Major interaction on record — check this product against your medications before combining. Based on 2 of 5 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

No Bull Lemon Ice Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by MuscleMeds

Powder Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Major
The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Major

No Bull Lemon Ice is a dietary supplement by MuscleMeds with 5 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for replacing fluids and electrolytes, preventing dehydration during exercise or illness, treating low blood sodium (under medical care).Based on those ingredients, 1,460 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated major. The ingredients most likely to interact are Sodium, PEAK ATP(R) Patented ATP Molecule. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

HelloPharmacist Scorecard of No Bull Lemon Ice by MuscleMeds

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 2 of its 14 active ingredients.
  • “NO BULL Peak Performance Matrix” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (8,664 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “Power-AMP Cre3-Beta-A Creatine Complex” is a proprietary blend — the label doesn't break down how much of each component you get.
  • “Sudden Impact Neurotrophic Energizers” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label doesn't break down how much of each component you get.

No Bull Lemon Ice contains 14 ingredients, 11 of which we could review. The active ingredients include sodium (an electrolyte), three forms of creatine (creatine monohydrate, creatine gluconate, and creatine magnapower) for muscle strength and athletic performance, beta-alanine for physical performance, vinpocetine for brain blood flow, glucuronolactone for energy support, BioPerine (black pepper extract) for absorption, PEAK ATP (adenosine) for cellular energy, Mucuna pruriens seed extract (containing levodopa), Huperzine A for cognitive support, and Ilex paraguariensis leaf extract.

Three additional ingredients — DL-Phenylalanine, the NO BULL Peak Performance Matrix, Power-AMP Cre3-Beta-A Creatine Complex, Sudden Impact Neurotrophic Energizers, and DecaDrive Delivery Technology — are either proprietary blends or ingredients we don't have data for. The product also contains inactive ingredients including citric acid, natural flavors, silica, acesulfame potassium, and sucralose.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: enhance muscle force velocity endurance strength.
  • We looked for evidence on: Athletic performance, Physical performance, Muscle strength, Exercise-induced muscle breakdown, Muscle breakdown, Fatigue — and 4 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Creatine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Athletic performance (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Creatine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Muscle strength.
  • Also on file: Beta-alanine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Athletic performance, Physical performance.

Creatine (in all three forms) is possibly effective for muscle strength, athletic performance, sarcopenia, and cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes; it's possibly ineffective for osteopenia and Huntington disease. Beta-alanine is possibly effective for athletic and physical performance, though evidence for cognitive or respiratory uses is insufficient.

Vinpocetine is possibly effective for dementia but insufficient evidence exists for tinnitus, motion sickness, stroke, or chronic fatigue. PEAK ATP is effective for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and cardiovascular disease diagnosis when used as a prescription injection, but oral supplement evidence is limited.

Huperzine A is possibly effective for Alzheimer disease but has insufficient evidence for memory, cognitive impairment, vascular dementia, depression, or athletic performance. Sodium has insufficient evidence for congestive heart failure but is likely effective for cystic fibrosis and possibly effective for amphotericin B nephrotoxicity.

For the others — glucuronolactone, BioPerine, Mucuna pruriens, and ingredients we could not check — effectiveness data either doesn't exist in our files or shows insufficient evidence.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Adenosine

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 9 of the 10 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 10 of 10.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 10 of 10.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Creatine is generally well tolerated in healthy adults but can cause dehydration, diarrhea, muscle cramps, and water retention; those with kidney problems should be cautious. Beta-alanine commonly causes harmless skin tingling and flushing, starting on the scalp within 20 minutes and lasting about an hour.

Sodium is essential in small amounts, but too much is linked to high blood pressure and heart strain; normal dietary amounts are fine, but avoid sodium supplements or very high intake without medical advice. Vinpocetine is generally well tolerated short-term, but long-term safety isn't well established.

BioPerine (black pepper) is generally safe as a food spice; concentrated supplements should be used cautiously. Huperzine A is pharmacologically active and can cause dose-dependent cholinergic side effects like blurred vision, constipation, diarrhea, dry mouth, nausea, and vomiting.

Mucuna pruriens contains levodopa and can cause diarrhea, flatulence, nausea, and headaches. Glucuronolactone is generally well tolerated in beverage amounts, but long-term safety and high-dose effects aren't well studied.

PEAK ATP's oral supplement evidence is limited; the prescription injectable form is powerful and must only be given by medical professionals. Pregnancy: creatine, beta-alanine, and huperzine A should be avoided (safety not established); glucuronolactone should be avoided; vinpocetine is explicitly advised against by the FDA for people who are or could become pregnant; Mucuna pruriens should be avoided; PEAK ATP has insufficient safety data.

Breastfeeding: avoid creatine, beta-alanine, huperzine A, glucuronolactone, and PEAK ATP; Mucuna pruriens should be avoided (L-dopa can lower prolactin and reduce milk supply); vinpocetine should be avoided.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Adenosine

Meds to double-check

Major interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Major identified

At least one ingredient has a documented Major-severity interaction. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 7 of the 10 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Vinpocetine, Huperzine A, Black Pepper, Yerba Mate, Cowhage, among others.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Major.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; diabetes medications; lithium; Parkinson's medications.
  • For scale: 1,461 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check with your pharmacist before taking this product if you use methyldopa, MAOIs, or levodopa (Major-severity interactions with Mucuna pruriens). Also double-check blood pressure medications (antihypertensives), lithium, blood thinners (anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs), warfarin, drugs metabolized by CYP2C9, phenytoin, rifampin, propranolol, nevirapine, atorvastatin, theophylline, cyclosporine, pentobarbital, anticholinergic or cholinergic drugs, corticosteroids, didanosine, dipyridamole, carbamazepine, and methylxanthines (caffeine, theophylline, aminophylline).

For three ingredients — DL-Phenylalanine, Ilex paraguariensis leaf extract, and DecaDrive Delivery Technology — we could not check interaction data.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Major medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

No Bull Lemon Ice is marketed for athletic performance and muscle support, primarily through creatine and beta-alanine. If you take blood pressure medications (including methyldopa), blood thinners like warfarin, lithium, MAOIs, anticholinergic or cholinergic drugs, or dipyridamole, you need to check your specific medications before starting this product — the sodium, Mucuna pruriens, and other ingredients carry real interaction risks.

Those with kidney disease should be cautious with the creatine content. Pregnant people and breastfeeding parents should avoid it.

Talk to your pharmacist or doctor before use, especially if you're on any medications.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 12 of 14 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Nov 25, 2014.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about No Bull Lemon Ice, straight from the product label.

Brand MuscleMeds
Barcode (UPC) 891597003891
Net contents 8.11 oz.; 230 Gram(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Nov 25, 2014
DSLD ID 39481
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Powder
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for No Bull Lemon Ice by MuscleMeds, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
12 Gram(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
12 Gram(s)
Servings per container
20
UPC/BARCODE
891597003891
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories5 {Calories}--
Total Carbohydrates1 Gram(s)1%
Sodium10 mg1%
Creatine Monohydrate0 NP--
Beta-Alanine0 NP--
Vinpocetine0 NP--
Glucuronolactone0 NP--
DL-Phenylalanine0 NP--
Creatine Gluconate0 NP--
Creatine Magnapower0 NP--
BioPerine0 NP--
NO BULL Peak Performance Matrix8664 mg--
PEAK ATP(R) Patented ATP Molecule400 mg--
Power-AMP Cre3-Beta-A Creatine Complex0 NP--
Sudden Impact Neurotrophic Energizers0 NP--
Ilex paraguariensis leaf extract0 NP--
Mucuna pruriens seed extract0 NP--
Huperzine A0 NP--
Uptake Optimizers0 NP--
DecaDrive Delivery Technology0 NP--

Other ingredients: Citric Acid, Natural flavors, Silica, Acesulfame Potassium, Sucralose

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements

NO BULL XMT ENHANCES MUSCLE FORCE, VELOCITY AND ENDURANCE, HELPING YOU TO LIFT HEAVIER WEIGHTS FOR MORE REPS. THE END RESULT IS BIGGER, STRONGER MUSCLES AND BETTER WORKOUTS!

NO BULL XMT (Extreme Muscle Tension) has been formulated with clinically researched ingredients to enhance workout performance and muscle growth through a proven training concept called “Time Under Tension.” During a resistance weight training workout, the amount of time your muscles work is measured in repetitions and the amount of tension is measured in weight. Increasing the numbers of reps (time) and the amount of weight on the bar (tension) during a set increases the workload placed on your muscles and stimulates maximum muscle growth. NO BULL XMT is formulated to do just that. More Reps + More Weight= More Muscle Growth!

In the development of NO BULL XMT, MuscleMeds researchers focused on a key mechanism in muscle called “Excitation-Contraction.” Enhancing this mechanism of action in muscle tissue helps increase muscle force, velocity and endurance thereby increasing time under tension and total workout performance. In addition to enhancing muscle excitation-contraction, NO BULL XMT’s advanced synergistic design also increases energy, muscle pumps and anabolic signaling, making it the ultimate performance enhancing pre-workout formula. NO BULL XMT is the Pre-Workout Formula for those who want more… More for more reps equals more muscle growth!

GAIN UP TO 8.8 lbs. MUSCLE and 147% MORE STRENGTH

LIFT MORE WEIGHT FOR MORE REPS* XMT INCREASES MUSCLE FORCE, VELOCITY & ENDURANCE* INCREASES BLOOD FLOW & MUSCLE PUMPS* INCREASES ANABOLIC SIGNALING TO ACTIVATE MUSCLE GROWTH*

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

General

MM-003891-0114 F8732301

Precautions

- Keep out of reach of children

- Do not purchase if seal is broken.

CAUTION: Not intended for use by persons under 18 or if you have high blood pressure, heart problems or are contemplating becoming pregnant.

CAUTION: Not intended for use by persons under 18 or if you have high blood pressure, heart problems or are contemplating becoming pregnant.

Caffeine intake is not advisable in cases of high blood pressure, pregnancy or nursing. Limit the use of caffeine-containing medications, foods or beverages while taking this product because too much caffeine may cause nervousness, irritability, sleeplessness and occasionally, rapid, heartbeat. If you have a medical condition or are taking medication, consult your physician before using.

Do not exceed recommended dose.

Storage

- Store at 10(0)-30(0)C (50(0)-86(0)F). - Protect from heat, light and moisture.

Formula

Contains caffeine comparable to a large cup of the leading premium coffee.

Seals/Symbols

MuscleMeds(TM) PERFORMANCE TECHNOLOGIES

CLINICALLY TESTED PEAK ATP(R)

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Brand IP Statement(s)

PRE-WORKOUT

Naturally Flavored

Claims based on a clinical dose taken before training, based on double-blind placebo controlled study using 400 mg of PEAK ATP, following a specific diet and exercise program. Visit MuscleMedsRX.com for study. Your results may not be typical.

BioPerine(R) is a registered trademark of Sabinsa Corp.

PEAK ATP(R) is a registered trademark of TSI, Inc. and is used under license.

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Directions: For full clinical dose, take 1 scoop with 8-12 fl oz. of water 30 minutes before training

See for yourself

No Bull Lemon Ice by MuscleMeds label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

What’s inside

The Ingredients in No Bull Lemon Ice by MuscleMeds

These are the 5 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size12 Gram(s) Dosage formPowder Servings per container20 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Sodium

Interacts with
205 drugs
10 mg per serving

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets g...

Sodium monograph & interactions

NO BULL Peak Performance Matrix

8664 mg per serving
  • › Power-AMP Cre3-Beta-A Creatine Complex
  • › Sudden Impact Neurotrophic Energizers
  • › Uptake Optimizers

PEAK ATP(R) Patented ATP Molecule

Interacts with
47 drugs
400 mg per serving

Adenosine is a natural building block your body uses for energy and cell signaling, and a prescription injectable version is used by doctors to treat...

PEAK ATP(R) Patented ATP Molecule monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Citric Acid, Natural flavors, Silica, Acesulfame Potassium, Sucralose. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

No Bull Lemon Ice by MuscleMeds Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against No Bull Lemon Ice?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

Go to the checker
1,460Drugs
27 Major 1,390 Moderate 43 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Sodium 205

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in No Bull Lemon Ice with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Sodium7 drug types · 205 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
High intake of dietary sodium can increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Also, high intake of sodium may necessitate increased use of antihypertensive medications to achieve blood pressure control in some patients, such as those with chronic kidney disease.

Likelihood Probable Evidence A
Corticosteroids

Concomitant use of mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) cause sodium retention. This effect is dose-related and depends on mineralocorticoid potency. It is most common with hydrocortisone, cortisone, and fludrocortisone, followed by prednisone and prednisolone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Didanosine (Videx)

Concomitant use of didanosine with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Didanosine formulations contain a significant amount of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Lithium

Altering dietary intake of sodium might alter the levels and clinical effects of lithium.
High sodium intake can reduce plasma concentrations of lithium by increasing lithium excretion. Reducing sodium intake can significantly increase plasma concentrations of lithium and cause lithium toxicity in patients being treated with lithium carbonate. Stabilizing sodium intake is shown to reduce the percentage of patients with lithium level fluctuations above 0.8 mEq/L. Patients taking lithium should avoid significant alterations in their dietary intake of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Sodium Phosphates

Theoretically, concomitant use of sodium phosphate with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Use of high doses (> 45 mL in 24 hours) of sodium phosphate, such as those used for bowel cleansing before surgery, can lead to serious electrolyte disturbances, including hypernatremia. The risk of hypernatremia is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sodium-Containing Drugs

Concomitant use of sodium-containing drugs with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia and long-term sodium-related complications.
The Chronic Disease Risk Reduction (CDRR) intake level of 2.3 grams of sodium daily indicates the intake at which it is believed that chronic disease risk increases for the apparently healthy population. Some medications contain high quantities of sodium. When used in conjunction with sodium supplements or high-sodium diets, the CDRR may be exceeded. Additionally, concomitant use may increase the risk for hypernatremia; this risk is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tolvaptan (Samsca)

Theoretically, concomitant use of tolvaptan with sodium might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Tolvaptan is a vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist that is used to increase sodium levels in patients with hyponatremia. Patients taking tolvaptan should use caution with the use of sodium salts such as sodium chloride.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C

PEAK ATP(R) Patented ATP Molecule3 drug types · 47 drugs

Dipyridamole (Persantine)

Dipyridamole can increase the therapeutic and toxic effects of adenosine.
Dipyridamole decreases the metabolism of adenosine. Intravenous infusion of adenosine in patients who are taking dipyridamole can cause dizziness, bradycardia, and syncope. Dipyridamole should be discontinued for several days prior to a cardiac stress test using adenosine.

Likelihood Likely Evidence D
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)

Carbamazepine might increase the risk of heart block when used concomitantly with adenosine.
Carbamazepine and adenosine can both cause heart block. Giving them concurrently might produce an additive effect.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Methylxanthines

Methylxanthines are competitive antagonists of adenosine and can block its pharmacologic effects.
The methylxanthines, aminophylline, caffeine, and theophylline, can block the effects of adenosine by acting as competitive antagonists at adenosine cell surface receptors. It is recommended that methylxanthines be avoided for 24 hours prior to cardiac stress tests.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for No Bull Lemon Ice, from the product label.

MuscleMeds

See all MuscleMeds products
Name
MuscleMeds Performance Technologies
Street Address
165 Clinton Road
City
West Caldwell
State
NJ
ZipCode
07006
Phone Number
1.888.575.7067
Web Address
MuscleMedsRx.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

No Bull Lemon Ice by MuscleMeds: Common Questions

Does No Bull Lemon Ice by MuscleMeds interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, No Bull Lemon Ice has a known interaction with 1,460 medications, including 27 rated major. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
No Bull Lemon Ice contains 5 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Will this product affect my blood pressure medication?
The sodium in this product can theoretically reduce how well blood pressure medications work. If you take an antihypertensive, check with your pharmacist before starting. Additionally, if you take methyldopa specifically, the Mucuna pruriens in this product carries a major interaction risk and should be avoided.
What's the tingling feeling from beta-alanine?
That's paresthesia — a harmless, dose-dependent pins-and-needles sensation that typically starts on the scalp within 20 minutes and spreads to most of the body, lasting about an hour. At lower doses it's mild or doesn't happen in everyone, and it goes away on its own.
Is creatine safe for my kidneys?
Creatine is generally well tolerated in healthy adults. However, if you have kidney disease or kidney problems, you should talk to your doctor before using this product — the safety data advises caution in that situation.
Can I take this while pregnant or breastfeeding?
No. Safety hasn't been established for creatine, beta-alanine, huperzine A, or most of the other active ingredients during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Additionally, vinpocetine is explicitly advised against by the FDA for people who are or could become pregnant. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before considering this product if you're pregnant, nursing, or planning to become pregnant.
What does huperzine A do in this product?
Huperzine A is possibly effective for Alzheimer disease and works by boosting a brain chemical called acetylcholine. It's pharmacologically active — meaning it acts like a drug — so it can cause real side effects including blurred vision, nausea, diarrhea, and dry mouth, especially at higher doses.
Will this interact with blood thinners?
Yes. Vinpocetine in this product can increase bleeding risk when taken with anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs, or warfarin. If you take any blood thinner, check with your pharmacist before starting this product.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if No Bull Lemon Ice is safe with your meds?

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

No Bull Lemon Ice label
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

No Bull Lemon Ice's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 353 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Sodium 38 references
  1. Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Ruffalo RL. Drug and nutrient interactions. Am Fam Physician 1986;33:165-74.
  2. Food and Drug Administration Science Background: Safety of Sodium Phosphates Oral Solution. September 17, 2001. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/safety/sodiumphospate.htm
  3. Coton T, Mallaret C, Coilliot C, Carre D, Guisset M. Severe acute ulcerated gastritis induced by salt. Presse Med 2009;38(3):499-500. PubMed
  4. Frings-Meuthen P, Buehlmeier J, Baecker N, et al. High sodium chloride intake exacerbates immobilization-induced bone resorption and protein losses. J Appl Physiol 2011;111(2):537-542. PubMed
  5. Frings-Meuthen P, Baecker N, Heer M. Low-grade metabolic acidosis may be the cause of sodium chloride-induced exaggerated bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23(4):517-524. PubMed
  6. Alam S, Johnson AG. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) among healthy normotensive and essential hypertensive elderly patients to determine the effect of high salt (NaCl) diet of blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 1999;13(6):367-74.
  7. Boudville N, Ward S, Benaroia M, House AA. Increased sodium intake correlates with greater use of antihypertensive agents by subjects with chronic kidney disease. Am J Hypertens 2005;18(10):1300-5. PubMed
  8. Bennett WM. Drug interactions and consequences of sodium restriction. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(2 Suppl):678S-681S. PubMed
  9. Okusa MD, Crystal LJ. Clinical manifestations and management of acute lithium intoxication. Am J Med 1994;97(4):383-9. PubMed
  10. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2005. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10925. DOI
  11. D'Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr 2012;31(4):489-98. PubMed
  12. Goldsmith SR. Hyponatremia in heart failure: time for a trial. J Card Fail 2013;19(6):398-400. PubMed
  13. Willocks L, Brettle R, Keen J, Valentine C, Pinching AJ. Formulations of didanosine (ddI) and salt overload. Lancet 1992;339(8786):190.
  14. Chen L, Zhang Z, Chen W, Whelton PK, Appel LJ. Lower Sodium Intake and Risk of Headaches: Results From the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(7):1270-5. PubMed
  15. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2014;129(9):981-9. PubMed
  16. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Sodium Intake and All-Cause Mortality Over 20 Years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(15):1609-1617. PubMed
  17. Mente A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies. Lancet. 2016;388(10043):465-75. PubMed
  18. Moosavian SP, Haghighatdoost F, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. Salt and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;68(3):265-277. PubMed
  19. O'Donnell M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(7):612-23. DOI
  20. Poggio R, Gutierrez L, Matta MG, Elorriaga N, Irazola V, Rubinstein A. Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(4):695-704. PubMed
  21. Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, Food and Nutrition Board, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington (DC): National Acad
  22. Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I, et al. Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1693-1700. PubMed
  23. Yancy CW. Sodium Restriction in Heart Failure: Too Much Uncertainty-Do the Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1700-1701. PubMed
  24. He FJ, Campbell NRC, Ma Y, MacGregor GA, Cogswell ME, Cook NR. Errors in estimating usual sodium intake by the Kawasaki formula alter its relationship with mortality: implications for public health. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(6):1784-1795. PubMed
  25. Murthy K, Ondrey GJ, Malkani N, et al. THE EFFECTS OF HYPONATREMIA ON BONE DENSITY AND FRACTURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Endocr Pract. 2019;25(4):366-378. PubMed
  26. Messerli FH, Hofstetter L, Syrogiannouli L, et al. Sodium intake, life expectancy, and all-cause mortality. Eur Heart J 2021;42(21):2103-2112. PubMed
  27. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;12(12):CD004022. PubMed
  28. Giatti S, Santos RB, Aielo AN, et al. Association of sodium with obstructive sleep apnea. The ELSA-Brasil study. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021;18(3):502-510. PubMed
  29. Nan X, Lu H, Wu J, et al. The interactive association between sodium intake, alcohol consumption and hypertension among elderly in northern China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2021;21(1):135. PubMed
  30. Kyozuka H, Fukusda T, Murata T, et al. Impact of preconception sodium intake on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children's study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021;23:66-72. PubMed
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Creatine 86 references
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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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