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Dietary supplement

Selenium 200 mg Gold Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by NutriGold

Selenium 200 mg Gold label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Botanical With Nutrients
Most serious interaction: Major
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Selenium 200 mg Gold against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Major

Selenium 200 mg Gold is a dietary supplement by NutriGold with 2 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for thyroid health support, antioxidant support, immune support.Based on those ingredients, 1,248 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated major. The ingredients most likely to interact are Selenium. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Selenium 200 mg Gold by NutriGold

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Selenium 200 mg Gold by NutriGold — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Selenium 200 mg Gold by NutriGold

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Sep 10, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 1 of its 14 active ingredients.
  • “Organic Food Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (400 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

Selenium 200 mg Gold contains 14 ingredients, 11 of which we have data for. The active components are selenium (the main ingredient at 200 mg per dose), plus a blend of organic vegetables and fruits: beet, kale, spinach, blueberry, strawberry, apple, parsley, carrot, broccoli, tomato, and green cabbage.

Two ingredients — organic raspberry and mustard extract — are part of the formula but we could not verify their composition. The capsule itself is made of pullulan, a plant-based material.

Selenium is a mineral your body needs in small amounts for immune function and thyroid health. The vegetable and fruit blend adds additional nutrients, though the specific amounts of each ingredient are not provided on the label — you're getting them in a proprietary blend.

Does it work?

Insufficient evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Insufficient

There isn't enough reliable clinical evidence to rate this product's ingredients for its stated purpose.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: support antioxidant defense and cognitive, immune, reproductive, and prostate health.
  • We looked for evidence on: Age-related cognitive decline, Cognitive function, Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), Thyroid function, Antioxidant defense.
  • The closest evidence on file: Beet is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Cognitive function (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Spinach is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Cognitive function.
  • Also on file: Tomato is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Selenium is likely effective for treating selenium deficiency, and possibly effective for Kashin-Beck disease (a joint condition), pre-eclampsia in pregnancy, and autoimmune thyroiditis. The evidence shows it may not be effective for improving cholesterol levels (dyslipidemia).

As for the other ingredients in this blend, most of the vegetable and fruit components have insufficient evidence to establish effectiveness for the conditions studied — the data on file doesn't show enough reliable research to confirm they work for their proposed uses. Broccoli is possibly effective for colorectal cancer prevention, and blueberry and strawberry may help with athletic performance or exercise-related muscle soreness, but for the majority of the other vegetables and fruits in here, we simply don't have enough clinical data to say whether they work.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Selenium Organic Food Beet Kale Spinach Blueberry Strawberry Apple

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 11 of the 12 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 11 of 12.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 12 of 12.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Selenium is generally well-tolerated at doses up to the upper safe limit of 400 mcg daily, but exceeding that can be toxic — this product contains 200 mcg, which is within the safe range for most adults. However, chronic exposure to high doses of selenium may carry a risk of neurotoxicity and motor nerve damage, and excessive selenium can affect your skin, hair, nails, and liver.

Most common side effects at recommended doses are mild: gastric discomfort, headache, and rash. The vegetables and fruits in this blend are safe as foods and are generally well-tolerated.

For pregnancy, selenium is rated possibly safe but possibly unsafe — the data is mixed, so if you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant, talk with your doctor about whether this product is right for you. Organic kale, spinach, blueberry, carrot, tomato, broccoli, and cabbage are likely safe in pregnancy when eaten as foods, though concentrated supplement forms are less studied.

Parsley is likely unsafe in large medicinal amounts during pregnancy; stick to normal food amounts only. There is not enough data on file for organic raspberry and mustard extract to assess safety in pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Selenium Organic Food Beet Kale Spinach Blueberry Strawberry Apple

Meds to double-check

Major interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Major identified

At least one ingredient has a documented Major-severity interaction. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 9 of the 12 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Cabbage, Apple, Beet, Strawberry, Spinach, among others.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Major.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; diabetes medications; lithium.
  • For scale: 1,249 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before you take this product, double-check with your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs (aspirin, warfarin, clopidogrel, and others), as both selenium and several ingredients in this blend may increase bleeding risk. Blood pressure medications should also be reviewed, because apple and beet may affect their action.

If you take diabetes medications, selenium, spinach, parsley, and cabbage may lower your blood sugar further — your dose may need adjustment. Liver-metabolized medications (including certain antidepressants, heart drugs, and anti-anxiety medications) may be affected by the beet, broccoli, cabbage, and apple content through effects on liver enzyme pathways.

Immunosuppressants like sirolimus, and immune-suppressing medications in general, should be discussed with your provider given selenium's potential immune-stimulating effects. If you take specific allergy or heart medications like fexofenadine, atenolol, or aliskiren, the apple content in this formula may significantly reduce their absorption.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with insufficient evidence for its stated purpose. Major medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product may help if you have a confirmed selenium deficiency, as that is the most evidence-backed use. The vegetable and fruit blend adds antioxidants and nutrition, though effectiveness for most conditions studied remains unproven.

Because the ingredients interact with a large number of medications — especially blood thinners, blood pressure drugs, diabetes medications, and several liver-metabolized drugs — you should check your current medications against the interaction tool on this page before starting. If you are pregnant, breastfeeding, or have a chronic health condition or take prescription medications regularly, talk with your doctor or pharmacist first.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 12 of 14 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Mar 22, 2023.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Selenium 200 mg Gold, straight from the product label.

Brand NutriGold
Barcode (UPC) 811762020096
Net contents 90 Organic Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Mar 22, 2023
DSLD ID 275808
Product type Botanical With Nutrients
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses Nutrient, All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Vegan, Vegetarian, Adult (18 - 50 Years), Kosher, Organic, Gluten Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Selenium 200 mg Gold by NutriGold, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
90
UPC/BARCODE
811762020096
IngredientAmount% DV
Selenium200 mcg364%
organic Beet0 NP--
organic Kale0 NP--
organic Spinach0 NP--
organic Blueberry0 NP--
organic Strawberry0 NP--
organic Raspberry0 NP--
organic Apple0 NP--
organic Parsley0 NP--
Organic Food Blend400 mg--
organic Carrot0 NP--
organic Broccoli0 NP--
organic Tomato0 NP--
organic Green Cabbage0 NP--
organic Mustard extract0 NP--

Other ingredients: Pullulan Capsule

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formula

Plant-based selenium from non-GMO verified, organic foods to support antioxidant defense and cognitive, immune, reproductive, and prostate health.

Plant-based selenium from Tru-ID ingredients

Ko Kosher Service

Formulation

Plant-based selenium from non-GMO verified, organic foods to support antioxidant defense and cognitive, immune, reproductive, and prostate health. No synthetic selenium added at any point during the formulation or production process. Verified free of corn, egg, gluten, milk, peanut, shellfish, and soy allergens by an independent lab. Manufactured without magnesium stearate, stearic acid, silicon dioxide, or chemical preservatives.

Organic & Non-GMO

Organic & Non-GMO

Certified Vegan vegan.org Vegan

Certified organic by SCS Global Services.

General Statements

To learn more about this product, scan QR code or visit nutrigold.com/item/2009

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Seals/Symbols

Certified Vegan vegan.org Vegan USDA Organic Non GMO Project Verified nongmoproject.org Certified authentic Tru-ID Ko Kosher Service

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Use: As a dietary supplement, adults take 1 capsule daily, or as directed by a healthcare professional.

Precautions

Caution: Please consult a healthcare professional before taking this supplement if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, or taking any medications.

Keep out of reach of children.

Storage

Store in original container away from moisture and direct sunlight.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Selenium 200 mg Gold by NutriGold label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Selenium 200 mg Gold label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Selenium 200 mg Gold by NutriGold

These are the 2 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container90 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Selenium

Interacts with
321 drugs
200 mcg per serving

Selenium is an essential trace mineral your body needs in small amounts for thyroid function, antioxidant defense, and immune health. Most people who...

Selenium monograph & interactions

Organic Food Blend

No known
interactions
400 mg per serving

Organic food is grown and processed without most synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, antibiotics, or genetic engineering. Choosing organic can lower yo...

Organic Food Blend monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Pullulan Capsule. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Selenium 200 mg Gold by NutriGold Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Selenium 200 mg Gold?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,248Drugs
47 Major 1,196 Moderate 5 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Selenium 321

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Selenium 200 mg Gold interact with 1,248 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

1 of the 2 ingredients in Selenium 200 mg Gold interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Selenium

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Selenium 200 mg Gold with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Selenium6 drug types · 321 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Selenium may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Clinical research suggests that taking selenium 10 mcg/kg/day can increase bleeding times by increasing prostacyclin production, which inhibits platelet activity. Other clinical research suggests that taking selenium 75 mcg daily, in combination with ascorbic acid 600 mg, alpha-tocopherol 300 mg, and beta-carotene 27 mg, reduces platelet aggregation.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Barbiturates

Theoretically, selenium might prolong the sedating effects of barbiturates.
Laboratory research suggests that selenium can inhibit the hepatic metabolism of barbiturates. Selenium seems to prolong the sedative effect of pentobarbital in animal models.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Theoretically, selenium supplementation may reduce the effectiveness of immunosuppressant therapy.
In vitro research and preliminary clinical evidence suggests that selenium may stimulate the immune system.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, selenium might interfere with warfarin activity.
Animal research suggests that selenium can increase warfarin activity. Selenium might interact with warfarin by displacing it from albumin binding sites, reducing its metabolism in the liver, or by decreasing production of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Selenium can also prolong bleeding times in humans by increasing prostacyclin production, which inhibits platelet activity.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Contraceptive Drugs

Contraceptive drugs might increase levels of selenium, although the clinical significance of this effect is unclear.
Some research suggests that oral contraceptives increase serum selenium levels in women taking oral contraceptives; however, other research shows no change in selenium levels. It is suggested that an increase could be due to increased carrier proteins, indicating a redistribution of selenium rather than a change in total body selenium.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Niacin

Selenium might reduce the beneficial effects of niacin on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels.
A combination of niacin and simvastatin (Zocor) effectively raises HDL cholesterol levels in patients with coronary disease and low HDL levels. Clinical research shows that taking a combination of antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and selenium) along with niacin and simvastatin (Zocor) attenuates this rise in HDL, specifically the HDL-2 and apolipoprotein A1 fractions, by more than 50% in patients with coronary disease. It is not known whether this adverse effect is due to a single antioxidant such as selenium, or to the combination. It also is not known whether it will occur in other patient populations.

Likelihood Possible Evidence A
Selenium full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Selenium 200 mg Gold, from the product label.

NutriGold

Name
NutriGold Inc.
City
Orem
State
UT
ZipCode
84057
Phone Number
(800) 476-3542
Web Address
www.nutrigold.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Selenium 200 mg Gold by NutriGold: Common Questions

Does Selenium 200 mg Gold by NutriGold interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Selenium 200 mg Gold has a known interaction with 1,248 medications, including 47 rated major. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Selenium 200 mg Gold contains 2 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is this product safe to take if I'm pregnant?
The data is mixed. Selenium is rated possibly safe and possibly unsafe in pregnancy, so there isn't a clear answer. The vegetables like kale, spinach, carrot, tomato, and broccoli are considered likely safe as foods, but parsley in medicinal amounts is not recommended during pregnancy. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist before taking this if you're pregnant or planning to become pregnant.
Does this really help with deficiency, or is it just a general supplement?
Selenium is the evidence-backed ingredient here — it's likely effective if you actually have a selenium deficiency, which your doctor can test for. The other vegetables and fruits are nutritious, but we don't have strong evidence they treat specific conditions. If you suspect a deficiency, get tested first rather than self-treating.
What are the most common side effects?
At the dose in this product (200 mcg), mild side effects are most likely: gastric discomfort, headache, or a light rash. The vegetable and fruit blend is generally well-tolerated; the most common effect is just red or sometimes dark-colored stools from the beet and other ingredients, which is harmless.
Can I take this if I'm on blood thinners like warfarin?
No — not without checking first with your doctor or pharmacist. Selenium, parsley, spinach, and strawberry in this product all have documented interactions with warfarin and other blood thinners, and apple affects how your body handles certain medications. Your provider may need to adjust your dose or monitor you more closely.
Will this affect my diabetes medication?
Possibly. Spinach, parsley, cabbage, and blueberry in this formula may lower blood sugar, and so may selenium theoretically. If you're taking diabetes medication, combining this with your medication could drop your blood sugar too far. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about whether it's safe, and whether your dose needs adjusting.
Why does my urine or stool turn red after taking this?
That's the beet in the formula — it's completely harmless and expected. Your body doesn't absorb all the red pigment (betalain), so it comes out in your urine or stool. It's not blood, and there's nothing wrong. This is one of the most common and benign effects.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Selenium 200 mg Gold is safe with your meds?

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Ask a pharmacist

Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Selenium 200 mg Gold label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Selenium 200 mg Gold’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Selenium

Interacts with 321 drugs

Selenium is an essential trace mineral your body needs in small amounts for thyroid function, antioxidant defense, and immune health. Most people who eat a varied diet get enough, and supple...

Read the full Selenium monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Organic Food

Organic food is grown and processed without most synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, antibiotics, or genetic engineering. Choosing organic can lower your exposure to certain pesticide residue...

Read the full Organic Food monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Beet

Interacts with 861 drugs

Beet, especially beetroot juice, is a nitrate-rich food that may modestly lower blood pressure and slightly improve exercise performance in some people. It is generally safe as a food, but s...

Read the full Beet monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Kale

Kale is a nutrient-dense leafy green vegetable that is rich in vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants. Eaten as a normal food it is very healthy for most people, but it is a whole food...

Read the full Kale monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Spinach

Interacts with 88 drugs

Spinach is a nutrient-dense leafy green that is a healthy part of a balanced diet, providing vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants. While it is very safe as a food, concentrated supple...

Read the full Spinach monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Blueberry

Interacts with 88 drugs

Blueberries are a nutritious fruit rich in antioxidants called anthocyanins, and eating them as part of a balanced diet is healthy and safe for most people. Concentrated supplements are mark...

Read the full Blueberry monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Strawberry

Interacts with 316 drugs

Strawberry is a popular, nutrient-rich fruit that supplies vitamin C, fiber, and antioxidant plant compounds. Eating strawberries as part of a balanced diet is healthy for most people, but c...

Read the full Strawberry monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Apple

Interacts with 300 drugs

Apples are a nutritious whole food that provides fiber, vitamins, and antioxidant plant compounds, and eating them regularly fits well into a healthy diet. While research suggests apples may...

Read the full Apple monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Parsley

Interacts with 443 drugs

Parsley is a popular culinary herb that is safe to eat in normal food amounts and is a good source of vitamins K and C. It is traditionally used as a diuretic and for digestion, but solid hu...

Read the full Parsley monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Carrot

Carrot is a common food vegetable that is a rich source of beta-carotene (which the body turns into vitamin A) and other nutrients. Eating carrots is safe and nutritious for most people, but...

Read the full Carrot monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Broccoli

Interacts with 187 drugs

Broccoli is a nutritious cruciferous vegetable rich in fiber, vitamins, and plant compounds like sulforaphane that have drawn scientific interest for health benefits. Eating broccoli as food...

Read the full Broccoli monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Tomato

Tomato is a common food rich in vitamins, potassium, and the antioxidant lycopene, and eating it as part of a balanced diet is healthy for most people. Concentrated tomato or lycopene supple...

Read the full Tomato monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Cabbage

Interacts with 325 drugs

Cabbage is a nutritious, low-calorie vegetable that is safe to eat as food and is sometimes applied to the skin as a leaf wrap for breast engorgement or sore joints. Most medicinal claims ar...

Read the full Cabbage monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Selenium 200 mg Gold's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 171 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Selenium 36 references
  1. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309069351/html/.
  2. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1583-93. DOI
  3. Trafikowska U, Zachara BA, Wiacek M, et al. Selenium supply and glutathione peroxidase activity in breastfed Polish infants. Acta Paediatr 1996;85:1143-5. PubMed
  4. Duffield-Lillico AJ, Slate EH, Reid ME, et al. Selenium supplementation and secondary prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer in a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95:1477-81.. PubMed
  5. Cheung MC, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Antioxidant supplements block the response of HDL to simvastatin-niacin therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and low HDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:1320-6. PubMed
  6. Schiavon R, Freeman GE, Guidi GC, et al. Selenium enhances prostacyclin production by cultured endothelial cells: possible explanation for increased bleeding times in volunteers taking selenium as a dietary supplement. Thromb Res 1984;34:389-96. PubMed
  7. Davila JC, Edds GT, Osuna O, Simpson CF. Modification of the effects of aflatoxin B1 and warfarin in young pigs given selenium. Am J Vet Res 1983;44:1877-83. DOI
  8. Heese HD, Lawrence MA, Dempster WS, Pocock F. Reference concentrations of serum selenium and manganese in healthy nulliparas. S Afr Med J 1988;73:163-5.
  9. Lloyd B, Lloyd RS, Clayton BE. Effect of smoking, alcohol and other factors on the selenium status of a healthy population. J Epidemiol Commun Health 1983;37:213-7. PubMed
  10. Capel ID, Jenner M, Williams DC, et al. The effect of prolonged oral contraceptive steroid use on erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity. J Steroid Biochem 1981;14:729-32. PubMed
  11. Contempre B, Dumont JE, Ngo B, et al. Effect of selenium supplementation in hypothyroid subjects of an iodine and selenium deficient area: the possible danger of indiscriminate supplementation of iodine-deficient subjects with selenium. J Clin Endocrinol PubMed
  12. Hofbauer LC, Spitzweg C, Magerstadt RA, Heufelder AE. Selenium-induced thyroid dysfunction. Postgrad Med J 1997;73:103-4. PubMed
  13. Debski B, Milner JA. Dietary selenium supplementation prolongs pentobarbital induced hypnosis. J Nutr Biochem 2004;15:548-53. PubMed
  14. Ishikawa M, Sasaki M, Koiwai K, et al. Inhibition of hepatic mixed-function oxidase enzymes in mice by acute and chronic treatment with selenium. J Pharmacobiodyn 1992;15:377-85. PubMed
  15. Lippmann SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, et al. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial (SELECT). JAMA 2009;301:39-51. DOI
  16. Reid SM, Middleton P, Cossich MC, Crowther CA. Interventions for clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;(7):CD007752. PubMed
  17. Vinceti, M., Wei, E. T., Malagoli, C., Bergomi, M., and Vivoli, G. Adverse health effects of selenium in humans. Rev.Environ.Health 2001;16(4):233-251. PubMed
  18. Abrams, C. K., Siram, S. M., Galsim, C., Johnson-Hamilton, H., Munford, F. L., and Mezghebe, H. Selenium deficiency in long-term total parenteral nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract 1992;7(4):175-178. PubMed
  19. Spiller, H. A. and Pfiefer, E. Two fatal cases of selenium toxicity. Forensic Sci Int 8-24-2007;171(1):67-72. PubMed
  20. Negro, R., Greco, G., Mangieri, T., Pezzarossa, A., Dazzi, D., and Hassan, H. The influence of selenium supplementation on postpartum thyroid status in pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies. J Clin Endocrinol.Metab 2007;92(4):1263-1268. PubMed
  21. Alexander, J. Selenium. Novartis.Found.Symp 2007;282:143-149.
  22. Salonen, J. T., Salonen, R., Seppanen, K., Rinta-Kiikka, S., Kuukka, M., Korpela, H., Alfthan, G., Kantola, M., and Schalch, W. Effects of antioxidant supplementation on platelet function: a randomized pair-matched, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial
  23. Kupka, R., Mugusi, F., Aboud, S., Msamanga, G. I., Finkelstein, J. L., Spiegelman, D., and Fawzi, W. W. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of selenium supplements among HIV-infected pregnant women in Tanzania: effects on maternal and chil
  24. Kamble, P., Mohsin, N., Jha, A., Date, A., Upadhaya, A., Mohammad, E., Khalil, M., Pakkyara, A., and Budruddin, M. Selenium intoxication with selenite broth resulting in acute renal failure and severe gastritis. Saudi.J Kidney Dis.Transpl. 2009;20(1):106
  25. Peretz, A., Neve, J., Desmedt, J., Duchateau, J., Dramaix, M., and Famaey, J. P. Lymphocyte response is enhanced by supplementation of elderly subjects with selenium-enriched yeast. Am.J Clin.Nutr. 1991;53(5):1323-1328. PubMed
  26. Kumpulainen, J., Salmenpera, L., Siimes, M. A., Koivistoinen, P., and Perheentupa, J. Selenium status of exclusively breast-fed infants as influenced by maternal organic or inorganic selenium supplementation. Am.J Clin.Nutr. 1985;42(5):829-835. PubMed
  27. Han, L. and Zhou, S. M. Selenium supplement in the prevention of pregnancy induced hypertension. Chin Med J (Engl) 1994;107(11):870-871.
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Beet 14 references
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Kale 2 references
  1. Vitamin K - Health Professional Fact Sheet — NIH Office of Dietary Supplements Source
  2. Lutein and Zeaxanthin — NIH Office of Dietary Supplements Source

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Spinach 6 references
  1. Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
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Blueberry 7 references
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Strawberry 18 references
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Apple 16 references
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Parsley 21 references
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Organic Food 14 references
  1. Brantsæter AL, Torjusen H, Meltzer HM, et al. Organic Food Consumption during Pregnancy and Hypospadias and Cryptorchidism at Birth: The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(3):357-64. PubMed
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Carrot 14 references
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Broccoli 5 references
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Tomato 3 references
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Cabbage 15 references
  1. Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
  2. Pantuck EJ, Pantuck CB, Anderson KE, et al. Effect of brussels sprouts and cabbage on drug conjugation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1984;35:161-9. PubMed
  3. Roberts KL. A comparison of chilled cabbage leaves and chilled gelpaks in reducing breast engorgement. J Hum Lact 1995;11:17-20. PubMed
  4. Roberts KL, Reiter M, Schuster D. A comparison of chilled and room temperature cabbage leaves in treating breast engorgement. J Hum Lact 1995;11:191-4. PubMed
  5. Roberts KL, Reiter M, Schuster D. Effects of cabbage leaf extract on breast engorgement. J Hum Lact 1998;14:231-6. PubMed
  6. Nikodem VC, Danziger D, Gebka N, et al. Do cabbage leaves prevent breast engorgement? A randomized, controlled study. Birth 1993;20:61-4. PubMed
  7. Balk JL. Indole-3-carbinol for cancer prevention. Altern Med Alert 2000; 3:105-7.
  8. He YH, Friesen MD, Ruch RJ, Schut HA. Indole-3-carbinol as a chemopreventive agent in 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) carcinogenesis: inhibition of PhIP-DNA adduct formation, acceleration of PhIP metabolism, and induction of cytoch
  9. Platel, K. and Srinivasan, K. Plant foods in the management of diabetes mellitus: vegetables as potential hypoglycaemic agents. Nahrung 1997;41(2):68-74. PubMed
  10. Steinkellner, H., Rabot, S., Freywald, C., Nobis, E., Scharf, G., Chabicovsky, M., Knasmuller, S., and Kassie, F. Effects of cruciferous vegetables and their constituents on drug metabolizing enzymes involved in the bioactivation of DNA-reactive dietary c
  11. Dolle S, Hompes S, Lange L, Worm M. Cabbage allergy: a rare cause of food-induced anaphylaxis. Acta Derm Venereol 2013;93(4):485-6. PubMed
  12. Lauche R, Graf N, Cramer H, Al-Abtah J, Dobos G, Saha FJ. Efficacy of cabbage leaf wraps in the treatment of symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled trial. Clin J Pain 2016;32(11):961-71. PubMed
  13. Lim AR, Song JA, Hur MH, Lee MK, Lee MS. Cabbage compression early breast care on breast engorgement in primiparous women after cesarean birth: a controlled trial. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015;8(11):21335-42.
  14. Milanesi N, Gola M. Irritant contact dermatitis caused by Savoy cabbage. Contact Dermatitis 2016;74(1):60-1. PubMed
  15. Saini P, Saini R. Cabbage leaves and breast engorgement. Indian J Public Health 2014;58(4):291-2. PubMed

See these in context on the Cabbage monograph →

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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