of rifampin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Theophylline

Black pepper might increase blood levels of theophylline.
Clinical research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, seems to increase absorption and slow elimination of theophylline.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Amoxicillin (Amoxil, Trimox)

Theoretically, black pepper might increase the effects and side effects of amoxicillin.
Animal research shows that taking piperine, a constituent of black pepper, with amoxicillin increases plasma levels of amoxicillin. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)

Theoretically, black pepper might increase blood levels of carbamazepine, potentially increasing the effects and side effects of carbamazepine.
One clinical study in patients taking carbamazepine 300 mg or 500 mg twice daily shows that taking a single 20 mg dose of purified piperine, a constituent of black pepper, increases carbamazepine levels. Piperine may increase carbamazepine absorption by increasing blood flow to the GI tract, increasing the surface area of the small intestine, or inhibiting cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) in the gut wall. Absorption was significantly increased by 7-10 mcg/mL/hour. The time to eliminate carbamazepine was also increased by 4-8 hours. Although carbamazepine levels were increased, this did not appear to increase side effects. In vitro research also shows that piperine can increase carbamazepine levels by 11% in a time-dependent manner.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, black pepper might decrease levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
In vitro research suggests that black pepper induces CYP1A2. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Bioperine Nature's Thermonutrient full monograph & interactions

AstaReal Astaxanthin2 drug types · 671 drugs

Cytochrome P450 2B6 (Cyp2B6) Substrates

Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6.
In vitro research shows that astaxanthin induces cytochrome CYP2B6 enzyme activity in human hepatocytes. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
In vitro research shows that astaxanthin induces CYP3A4 enzyme activity in human hepatocytes. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
AstaReal Astaxanthin full monograph & interactions

Tocotrienols1 drug type · 122 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Concomitant use of tocotrienols with anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents might increase the risk of bleeding. However, this has not been reported in humans.
Taking tocotrienols orally inhibits experimentally-induced platelet aggregation in humans. Theoretically tocotrienols might increase the risk of bleeding if taken with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs. However, tocotrienols 400-800 mg daily have been used with aspirin and/or clopidogrel for 1 year with no clear cumulative antiplatelet effects and no reports of bleeding.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Tocotrienols full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for AstaFX, from the product label.

Purity Products

See all Purity Products products
Name
Purity Products
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

AstaFX by Purity Products: Common Questions

Does AstaFX by Purity Products interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, AstaFX has a known interaction with 1,043 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
AstaFX contains 3 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
What is astaxanthin, and what does it do in this formula?
Astaxanthin is a natural red carotenoid antioxidant derived from algae. It's included in AstaFX to provide antioxidant support, though the evidence we hold doesn't confirm it works for age-related mental decline, macular degeneration, or aging skin.
Why is black pepper in here?
Black pepper extract (piperine) is marketed as a thermonutrient — it may help your body absorb other nutrients. However, it also significantly affects how your liver processes many medications, so it's a key interaction concern with this product.
Can I take AstaFX if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
No — astaxanthin and tocotrienols both lack sufficient safety data, so the safety notes advise against them during pregnancy. Astaxanthin should also be avoided while breastfeeding, and tocotrienols should only be used if your doctor advises it. Talk to your obstetrician or pharmacist for personalized guidance.
What side effects have been reported?
Astaxanthin may cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, or red-colored stool. Black pepper can cause a burning aftertaste, indigestion, or reduced taste perception. Tocotrienols are well tolerated orally. Serious side effects are rare.
Will AstaFX help with cognitive decline or skin aging?
The evidence we hold rates astaxanthin as insufficient reliable evidence for both age-related cognitive decline and aging skin, so we can't confirm it works for those purposes.
Is there anything else in this product besides the four active ingredients?
Yes — there are inactive ingredients: olive oil, plant-based capsule material, vegetable wax, vitamin E acetate, rosemary oil, and chlorophyllin. These are fillers and protective compounds that don't have known therapeutic effects.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

AstaFX label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind AstaFX’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Astaxanthin

Interacts with 671 drugs

Astaxanthin is a reddish carotenoid pigment with strong antioxidant activity in the lab, and it is widely promoted for skin, eye, heart, and exercise benefits. Early human studies are promis...

Read the full Astaxanthin monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Tocotrienols

Interacts with 122 drugs

Tocotrienols are a less common form of vitamin E with strong antioxidant activity studied mostly for cholesterol, liver, and heart health. Early research is interesting but far from conclusi...

Read the full Tocotrienols monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Black Pepper

Interacts with 1,019 drugs

Black pepper is a common kitchen spice that is generally safe in the amounts used in food. Its extract, piperine, is mostly added to supplements to help the body absorb other ingredients (li...

Read the full Black Pepper monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

AstaFX's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 36 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Astaxanthin 3 references
  1. Kupcinskas L, Lafolie P, Lignell A, et al. Efficacy of the natural antioxidant astaxanthin in the treatment of functional dyspepsia in patients with or without Helicobacter pylori infection: A prospective, randomized, double blind, and placebo-controlled
  2. Kistler, A., Liechti, H., Pichard, L., Wolz, E., Oesterhelt, G., Hayes, A., and Maurel, P. Metabolism and CYP-inducer properties of astaxanthin in man and primary human hepatocytes. Arch.Toxicol. 2002;75(11-12):665-675. PubMed
  3. Choi HD, Youn YK, Shin WG. Positive effects of astaxanthin on lipid profiles and oxidative stress in overweight subjects. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2011;66:363-369. PubMed

See these in context on the Astaxanthin monograph →

Tocotrienols 4 references
  1. Mensink RP, van Houwelingen AC, Kromhout D, Hornstra G. A vitamin E concentrate rich in tocotrienols had no effect on serum lipids, lipoproteins, or platelet function in men with mildly elevated serum lipid concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:213-9. PubMed
  2. Baumann LS, Spencer JS. The effects of topical vitamin E on the cosmetic appearance of scars. Dermatol Surg 1999;25:311-5. PubMed
  3. Khoo TL, Halim AS, Zakaria Z, Mat Saad AZ, Wu LY, Lau HY. A prospective, randomised, double-blinded trial to study the efficacy of topical tocotrienol in the prevention of hypertrophic scars. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2011 Jun;64(6):e137-45. Epub 201 PubMed
  4. Slivka A, Rink C, Paoletto D, Sen CK. Platelet function in stroke/transient ischemic attack patients treated with tocotrienol. FASEB J. 2020;34(9):11838-11843. PubMed

See these in context on the Tocotrienols monograph →

Black Pepper 29 references
  1. Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
  2. Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
  3. Bano G, Amla V, Raina RK, et al. The effect of piperine on pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in healthy volunteers. Planta Med 1987;53:568-9. PubMed
  4. Bano G, et al. Effect of piperine on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of propranolol and theophylline in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991;41;615-7. PubMed
  5. Cohle SD, Trestrail JD III, Graham MA, et al. Fatal pepper aspiration. Am J Dis Child 1988;142:633-6. PubMed
  6. Bhardwaj RK, Glaeser H, Becquemont L, et al. Piperine, a major constituent of black pepper, inhibits human P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;302:645-50. PubMed
  7. Velpandian T, Jasuja R, Bhardwaj RK, et al. Piperine in food: interference in the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2001;26:241-7. PubMed
  8. Pattanaik S, Hota D, Prabhakar S, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction of a single dose of piperine with steady-state carbamazepine in epilepsy patients. Phytother Res 2009;23:1281-6.
  9. Munakata, M., Kobayashi, K., Niisato-Nezu, J., Tanaka, S., Kakisaka, Y., Ebihara, T., Ebihara, S., Haginoya, K., Tsuchiya, S., and Onuma, A. Olfactory stimulation using black pepper oil facilitates oral feeding in pediatric patients receiving long-term en
  10. Myers, B. M., Smith, J. L., and Graham, D. Y. Effect of red pepper and black pepper on the stomach. Am J Gastroenterol 1987;82(3):211-214.
  11. Raghavendra, R. H. and Naidu, K. A. Spice active principles as the inhibitors of human platelet aggregation and thromboxane biosynthesis. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2009;81(1):73-78. PubMed
  12. Subehan, Usia, T., Kadota, S., and Tezuka, Y. Mechanism-based inhibition of human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) by alkamides of Piper nigrum. Planta Med 2006;72(6):527-532.
  13. Kasibhatta, R. and Naidu, M. U. Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of nevirapine under fasting conditions: a randomised, crossover, placebo-controlled study. Drugs R.D. 2007;8(6):383-391. PubMed
  14. Usia, T., Iwata, H., Hiratsuka, A., Watabe, T., Kadota, S., and Tezuka, Y. CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 inhibitory activities of Indonesian medicinal plants. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(1-2):67-73. PubMed
  15. Mujumdar, A. M., Dhuley, J. N., Deshmukh, V. K., Raman, P. H., Thorat, S. L., and Naik, S. R. Effect of piperine on pentobarbitone induced hypnosis in rats. Indian J Exp.Biol. 1990;28(5):486-487.
  16. Panda, S. and Kar, A. Piperine lowers the serum concentrations of thyroid hormones, glucose and hepatic 5'D activity in adult male mice. Horm.Metab Res. 2003;35(9):523-526. PubMed
  17. Lawless, H. and Stevens, D. A. Effects of oral chemical irritation on taste. Physiol Behav. 1984;32(6):995-998. PubMed
  18. Hiwale, A. R., Dhuley, J. N., and Naik, S. R. Effect of co-administration of piperine on pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics in rats. Indian J Exp.Biol. 2002;40(3):277-281.
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See these in context on the Black Pepper monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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