Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 4 of 5 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Carnitine Citrus Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by MusclePharm MP Essentials

Carnitine Citrus label
See full label image
Liquid Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Carnitine Citrus against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Carnitine Citrus is a dietary supplement by MusclePharm MP Essentials with 5 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for memory and cognitive support, nerve pain (neuropathy), energy and fatigue.Based on those ingredients, 312 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Acetyl L-Carnitine, Raspberry Ketones, L-Carnitine base. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Carnitine Citrus by MusclePharm MP Essentials

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Carnitine Citrus by MusclePharm MP Essentials — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Carnitine Citrus by MusclePharm MP Essentials

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 0 of its 5 active ingredients.
  • “MusclePharm” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (1,000 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

This product contains five active ingredients: acetyl-L-carnitine, L-carnitine base, L-carnitine-L-tartrate, propionyl-L-carnitine (all forms of the amino acid carnitine), and raspberry ketones. Carnitine helps your body produce energy and is involved in heart and muscle function.

The inactive ingredients are water, natural flavors, potassium sorbate, beta carotene, sucralose, acesulfame potassium, citric acid, and sodium benzoate.

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: promote fat loss and metabolize fat.
  • We looked for evidence on: Athletic performance, Metabolic health, Energy metabolism.
  • The closest evidence on file: Propionyl-l-carnitine is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Athletic performance (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Acetyl-l-carnitine is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Athletic performance.
  • Also on file: L-carnitine is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Athletic performance.

The carnitine forms in this product have evidence for several uses. L-carnitine is effective for L-carnitine deficiency and possibly effective for high cholesterol, congestive heart failure, and angina.

Acetyl-L-carnitine is possibly effective for age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer disease, alcohol use disorder, diabetic neuropathy, and depression. Propionyl-L-carnitine is possibly effective for ulcerative colitis, congestive heart failure, angina, and cardiovascular disease.

Raspberry ketone has insufficient reliable evidence to rate for hair loss (alopecia areata) or weight loss (obesity) based on our data.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Acetyl-l-carnitine Raspberry Ketone L-carnitine Propionyl-l-carnitine

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 4 of the 4 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 4 of 4.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 4 of 4.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

The carnitine forms are generally well tolerated at typical doses, though some people report stomach upset, nausea, diarrhea, dry mouth, headache, or insomnia. A metabolite of carnitine can cause a fishy odor in urine, breath, and sweat.

Long-term safety isn't fully established. Raspberry ketone has very limited human safety data at supplement doses, but case reports describe heart palpitations, elevated blood pressure, sweating, shakiness, and diarrhea.

Regarding pregnancy, there isn't enough reliable safety information for acetyl-L-carnitine or raspberry ketone, so they should be avoided unless your doctor advises otherwise. For L-carnitine base and L-carnitine-L-tartrate, pregnancy safety data is not on file — talk with your doctor or pharmacist.

Breastfeeding safety is unknown for acetyl-L-carnitine and raspberry ketone, so avoiding them is the safer choice; for L-carnitine and propionyl-L-carnitine, breastfeeding safety is either possibly safe or not well studied, so caution is advised.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Acetyl-l-carnitine Raspberry Ketone L-carnitine Propionyl-l-carnitine

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 4 of the 4 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Propionyl-l-carnitine, Acetyl-l-carnitine, L-carnitine, Raspberry Ketone.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs.
  • For scale: 312 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check with your pharmacist if you take blood thinners like warfarin or acenocoumarol (Moderate risk), thyroid hormone replacement (Moderate risk), serotonergic antidepressants or psychiatric drugs (Moderate risk), or stimulant medications (Moderate risk). No interactions are documented for any other active ingredients we hold data for.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

If you're taking blood thinners, thyroid medication, antidepressants, or stimulants, you need to check with your pharmacist before using this product. It's generally well tolerated in the short term, but long-term safety isn't established.

Talk to your pharmacist about whether it's right for your specific medications and health situation.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 5 of 5 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Apr 11, 2022.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Carnitine Citrus, straight from the product label.

Brand MusclePharm MP Essentials
Net contents 16 Fluid Ounce(s); 473 mL
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Apr 11, 2022
DSLD ID 265428
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Liquid
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Women (not pregnant or lactating)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Carnitine Citrus by MusclePharm MP Essentials, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
15 mL
Maximum serving Sizes:
15 mL
Servings per container
31
IngredientAmount% DV
Acetyl L-Carnitine0 NP--
Raspberry Ketones0 NP--
L-Carnitine base0 NP--
L-Carnitine-L-Tartrate0 NP--
Propionyl-L-Carnitine0 NP--
MusclePharm1000 mg--

Other ingredients: Water, Purified, Natural Flavors, Potassium Sorbate, Beta Carotene, Sucralose, Acesulfame Potassium, Citric Acid, Sodium Benzoate

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Storage

Storage: Refrigerate after opening. Exposure to heat, light or air can have negative effects related to product quality. Therefore keep out of direct light or heat. Keep sealed when not in use.

Precautions

Warning: This product is only intended for use by healthy adults over 18 years of age.

Consult your physician before using this product if you are taking any prescription or over the counter medications or supplements. Do not use this product if you are pregnant, expect to become pregnant or are nursing. Do not use this product if you are at risk or are being treated for any medical condition or if you are taking a MAO inhibitor.

Keep out of reach of children.

Allergen Warning: This product was produced in a facility that may also process ingredients containing milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, wheat and soybeans.

Formula

1,000 milligram blend of Acetyl-L-Carnitine, L-Carnitine Base, L-Carnitine-L-Tartrate, Raspberry ketones, Propionyl-L-Carnitine

Promote fat loss with Carnitine MusclePharm Carnitine features a 1,000 mg blend of Carnitine, as well as added Raspberry ketones, to help promote fat loss. Carnitine plays a pivotal role in the body's ability to metabolize fat into muscular energy. Although Carnitine is produced naturally in the body, as well as obtained through foods such as red meat - many athletes also supplement their intake. Turn fat into fuel with MusclePharm Carnitine.

1,000 mg Carnitine blend Added raspberry ketones

Citrus natural flavors

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Formulation

Made in a cGMP Registered Facility

Key features Promote fat loss

Fat loss support

General Statements

Fuel your active lifestyle.

Seals/Symbols

Banned substance tested Informed-Choice.org Trusted by sport

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Use: Consume one serving (1 tablespoon) of MusclePharm Carnitine once a day or as directed by a physician or licensed nutritionist. Use as part of a healthy diet and exercise program.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Carnitine Citrus by MusclePharm MP Essentials label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Carnitine Citrus label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Carnitine Citrus by MusclePharm MP Essentials

These are the 5 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size15 mL Dosage formLiquid Servings per container31 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

MusclePharm

1000 mg per serving Form: Carnitine

Other (inactive) ingredients: Water, Purified, Natural Flavors, Potassium Sorbate, Beta Carotene, Sucralose, Acesulfame Potassium, Citric Acid, Sodium Benzoate. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Carnitine Citrus by MusclePharm MP Essentials Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Carnitine Citrus?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
312Drugs
312 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Acetyl L-Carnitine 203
Raspberry Ketones 174
L-Carnitine base 19
Propionyl-L-Carnitine 19

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Carnitine Citrus interact with 312 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

4 of the 5 ingredients in Carnitine Citrus interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Acetyl L-Carnitine Raspberry Ketones L-Carnitine base Propionyl-L-Carnitine

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Carnitine Citrus with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Acetyl L-Carnitine4 drug types · 203 drugs

Acenocoumarol (Sintrom)

Theoretically, acetyl-L-carnitine might increase the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol.
L-carnitine, the parent compound of acetyl-L-carnitine, might enhance the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol, an oral anticoagulant that is similar to warfarin, but shorter-acting. There are at least two case reports of INR elevation when L-carnitine was taken with acenocoumarol. In one case, a 33-year-old male with a previously stable INR had an elevated INR of 4.65 after L-carnitine was started and continued for 10 weeks. INR normalized after discontinuation of the L-carnitine-containing product. It is unclear if such an interaction would also occur with acetyl-L-carnitine.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Serotonergic Drugs

Theoretically, acetyl-L-carnitine might increase the risk of serotonergic side effects, including serotonin syndrome and cerebral vasoconstrictive disorders, when taken with serotonergic drugs.
Animal research shows that acetyl-L-carnitine can increase levels of serotonin in the brain.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Thyroid Hormone

Theoretically, acetyl-L-carnitine might decrease the effectiveness of thyroid hormone replacement.
L-carnitine appears to act as a peripheral thyroid hormone antagonist by inhibiting entry of thyroid hormone into the nucleus of cells. Taking L-carnitine also seems to diminish some of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism. It is unclear if such an interaction would occur with acetyl-L-carnitine.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, acetyl-L-carnitine might increase the anticoagulant effects of warfarin.
L-carnitine, the parent compound of acetyl-L-carnitine, might increase the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol, a shorter-acting oral anticoagulant similar to warfarin. There is not enough information to know whether this interaction occurs with acetyl-L-carnitine and warfarin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Acetyl L-Carnitine full monograph & interactions

Raspberry Ketones2 drug types · 174 drugs

Stimulant Drugs

Theoretically, raspberry ketone might increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular effects with stimulant drugs.
Structurally, raspberry ketone resembles synephrine, a known stimulant agent. Heart palpitations, elevated blood pressure, coronary vasospasm, pulseless electrical activity arrest, and resistant polymorphic ventricular tachycardia have been reported in patients taking raspberry ketone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, raspberry ketone might increase warfarin dose requirements.
In one case report, a patient taking warfarin 55 mg per week had a decrease in INR over a period of one month while taking raspberry ketone 250 mg daily. A warfarin dose increase to 70 mg per week was necessary to maintain a therapeutic INR while taking raspberry ketone. The mechanism for this potential interaction is not known.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Raspberry Ketones full monograph & interactions

L-Carnitine base3 drug types · 19 drugs

Acenocoumarol (Sintrom)

Theoretically, L-carnitine might increase the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol.
L-carnitine might enhance the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol, an oral anticoagulant similar to warfarin, but shorter-acting. There are at least two case reports of INR elevation with concomitant use. In one case, a 33-year-old male with a previously stable INR had an elevated INR of 4.65 after L-carnitine was started and continued for 10 weeks. INR normalized after discontinuation of the L-carnitine-containing product.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Thyroid Hormone

Theoretically, L-carnitine might decrease the effectiveness of thyroid hormone replacement.
L-carnitine appears to act as a peripheral thyroid hormone antagonist by inhibiting entry of thyroid hormone into the nucleus of cells. Taking L-carnitine also seems to diminish some of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, L-carnitine might increase the anticoagulant effects of warfarin.
L-carnitine might increase the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol, a shorter-acting oral anticoagulant similar to warfarin. There is not enough information to know whether this interaction occurs with L-carnitine and warfarin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
L-Carnitine base full monograph & interactions

Propionyl-L-Carnitine3 drug types · 19 drugs

Acenocoumarol (Sintrom)

Theoretically, propionyl-L-carnitine might increase the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol.
L-carnitine, the parent compound of propionyl-L-carnitine, might enhance the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol, an oral anticoagulant similar to warfarin, but shorter-acting. There are at least two case reports of INR elevation when L-carnitine was taken with acenocoumarol. In one case, a 33-year-old male with a previously stable INR had an elevated INR of 4.65 after L-carnitine was started and continued for 10 weeks. INR normalized after discontinuation of the L-carnitine-containing product. It is unclear if such an interaction would also occur with propionyl-L-carnitine.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Thyroid Hormone

Theoretically, acetyl-L-carnitine might decrease the effectiveness of thyroid hormone replacement.
L-carnitine appears to act as a peripheral thyroid hormone antagonist by inhibiting entry of thyroid hormone into the nucleus of cells. Taking L-carnitine also seems to diminish some of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism. It is unclear if such an interaction would occur with propionyl-L-carnitine.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, propionyl-L-carnitine might increase the anticoagulant effects of warfarin.
L-carnitine, the parent compound of propionyl-L-carnitine, might increase the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol, a shorter-acting oral anticoagulant similar to warfarin. There is not enough information to know whether this interaction occurs with propionyl-L-carnitine and warfarin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Propionyl-L-Carnitine full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Carnitine Citrus, from the product label.

MusclePharm MP Essentials

See all MusclePharm MP Essentials products
Name
MusclePharm Corp.
Street Address
4400 Vanowen Street
City
Burbank
State
CA
ZipCode
91505
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Carnitine Citrus by MusclePharm MP Essentials: Common Questions

Does Carnitine Citrus by MusclePharm MP Essentials interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Carnitine Citrus has a known interaction with 312 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Carnitine Citrus contains 5 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
What is carnitine, and what does it do?
Carnitine is an amino acid (a building block of protein) that helps your body produce energy and supports heart and muscle function. This product contains four different forms: acetyl-L-carnitine, L-carnitine base, L-carnitine-L-tartrate, and propionyl-L-carnitine.
Will this help me lose weight?
Raspberry ketone is sometimes marketed for weight loss, but our data shows there's insufficient reliable evidence to rate it for obesity. The carnitine forms don't have established effectiveness data for weight loss in our monographs.
Can I take this if I'm pregnant?
There isn't enough reliable safety information for acetyl-L-carnitine or raspberry ketone in pregnancy, so they should be avoided unless your doctor advises otherwise. For the other carnitine forms, safety data isn't on file — talk with your doctor or pharmacist for personalized advice.
What are the most common side effects?
Common side effects include stomach upset, nausea, diarrhea, dry mouth, headache, and reduced appetite. A fishy odor in urine, breath, and sweat has been reported. Raspberry ketone may also cause heart palpitations or elevated blood pressure in some people.
Is this safe to take long-term?
The carnitine forms are generally well tolerated short-term, but long-term safety isn't fully established. Raspberry ketone has very limited human safety data at supplement doses. Talk with your pharmacist about how long it's appropriate for you to use this product.
Can I take this while breastfeeding?
Breastfeeding safety is unknown for acetyl-L-carnitine and raspberry ketone, so avoiding them is the safer choice. For L-carnitine base and L-carnitine-L-tartrate, the data says it's possibly safe but breastfeeding safety is not well studied; for propionyl-L-carnitine, safety data isn't available. Check with your doctor or pharmacist before using this product while breastfeeding.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Carnitine Citrus is safe with your meds?

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Carnitine Citrus label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Carnitine Citrus’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Acetyl-l-carnitine

Interacts with 203 drugs

Acetyl-L-carnitine is a form of the amino acid carnitine that the body uses to help produce energy in cells. It is most studied for nerve pain and memory-related conditions, though the evide...

Read the full Acetyl-l-carnitine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Raspberry Ketone

Interacts with 174 drugs

Raspberry ketone is a natural aroma compound found in red raspberries that is heavily marketed for weight loss, but there is no good human evidence that it helps people lose weight. Most cla...

Read the full Raspberry Ketone monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

L-carnitine

Interacts with 19 drugs

L-carnitine is a compound your body makes naturally and also gets from foods like meat. It helps cells turn fat into energy, and supplements are most clearly useful for people with a true ca...

Read the full L-carnitine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Propionyl-l-carnitine

Interacts with 19 drugs

Propionyl-l-carnitine is a form of the amino acid derivative carnitine that the body uses to help turn fat into energy, and it is studied mostly for circulation problems like peripheral arte...

Read the full Propionyl-l-carnitine monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Carnitine Citrus's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 79 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Acetyl-l-carnitine 22 references
  1. Thal LJ, Carta A, Clarke WR, et al. A 1-year multicenter placebo-controlled study of acetyl-L-carnitine in patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1996;47:705-11. PubMed
  2. Sano M, Bell K, Cote L, et al. Double-blind parallel design pilot study of acetyl levocarnitine in patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Arch Neurol 1992;49:1137-41. PubMed
  3. Spagnoli A, Lucca U, Menasce G, et al. Long-term acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1991;41:1726-32. PubMed
  4. Brooks JO 3rd, Yesavage JA, Carta A, Bravi D. Acetyl L-carnitine slows decline in younger patients with Alzheimer's disease: a reanalysis of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study using the trilinear approach. Int Psychoger 1998;10:193-203. PubMed
  5. Pettegrew JW, Klunk WE, Panchalingam K, et al. Clinical and neurochemical effects of acetyl-L-carnitine in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1995;16:1-4. PubMed
  6. Rai G, Wright G, Scott L, et al. Double-blind, placebo controlled study of acetyl-l-carnitine in patients with Alzheimer's dementia. Curr Med Res Opin 1990;11:638-47. PubMed
  7. Benvenga S, Ruggeri RM, Russo A, et al. Usefulness of L-carnitine, a naturally occurring peripheral antagonist of thyroid hormone action, in iatrogenic hyperthyroidism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Meta
  8. Montgomery SA, Thal LJ, Amrein R. Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;18:61-71.. PubMed
  9. Martinez E, Domingo P, Roca-Cusachs A. Potentiation of acenocoumarol action by L-carnitine. J Intern Med 1993;233:94.
  10. Hudson S, Tabet N. Acetyl-L-carnitine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;2:CD003158.. PubMed
  11. Bachmann HU, Hoffmann A. Interaction of food supplement L-carnitine with oral anticoagulant acenocoumarol. Swiss Med Wkly 2004;134:385. PubMed
  12. De Grandis D, Minardi C. Acetyl-L-carnitine (levacecarnine) in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. A long-term, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Drugs R D 2002;3:223-31. PubMed
  13. 12761 Benvenga S, Amato A, Calvani M, Trimarchi F. Effects of carnitine on thyroid hormone action. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1033:158-67. PubMed
  14. Sima AAF, Calvani M, Mehra M, et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine improves pain, nerve regeneration, and vibratory perception in patients with chronic diabetic neuropathy: An analysis of two randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Diabetes Care 2005;28:89-94.
  15. Youle, M. and Osio, M. A double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, multicentre study of acetyl L-carnitine in the symptomatic treatment of antiretroviral toxic neuropathy in patients with HIV-1 infection. HIV.Med. 2007;8(4):241-250.
  16. Brennan BP, Jensen JE, Hudson JI, Coit CE, Beaulieu A, Pope HG Jr, Renshaw PF, Cohen BM. A placebo-controlled trial of acetyl-L-carnitine and a-lipoic acid in the treatment of bipolar depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013 Oct;33(5):627-35.
  17. Ledinek AH, Sajko MC, Rot U. Evaluating the effects of amantadin, modafinil and acetyl-L-carnitine on fatigue in multiple sclerosis--result of a pilot randomized, blind study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2013 Dec;115 Suppl 1:S86-9. PubMed
  18. Martinotti G, Andreoli S, Reina D, Di Nicola M, Ortolani I, Tedeschi D, Fanella F, Pozzi G, Iannoni E, D'Iddio S, Prof LJ. Acetyl-l-Carnitine in the treatment of anhedonia, melancholic and negative symptoms in alcohol dependent subjects. Prog Neuropsychop PubMed
  19. Baek SM, Zheng R, Seo EJ, Hwang DY, Kim BH. Pharmacokinetic comparisons of two acetyl-L-carnitine formulations in healthy Korean volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015;53(11):980-6. PubMed
  20. Goodison G, Overeem K, de Monte V, Siskind D. Mania associated with self-prescribed acetyl-l-carnitine in a man with bipolar I disorder. Australas Psychiatry. 2017;25(1):13-4.
  21. Bruno A, Pandolfo G, Crucitti M, Lorusso S, Zoccali RA, Muscatello MR. Acetyl-L-Carnitine Augmentation of Clozapine in Partial-Responder Schizophrenia: A 12-Week, Open-Label Uncontrolled Preliminary Study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2016;39(6):277-80. PubMed
  22. Veronese N, Stubbs B, Solmi M, Ajnakina O, Carvalho AF, Maggi S. Acetyl-L-Carnitine Supplementation and the Treatment of Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Psychosom Med. 2018;80(2):154-9. PubMed

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Raspberry Ketone 4 references
  1. Adverse Event Report. Raspberry Ketone. Natural MedWatch, April 27, 2012.
  2. Adverse Event Report. Raspberry Ketone. Natural MedWatch, September 18, 2011.
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  4. Khattar A, Beeton I. Coronary vasospasm and raspberry ketones weight-loss supplement: Is there a connection? Anatol J Cardiol. 2020;24(3):205-208.

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L-carnitine 41 references
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Propionyl-l-carnitine 12 references
  1. Cherchi A, Lai C, Onnis E, et al. Propionyl carnitine in stable effort angina. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1990;4:481-6. PubMed
  2. Bartels GL, Remme WJ, den Hartog FR, et al. Additional anti-ischemic effects of long-term L-propionylcarnitine in anginal patients treated with conventional antianginal therapy. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1995;9:749-53.
  3. Caponnetto S, Canale C, Masperone MA, et al. Efficacy of L-propionylcarnitine treatment in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Eur Heart J 1994;15:1267-73. PubMed
  4. Benvenga S, Ruggeri RM, Russo A, et al. Usefulness of L-carnitine, a naturally occurring peripheral antagonist of thyroid hormone action, in iatrogenic hyperthyroidism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Meta
  5. Martinez E, Domingo P, Roca-Cusachs A. Potentiation of acenocoumarol action by L-carnitine. J Intern Med 1993;233:94.
  6. Bachmann HU, Hoffmann A. Interaction of food supplement L-carnitine with oral anticoagulant acenocoumarol. Swiss Med Wkly 2004;134:385. PubMed
  7. Gentile V, Vicini P, Prigiotti G, et al. Preliminary observations on the use of propionyl-L-carnitine in combination with sildenafil in patients with erectile dysfunction and diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin 2004;20:1377-84. PubMed
  8. 12761 Benvenga S, Amato A, Calvani M, Trimarchi F. Effects of carnitine on thyroid hormone action. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1033:158-67. PubMed
  9. Brass EP, Koster D, Hiatt WR, Amato A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of propionyl-L-carnitine effects on exercise performance in patients with claudication. Vasc Med 2013;18:3-12.
  10. Hiatt WR, Creager MA, Amato A, Brass EP. Effect of propionyl-L-carnitine on a background of monitored exercise in patients with claudication secondary to peripheral artery disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2011;31:125-32. PubMed
  11. Jacobs PL, Goldstein ER, Blackburn W, et al. Glycine propionyl-L-carnitine produces enhanced anaerobic work capacity with reduced lactate accumulation in resistance trained males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2009;6:9. PubMed
  12. Jacobs PL, Goldstein ER. Long-term glycine propionyl-l-carnitine supplementation and paradoxical effects on repeated anaerobic sprint performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010;7:35.

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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