Drug & supplement interaction

Limonene + Piroxicam

Piroxicam brand names: Feldene, Feldene Gel.

Moderate Interaction
Medically reviewed by · Updated September 2026
The bottom line Moderate

Limonene has a moderate interaction with Piroxicam. There's preliminary evidence that limonene might be a substrate for cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9), as well causing its induction.

Read the full interaction report
SeverityModerate
LikelihoodPossible
EvidenceD
What do Severity, Likelihood & Evidence mean?
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Interaction report

Limonene and Piroxicam

Here is the interaction we found between these two, with the evidence behind it.

Moderate

CYTOCHROME P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) SUBSTRATES

Why this applies to Piroxicam

Piroxicam falls under CYTOCHROME P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) SUBSTRATES — the group Limonene interacts with.

There's preliminary evidence that limonene might be a substrate for cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9), as well causing its induction. So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans. However, watch for a decrease in the levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9 in patients taking limonene. Some drugs metabolized by CYP2C9 include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as diclofenac (Cataflam, Voltaren), ibuprofen (Motrin), meloxicam (Mobic), and piroxicam (Feldene); celecoxib (Celebrex); amitriptyline (Elavil); warfarin (Coumadin); glipizide (Glucotrol); losartan (Cozaar); and others.
Severity Moderate Likelihood Possible Evidence D

Interaction has been documented in animal or in lab research, or the interaction has been documented in humans but is limited to case reports or conflicting clinical research exists.

Dr. Brian Staiger, PharmD, BCPS
Dr. Brian Staiger explains PharmD, Clinical Pharmacist

Here's the gist with Feldene (piroxicam): your liver uses an enzyme called CYP2C9 to clear it out. Early lab and animal research hints that concentrated limonene might rev up (induce) that enzyme. If that happened in people, your body could break down piroxicam a bit faster, which in theory might leave you with less arthritis relief, so more lingering joint pain, stiffness, and swelling.

I want to be honest, though: this has only shown up in test tubes and animals, never in actual patients, so it's a soft, theoretical concern. The orange or lemon you eat won't do this; we're talking about high-dose limonene supplements. Before starting one, just run it by your pharmacist or doctor so they can keep an eye on how well your medicine is working.

Contact Dr. Brian directly if you have additional questions on this interaction
References
  1. Crowell PL. Prevention and therapy of cancer by dietary monoterpenes. J Nutr 1999;129:775S-778S. PubMed
  2. Miyazawa M, Shindo M, Shimada T. Metabolism of (+)- and (-)-limonenes to respective carveols and perillyl alcohols by CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2002;30:602-7. PubMed

What These Ratings Mean

Every interaction above is graded three ways — here’s the key to each label.

Severity how clinically significant the interaction is
Major

Clinically significant. Avoid the combination, or use only under close professional supervision.

Moderate

Usually worth avoiding or managing — may need monitoring, a dose change, or timing apart.

Minor

Generally not serious. Be aware of it and mention it to your pharmacist.

Likelihood how strong the evidence is that the interaction actually happens in people
  • LikelyWell-controlled human studies have demonstrated the likely existence of this interaction.
  • ProbableInteraction has not been documented in well-controlled studies, however, the interaction has been demonstrated in some small human studies or in controlled animal studies in conjunction with multiple case reports.
  • PossibleInteraction has been documented in animal or in lab research, or the interaction has been documented in humans but is limited to case reports or conflicting clinical research exists.
  • UnlikelyInteraction has been demonstrated in animal or in lab research but has been shown not to occur in humans.
Evidence the quality of the studies behind the rating (graded A–D)
  • AHigh-quality meta-analysis (quantitative systematic review).
  • BCase-control study.
  • CConsensus.
  • DAnecdotal evidence.

These ratings are for information only. Never start, stop, or otherwise change your therapy before speaking with your provider.

Keep it in perspective

Limonene Also Interacts With Other Medications

Limonene has 228 moderate known drug interactions in our database — the Piroxicam one above is one of them. If you take anything else, check it against the full list below.

Moderate 228 No known interaction 2,602 (incl. Piroxicam)
Taking anything else?

Check Another of Your Medications Against Limonene

Covers the 2,830 medications we’ve checked against Limonene. Pick one to open its full report.

From our Q&A

Questions About Limonene or Piroxicam

These are real questions from readers, answered by the pharmacists at HelloPharmacist — written by a person, not generated from a database. Each one covers Limonene or Piroxicam, not necessarily both, but if one is close to what you were about to ask it will usually go further than a database entry can:

Not quite your question? Ask our pharmacists directly — it is free, there is no account required, and answers usually come back within 24 hours.

Everything else you take

See Every Supplement That Interacts With Piroxicam

This page covers Limonene only. If you take other supplements — a multivitamin, a sleep aid, something for joints — the Piroxicam page lists 285 supplements it has a documented interaction with, worst first, each one explained.

The most serious there right now: Activated Charcoal (major), Asarabacca (major), Beer (major), Danshen (major) and Piracetam (major).

By severity: 7 major · 242 moderate · 36 minor.

From our pharmacist’s overview on the Piroxicam page

“Piroxicam (Feldene) is a potent, long-acting NSAID for arthritis pain, and since it already carries real stomach-bleeding risk on its own, my honest read is that this page calls for genuine caution rather than a quick skim. Most of the 285 interacting supplements share a single problem: they thin the blood or blunt platelets, stacking…”

Reviewed by 2 · Jul 18, 2026

Open the Piroxicam interaction page

One more smart check

Taking Limonene as Part of a Dietary Supplement Product? Check It for Interactions

We hold 89 real supplement products containing Limonene, each one broken down to its full ingredient list — and combination products often carry several ingredients besides Limonene. Your product may carry other ingredients that interact with Piroxicam too, on top of Limonene — and those would not show on this page. Find your product and we’ll check every ingredient on its label:

How much people look this up

Where Limonene and Piroxicam Sit Against Everything Else

Out of every supplement and medication people look up on HelloPharmacist, here is where these two land this week — and which way each has been moving.

Supplement Limonene
Steady interest

#827 of 1,452 supplements looked up here in the last 7 days

29 days ago today
Medication Piroxicam
Steady interest

#1,703 of 2,830 medications looked up here in the last 7 days

29 days ago today

Position among everything looked up on this site, not a measure of how commonly either one is used or how important it is. A supplement can climb this list because of a news story. It counts every request to the page, automated ones included, and nothing here identifies anyone.

Supplement

About Limonene

What is Limonene?

  • Heartburn and acid reflux
  • Digestive upset
  • Stress and mood support
  • Antioxidant support
  • General wellness

Limonene is a natural compound found in the peel of citrus fruits like oranges and lemons, and it is used as a flavoring agent and dietary supplement. People take it for heartburn, digestion, and general wellness, but solid human evidence is limited. It is generally well tolerated in food amounts, but talk with your pharmacist or doctor before using concentrated supplements.

Read the full Limonene monograph & all interactions
Medication

About Piroxicam

What Is Piroxicam Used For?

Brand names: Feldene, Feldene Gel

Piroxicam capsules are used to relieve pain, swelling, and stiffness caused by osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It targets inflammation at the source to help improve day-to-day comfort and movement.

Piroxicam is not a cure for either condition — it manages symptoms. Your prescriber will weigh the benefits against the risks and aim for the lowest effective dose for the shortest time needed.

See full Piroxicam drug information
Keep checking

Other Drugs & Limonene

Browse every other medication we’ve checked against Limonene — both the ones with a known interaction and the ones without. Select any drug for the full detail.

0Major
228Moderate
0Minor
2,601No known interaction
228 Moderate 2,601 No interaction
Moderate

228 interactions

Showing 60 of 228 moderate interactions — see all 228 on the Limonene page.

No interaction 2,601 drugs checked — show the list

We also checked Limonene against these medications and found no known interaction in our sources. Open any page to confirm.

Showing the 60 most looked-up of 2,601 medications checked with no known interaction — see the full Limonene list.

See the full Limonene interactions page
See every supplement checked against Piroxicam, ranked by severity
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Interaction details are evidence-graded and sourced from the Natural Medicines database. The medication overview comes from MedlinePlus.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

Keep exploring
Limonene monograph › Uses, safety, and every drug interaction in one place Piroxicam supplement interactions › Every supplement checked against Piroxicam, ranked by severity Piroxicam drug information › The full plain-English guide to this medication Supplement interaction checker › Check any supplement or product against your medications Browse medications A–Z › Every drug we've checked against herbs & supplements Ask a pharmacist › Free, personal answer from our licensed team
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Taking Limonene and Piroxicam Together: Common Questions

Can you take Limonene with Piroxicam?
There is a moderate interaction, so it may be acceptable with monitoring or timing changes — but check with your pharmacist first. Read the full details on this page and confirm with your pharmacist before combining them.
How serious is the Limonene and Piroxicam interaction?
We rate it Moderate. This combination may require monitoring, a dose adjustment, or separating the times you take each one. Consult your pharmacist before using them together.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Still Have a Question About Piroxicam and Limonene?

Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.

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This information is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always check with your pharmacist or doctor before starting, stopping, or combining supplements and medications.