Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 2 of 5 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Total Care Immune Probiotic Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Probulin

Total Care Immune Probiotic label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 23, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Total Care Immune Probiotic against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Total Care Immune Probiotic is a dietary supplement by Probulin with 5 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for replacing fluids and electrolytes, preventing dehydration during exercise or illness, treating low blood sodium (under medical care).Based on those ingredients, 1,315 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Sodium, Elderberry Immune Complex. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Total Care Immune Probiotic by Probulin

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Total Care Immune Probiotic by Probulin — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Total Care Immune Probiotic by Probulin

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Sep 17, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 1 of its 17 active ingredients.
  • “Postbiotic + Prebiotic Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (50 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “Total Care Immune Probiotic Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (250 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “Lactobacillus Blend + Lactobacillus Fermentation Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label doesn't break down how much of each component you get.

Total Care Immune Probiotic contains 17 active ingredients, including multiple live probiotic bacterial strains (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species), plant foods and extracts (kale, blueberry, beet, raspberry, and fig), inulin (a prebiotic fiber that feeds beneficial bacteria), and sodium. Elderberry extract is also included.

These ingredients work together to support digestive and immune function through a combination of beneficial bacteria, plant nutrients, and fiber. The product also contains several inactive ingredients—including vegetable cellulose (the capsule material), prebiotic fiber, minerals, and plant-based binders—that help stabilize and deliver the active components.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: immune support and digestive health.
  • We looked for evidence on: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea, Common cold, Diarrhea, Constipation, Exercise-induced respiratory infections, Gut microbiome balance — and 2 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Lactobacillus Acidophilus is rated "Possibly Effective" for Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Inulin is rated "Possibly Effective" for Constipation.
  • Also on file: Elderberry is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Constipation.

The evidence for this product's overall effectiveness is limited. Most of the individual active ingredients lack sufficient reliable evidence to rate their ability to support immune or digestive health.

Lactobacillus acidophilus is rated Possibly Effective for irritable bowel syndrome, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and Helicobacter pylori infection. Inulin is Possibly Effective for constipation and obesity, and Possibly Effective for blood sugar control in diabetes.

Beet is Possibly Effective for athletic performance and exercise-induced muscle soreness. Blueberry and elderberry lack sufficient evidence to establish their effectiveness for the immune and digestive claims often made about probiotics.

Kale, fig, and most of the other Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains in this formula have not been studied adequately to rate their usefulness for these purposes.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Elderberry

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 10 of the 11 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 11 of 11.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 11 of 11.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Most ingredients in this product are generally well tolerated when used in typical amounts. However, sodium is a key caution: the product contains sodium, and the safety notes emphasize that while normal dietary sodium is fine, supplemental sodium or very high intake should be avoided without medical guidance and can worsen high blood pressure and heart disease if excessive.

Blueberry, beet, and fig as foods are safe; concentrated supplements of these ingredients lack thorough safety testing. The live bacterial strains may rarely cause gastrointestinal side effects like bloating, gas, abdominal discomfort, or mild digestive upset, especially when first introduced.

There is also a rare but documented concern that live probiotics could theoretically cause serious infection in people who are critically ill or severely immunocompromised. Inulin commonly causes gas, bloating, and gastrointestinal cramping, particularly at higher doses.

Elderberry prepared from ripe, cooked fruit is well tolerated; raw berries, seeds, leaves, and bark contain toxic compounds and should be avoided.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Elderberry

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 10 of the 11 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Beet, Elderberry, Fig, Lactobacillus Acidophilus, Blueberry, among others.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; diabetes medications; lithium.
  • For scale: 1,316 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking this product, double-check the following medication types with your doctor or pharmacist: blood pressure medications (Moderate severity—sodium may reduce their effectiveness); antidiabetic drugs and insulin (Moderate severity—fig leaf and inulin may lower blood sugar); antibiotic drugs (Moderate severity—they may kill the live bacteria in the probiotic); corticosteroids (Moderate severity—sodium may increase dangerously high sodium levels); immunosuppressants (Moderate severity—elderberry may interfere); and lithium (Moderate severity—high sodium can raise lithium levels and cause toxicity). Additional Moderate concerns include CYP3A4-metabolized drugs (beet may increase levels) and photosensitizing medications when used with fig.

Minor interactions exist with blood sugar medications plus blueberry, and with certain anti-inflammatory and anti-anxiety drugs that interact with blueberry.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This probiotic blend may help some people with specific digestive concerns—particularly irritable bowel syndrome and antibiotic-associated diarrhea—based on evidence for Lactobacillus acidophilus and inulin, though the overall formula lacks strong supporting data. If you take antibiotic medications, blood pressure drugs, diabetes medications, immunosuppressants, or lithium, or if you have concerns about sodium intake, discuss this product with your doctor or pharmacist before starting.

Healthy adults without serious illness or compromised immunity may tolerate it well, but clarify your individual medications and medical history with your healthcare provider first.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 11 of 17 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Aug 23, 2022.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Total Care Immune Probiotic , straight from the product label.

Brand Probulin
Net contents 30 Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Aug 23, 2022
DSLD ID 274407
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free, Dairy Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Total Care Immune Probiotic by Probulin, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
30
IngredientAmount% DV
Sodium10 mg1%
Lactobacillus rhamnosus0 NP--
Lactobacillus brevis0 NP--
Lactobacillus fermentum0 NP--
Kale0 NP--
Blueberry0 NP--
Lactobacillus acidophilus0 NP--
Bifidobacterium longum0 NP--
Lactobacillus bulgaricus0 NP--
Beet0 NP--
Raspberry0 NP--
Lactobacillus helveticus0 NP--
Lactobacillus reuteri0 NP--
Fig0 NP--
Inulin0 NP--
Bifidobacteria lactis0 NP--
Postbiotic + Prebiotic Blend50 mg--
Total Care Immune Probiotic Blend250 mg--
Lactobacillus Blend + Lactobacillus Fermentation Blend0 NP--
Minor Probiotic Strains0 NP--
Bifidobacteria Blend + Bifidobacteria Fermentation Blend0 NP--
Maktabolite Postbiotic + Inulin0 NP--
Elderberry Immune Complex100 mg--
Eldermune0 NP--

Other ingredients: Complex Marine Polysaccharides, Vegetable Cellulose, Prebiotic Sunfiber, Tricalcium Phosphate, Rice extract, Sodium Chloride, Potassium Chloride

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Brand IP Statement(s)

Probulin The next generation of probiotics

Formula

Fermented fruit & vegetable blend With real elderberry Total Care Immune Probiotic + Prebiotic & Postbiotic 20 billion CFU 100 mg Eldermune + Prebiotic fiber 10 Probiotic strains; 8 billion cfu from fermented fruits & vegetables

Broad-spectrum digestive support Pre Pro Post Prebiotic Probulin's Total Care Immune Probiotic features our prebiotic, which acts as food for the probiotic bacteria. Probiotic This product contains 12 billion cfu + 8 billion cfu from fermented fruits & vegetables, providing broad spectrum support to the digestive microbiome. Postbiotic Postbiotic is a term used to describe the abundant and unique compounds produced by the activity of probiotic bacteria. These unique compounds participate in supporting a healthy digestive microbiome.

100 mg Eldermune (equivalent to 4,225 mg whole elderberry), for added immune support

All Probulin products include the MAKTrek 3-D delivery system, to ensure that the beneficial probiotic bacteria have better survival in the body.

Did you know that 70% of your immune system resides in your gut? The fact is, our digestive and immune health are intricately linked. Probulin's Total Care Immune Probiotic combines the digestive and immune support of pre-, post- and probiotics with the immune-supporting power of Elderberry. Each capsule contains 100 mg of Eldermune, the equivalent of eating 4,225 mg of whole elderberries. With 10 unique probiotic strains, including 8 billion cfu from fermented fruits and vegetables, we created Total Care Immune as an important part of your everyday digestive and immune health routine.

Formulation

Increased probiotic delivery

No GMOs No Gluten No wheat No dairy No magnesium stearate No soy No: GMOs, wheat, gluten, milk, dairy, eggs, magnesium stearate, soy, artificial flavors, artificial colors, artificial sweeteners or shellfish.

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Directions: Adults take one (1) capsule daily with or without food. For best results, take at bedtime. As a reminder, discuss the supplements and medications that you take with your health care providers.

Precautions

Caution: Do not exceed recommended dose.

Pregnant or nursing mothers, children under 18, and individuals with a known medical condition or who are taking any medication should consult a physician before using this or any dietary supplement.

Pregnant or nursing mothers, children under 18, and individuals with a known medical condition or who are taking any medication should consult a physician before using this or any dietary supplement.

Do not use if seal is broken.

Keep out of the reach of children.

General Statements

Jason Mitchell, N.D., Funder & CEO

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Total Care Immune Probiotic by Probulin label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Total Care Immune Probiotic label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Total Care Immune Probiotic by Probulin

These are the 5 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Sodium

Interacts with
205 drugs
10 mg per serving

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets g...

Sodium monograph & interactions

Postbiotic + Prebiotic Blend

50 mg per serving
  • › Maktabolite Postbiotic + Inulin

Total Care Immune Probiotic Blend

250 mg per serving
  • › Lactobacillus Blend + Lactobacillus Fermentation Blend
  • › Bifidobacteria Blend + Bifidobacteria Fermentation Blend

Elderberry Immune Complex

Interacts with
121 drugs
100 mg per serving

Elderberry is a popular herbal supplement, mainly taken to help with colds and flu. Some small studies suggest it may modestly shorten cold or flu sym...

Elderberry Immune Complex monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Complex Marine Polysaccharides, Vegetable Cellulose, Prebiotic Sunfiber, Tricalcium Phosphate, Rice extract, Sodium Chloride, Potassium Chloride. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Total Care Immune Probiotic by Probulin Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Total Care Immune Probiotic ?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,315Drugs
1,261 Moderate 54 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Sodium 205
Elderberry Immune Complex 121

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Total Care Immune Probiotic interact with 1,315 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

2 of the 5 ingredients in Total Care Immune Probiotic interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Sodium Elderberry Immune Complex

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Total Care Immune Probiotic with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Sodium7 drug types · 205 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
High intake of dietary sodium can increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Also, high intake of sodium may necessitate increased use of antihypertensive medications to achieve blood pressure control in some patients, such as those with chronic kidney disease.

Likelihood Probable Evidence A
Corticosteroids

Concomitant use of mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) cause sodium retention. This effect is dose-related and depends on mineralocorticoid potency. It is most common with hydrocortisone, cortisone, and fludrocortisone, followed by prednisone and prednisolone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Didanosine (Videx)

Concomitant use of didanosine with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Didanosine formulations contain a significant amount of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Lithium

Altering dietary intake of sodium might alter the levels and clinical effects of lithium.
High sodium intake can reduce plasma concentrations of lithium by increasing lithium excretion. Reducing sodium intake can significantly increase plasma concentrations of lithium and cause lithium toxicity in patients being treated with lithium carbonate. Stabilizing sodium intake is shown to reduce the percentage of patients with lithium level fluctuations above 0.8 mEq/L. Patients taking lithium should avoid significant alterations in their dietary intake of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Sodium Phosphates

Theoretically, concomitant use of sodium phosphate with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Use of high doses (> 45 mL in 24 hours) of sodium phosphate, such as those used for bowel cleansing before surgery, can lead to serious electrolyte disturbances, including hypernatremia. The risk of hypernatremia is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sodium-Containing Drugs

Concomitant use of sodium-containing drugs with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia and long-term sodium-related complications.
The Chronic Disease Risk Reduction (CDRR) intake level of 2.3 grams of sodium daily indicates the intake at which it is believed that chronic disease risk increases for the apparently healthy population. Some medications contain high quantities of sodium. When used in conjunction with sodium supplements or high-sodium diets, the CDRR may be exceeded. Additionally, concomitant use may increase the risk for hypernatremia; this risk is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tolvaptan (Samsca)

Theoretically, concomitant use of tolvaptan with sodium might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Tolvaptan is a vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist that is used to increase sodium levels in patients with hyponatremia. Patients taking tolvaptan should use caution with the use of sodium salts such as sodium chloride.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Sodium full monograph & interactions

Elderberry Immune Complex2 drug types · 121 drugs

Immunosuppressants

Theoretically, elderberry might interfere with immunosuppressant therapy due to its immunostimulant activity.
Elderberry has immunostimulant activity, increasing the production of cytokines, including interleukin and tumor necrosis factor.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Pazopanib (Votrient)

Theoretically, elderberry might interact with pazopanib, potentially increasing the risk of adverse effects.
In one case, a 65-year-old patient taking pazopanib for 4 weeks for soft-tissue sarcoma developed severe nausea, loose stools, and elevated alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels and was diagnosed with grade 3 liver injury. The patient reported taking elderberry supplements for 2 years, dose unspecified, and was also taking a multivitamin and a calcium supplement. The patient's symptoms and liver enzyme levels improved upon discontinuation of pazopanib and all supplements. Pazopanib treatment was re-initiated, at a lower dose, with no further evidence of liver injury. It was unclear in this case report if the elderberry supplements were derived from the berry, the flower, or the combination.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Elderberry Immune Complex full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Total Care Immune Probiotic , from the product label.

Probulin

See all Probulin products
Name
Probulin
Street Address
3820 NW 14th Street, Suite A & B
City
Topeka
State
KS
ZipCode
66618
Phone Number
1-888-697-8770
Web Address
www.probulin.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Total Care Immune Probiotic by Probulin: Common Questions

Does Total Care Immune Probiotic by Probulin interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Total Care Immune Probiotic has a known interaction with 1,315 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Total Care Immune Probiotic contains 5 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take this if I'm on antibiotics?
The live probiotic bacteria in this product—including Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and Lactobacillus helveticus—may be killed by antibiotics if taken at the same time. Talk to your pharmacist about separating the timing: usually taking antibiotics several hours apart from the probiotic helps preserve the probiotic's benefit. This is an important conversation to have with your doctor or pharmacist before you start.
Will this product help my immune system?
The evidence is not established in our data. Most of the ingredients, including many of the probiotic strains and elderberry, lack sufficient reliable evidence to rate how well they support immunity. Lactobacillus acidophilus and inulin have good evidence for digestive health and some conditions like irritable bowel syndrome, but immune support specifically is not well proven for this formula.
Is this safe to take if I have high blood pressure?
The product contains sodium. High sodium intake can raise blood pressure and may reduce how well your blood pressure medications work. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about whether the sodium content in this product is appropriate for your diet, especially if you take blood pressure medications or have been advised to limit salt.
What are the most common side effects?
Gastrointestinal effects are most common: inulin often causes gas, bloating, and digestive cramping, especially at higher doses. Blueberry (if present in freeze-dried form) may cause constipation, diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting. The live bacteria may cause mild abdominal discomfort or bloating when you first start. Beet may cause red or black stools, which is harmless. These effects are usually mild and often improve with time.
Is this safe during pregnancy or breastfeeding?
Sodium is rated Likely Safe in pregnancy but Possibly Unsafe during lactation based on the safety data we hold. Kale, blueberry, fig fruit, and inulin are rated Likely Safe. Most of the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains are rated Possibly Safe, though safety data are limited. Elderberry supplements are advised against in both pregnancy and breastfeeding due to insufficient reliable information. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist before taking this product if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, as individual guidance is important.
Do I need to refrigerate this probiotic?
That information is not included in the product facts we have on file. Check the label or contact the manufacturer directly for storage instructions specific to this product.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Total Care Immune Probiotic label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Total Care Immune Probiotic ’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Sodium

Interacts with 205 drugs

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets get more than enough—often too much—from...

Read the full Sodium monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Elderberry

Interacts with 121 drugs

Elderberry is a popular herbal supplement, mainly taken to help with colds and flu. Some small studies suggest it may modestly shorten cold or flu symptoms, but the evidence is limited and n...

Read the full Elderberry monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Total Care Immune Probiotic 's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 144 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Sodium 38 references
  1. Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Ruffalo RL. Drug and nutrient interactions. Am Fam Physician 1986;33:165-74.
  2. Food and Drug Administration Science Background: Safety of Sodium Phosphates Oral Solution. September 17, 2001. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/safety/sodiumphospate.htm
  3. Coton T, Mallaret C, Coilliot C, Carre D, Guisset M. Severe acute ulcerated gastritis induced by salt. Presse Med 2009;38(3):499-500. PubMed
  4. Frings-Meuthen P, Buehlmeier J, Baecker N, et al. High sodium chloride intake exacerbates immobilization-induced bone resorption and protein losses. J Appl Physiol 2011;111(2):537-542. PubMed
  5. Frings-Meuthen P, Baecker N, Heer M. Low-grade metabolic acidosis may be the cause of sodium chloride-induced exaggerated bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23(4):517-524. PubMed
  6. Alam S, Johnson AG. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) among healthy normotensive and essential hypertensive elderly patients to determine the effect of high salt (NaCl) diet of blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 1999;13(6):367-74.
  7. Boudville N, Ward S, Benaroia M, House AA. Increased sodium intake correlates with greater use of antihypertensive agents by subjects with chronic kidney disease. Am J Hypertens 2005;18(10):1300-5. PubMed
  8. Bennett WM. Drug interactions and consequences of sodium restriction. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(2 Suppl):678S-681S. PubMed
  9. Okusa MD, Crystal LJ. Clinical manifestations and management of acute lithium intoxication. Am J Med 1994;97(4):383-9. PubMed
  10. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2005. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10925. DOI
  11. D'Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr 2012;31(4):489-98. PubMed
  12. Goldsmith SR. Hyponatremia in heart failure: time for a trial. J Card Fail 2013;19(6):398-400. PubMed
  13. Willocks L, Brettle R, Keen J, Valentine C, Pinching AJ. Formulations of didanosine (ddI) and salt overload. Lancet 1992;339(8786):190.
  14. Chen L, Zhang Z, Chen W, Whelton PK, Appel LJ. Lower Sodium Intake and Risk of Headaches: Results From the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(7):1270-5. PubMed
  15. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2014;129(9):981-9. PubMed
  16. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Sodium Intake and All-Cause Mortality Over 20 Years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(15):1609-1617. PubMed
  17. Mente A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies. Lancet. 2016;388(10043):465-75. PubMed
  18. Moosavian SP, Haghighatdoost F, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. Salt and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;68(3):265-277. PubMed
  19. O'Donnell M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(7):612-23. DOI
  20. Poggio R, Gutierrez L, Matta MG, Elorriaga N, Irazola V, Rubinstein A. Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(4):695-704. PubMed
  21. Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, Food and Nutrition Board, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington (DC): National Acad
  22. Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I, et al. Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1693-1700. PubMed
  23. Yancy CW. Sodium Restriction in Heart Failure: Too Much Uncertainty-Do the Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1700-1701. PubMed
  24. He FJ, Campbell NRC, Ma Y, MacGregor GA, Cogswell ME, Cook NR. Errors in estimating usual sodium intake by the Kawasaki formula alter its relationship with mortality: implications for public health. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(6):1784-1795. PubMed
  25. Murthy K, Ondrey GJ, Malkani N, et al. THE EFFECTS OF HYPONATREMIA ON BONE DENSITY AND FRACTURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Endocr Pract. 2019;25(4):366-378. PubMed
  26. Messerli FH, Hofstetter L, Syrogiannouli L, et al. Sodium intake, life expectancy, and all-cause mortality. Eur Heart J 2021;42(21):2103-2112. PubMed
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  32. Ma Y, He FJ, Sun Q, et al. 24-Hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2022;386(3):252-263. PubMed
  33. Liu J, Yang X, Zhang P, et al. Association of urinary sodium excretion and left ventricular hypertrophy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021;12:728493. PubMed
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  35. Wang DD, Li Y, Nguyen XT, et al. Dietary sodium and potassium intake and risk of non-fatal cardiovascular diseases: The million veteran program. Nutrients 2022;14(5):1121. PubMed
  36. Kwak JH, Park CH, Eun CS, et al. The associations of dietary intake of high sodium and low zinc with gastric cancer mortality: A prospective cohort study in Korea. Nutr Cancer 2022;74(10):3501-3508. PubMed
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See these in context on the Sodium monograph →

Kale 2 references
  1. Vitamin K - Health Professional Fact Sheet — NIH Office of Dietary Supplements Source
  2. Lutein and Zeaxanthin — NIH Office of Dietary Supplements Source

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Blueberry 7 references
  1. Cignarella A, Nastasi M, Cavalli E, Puglisi L. Novel lipid-lowering properties of Vaccinium myrtillus L. leaves, a traditional antidiabetic treatment, in several models of rat dyslipidaemia: a comparison with ciprofibrate. Thromb Res 1996;84:311-22. PubMed
  2. Wang SY, Lin HS. Antioxidant activity in fruits and leaves of blackberry, raspberry, and strawberry varies with cultivar and developmental stage. J Agric Food Chem 2000;48:140-6.. PubMed
  3. Martineau, L. C., Couture, A., Spoor, D., Benhaddou-Andaloussi, A., Harris, C., Meddah, B., Leduc, C., Burt, A., Vuong, T., Mai, Le P., Prentki, M., Bennett, S. A., Arnason, J. T., and Haddad, P. S. Anti-diabetic properties of the Canadian lowbush bluebe
  4. Vuong, T., Martineau, L. C., Ramassamy, C., Matar, C., and Haddad, P. S. Fermented Canadian lowbush blueberry juice stimulates glucose uptake and AMP-activated protein kinase in insulin-sensitive cultured muscle cells and adipocytes. Can J Physiol Pharma
  5. Hanley MJ, Masse G, Harmatz JS, Cancalon PF, Dolnikowski GG, Court MH, Greenblatt DJ. Effect of blueberry juice on clearance of buspirone and flurbiprofen in human volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Apr;75(4):1041-52. PubMed
  6. Basu A, Du M, Leyva MJ, et al. Blueberries decrease cardiovascular risk factors in obese men and women with metabolic syndrome. J Nutr 2010;140(9):1582-7. PubMed
  7. Basu A, Feng D, Planinic P, Ebersole JL, Lyons TJ, Alexander JM. Dietary blueberry and soluble fiber supplementation reduces risk of gestational diabetes in women with obesity in a randomized controlled trial. J Nutr 2021;151(5):1128-38. PubMed

See these in context on the Blueberry monograph →

Lactobacillus Acidophilus 15 references
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  2. Begtrup LM, de Muckadell OB, Kjeldsen J, Christensen RD, Jarbøl DE. Long-term treatment with probiotics in primary care patients with irritable bowel syndrome--a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013;48(10):1127-35 PubMed
  3. Chatterjee S, Kar P, Das T, Ray S, Gangulyt S, Rajendiran C, Mitra M. Randomised placebo-controlled double blind multicentric trial on efficacy and safety of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and Bifidobacterium BB-12 for prevention of antibiotic-associated
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  5. Karamali M, Dadkhah F, Sadrkhanlou M, et al. Effects of probiotic supplementation on glycaemic control and lipid profiles in gestational diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Metab 2016;42(4):234-41. PubMed
  6. Badehnoosh B, Karamali M, Zarrati M, et al. The effects of probiotic supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018 May;31(9):1128-1136.
  7. Kumar S, Kumar R, Rohilla L, Jacob N, Yadav J, Sachdeva N. A high potency multi-strain probiotic improves glycemic control in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled pilot study. Pediatr Diabete
  8. Shahriari A, Karimi E, Shahriari M, Aslani N, Khooshideh M, Arab A. The effect of probiotic supplementation on the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus among high-risk pregnant women: A parallel double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial PubMed
  9. Xiao SD, Zhang DZ, Lu H, et al. Multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus LB in patients with chronic diarrhea. Adv Ther. 2003;20(5):253-60.
  10. Rossi F, Amadoro C, Gasperi M, Colavita G. Lactobacilli infection case reports in the last three years and safety implications. Nutrients. 2022;14(6):1178. PubMed
  11. Ozer M, Goksu SY, Shahverdiani A, Mustafa M. Lactobacillus acidophilus-induced endocarditis and associated splenic abscess. Case Rep Infect Dis 2020;2020:1382709.
  12. Sadrin S, Sennoune S, Gout B, et al. A 2-strain mixture of Lactobacillus acidophilus in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Dig Liver Dis 2020;52(5):534-540. PubMed
  13. Stoffer JN, Slingsby TJ, Giuliari GP. Lactobacillus acidophilus endophthalmitis after intravitreal bevacizumab injection requiring intraocular lens explantation. Can J Ophthalmol 2022;57(1):e21-e22. PubMed
  14. Cukovic-Cavka S, Likic R, Francetic I, Rustemovic N, Opacic M, Vucelic B. Lactobacillus acidophilus as a cause of liver abscess in a NOD2/CARD15-positive patient with Crohn's disease. Digestion 2006;73(2-3):107-10.
  15. Hui J, Ren Y, Wang Y, Han Q. Lactobacillus acidophilus endophthalmitis postcataract operation: A case report with a literature review. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2023.

See these in context on the Lactobacillus Acidophilus monograph →

Bifidobacterium Longum 21 references
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  2. Pierce A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines. New York: The Stonesong Press, 1999:19.
  3. Xiao JZ, Takahashi S, Odamaki T, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility of bifidobacterial strains distributed in the Japanese market. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2010;74(2):336-42. PubMed
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  5. Pruccoli G, Silvestro E, Pace Napoleone C, Aidala E, Garazzino S, Scolfaro C. Are probiotics safe? Bifidobacterium bacteremia in a child with severe heart failure. Infez Med. 2019;27(2):175-178.
  6. Pellonperä O, Vahlberg T, Mokkala K, et al. Weight gain and body composition during pregnancy: a randomised pilot trial with probiotics and/or fish oil. Br J Nutr. 2020 Nov 4:1-11. PubMed
  7. Pellonperä O, Mokkala K, Houttu N, et al. Efficacy of fish oil and/or probiotic intervention on the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus in an at-risk group of overweight and obese women: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial PubMed
  8. Shahriari A, Karimi E, Shahriari M, Aslani N, Khooshideh M, Arab A. The effect of probiotic supplementation on the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus among high-risk pregnant women: A parallel double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial PubMed
  9. Esaiassen E, Hjerde E, Cavanagh JP, Simonsen GS, Klingenberg C; Norwegian Study Group on Invasive Bifidobacterial Infections. Bifidobacterium bacteremia: Clinical characteristics and a genomic approach to assess pathogenicity. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55(7) PubMed
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  13. Sabaté JM, Iglicki F. Effect of Bifidobacterium longum 35624 on disease severity and quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2022;28(7):732-744.
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See these in context on the Bifidobacterium Longum monograph →

Lactobacillus Delbrueckii 9 references
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  2. Rossi F, Amadoro C, Gasperi M, Colavita G. Lactobacilli infection case reports in the last three years and safety implications. Nutrients. 2022;14(6):1178. PubMed
  3. Ranchal P, Gupta R, Goldberg R, A Lobo S, Pascual A, El Khoury MY. Penicillin-sensitive Lactobacillus jensenii bacteremia. Am J Ther 2021;28(2):e250-e252. PubMed
  4. Grazioli-Gauthier L, Rigamonti E, Leo LA, Martinetti Lucchini G, Lo Priore E, Bernasconi E. Lactobacillus jensenii mitral valve endocarditis: Case report, literature review and new perspectives. IDCases 2022;27:e01401. PubMed
  5. Toprak NU, Bozan T, Yilmaz S, Buyukbayrak EE, Tigen ET. Polymicrobial bacteremia due to Lactobacillus jensenii and Veillonella montpellierensis in a pregnant patient; case report and review of literature. Anaerobe 2022;75:102576. PubMed
  6. Chazan B, Raz R, Shental Y, Sprecher H, Colodner R. Bacteremia and pyelonephritis caused by Lactobacillus jensenii in a patient with urolithiasis. Isr Med Assoc J 2008;10(2):164-5.
  7. Neonakis IK, Skamagkas I, Stafylaki D, Maraki S. Lactobacillus delbrueckii urinary tract infection in a male patient: a case report. Germs 2022;12(2):304-307. PubMed
  8. Maillet F, Passeron A, Podglajen I, Ranque B, Pouchot J. Lactobacillus delbrueckii urinary tract infection in a male patient. Med Mal Infect 2019;49(3):226-228. PubMed
  9. Darbro BW, Petroelje BK, Doern GV. Lactobacillus delbrueckii as the cause of urinary tract infection. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47(1):275-7.

See these in context on the Lactobacillus Delbrueckii monograph →

Beet 14 references
  1. Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 1st ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc., 1998.
  2. Clifford T, Berntzen B, Davison GW, et al. Effects of beetroot juice on recovery of muscle function and performance between bouts of repeated sprint exercise. Nutrients 2016;8. pii: E506. PubMed
  3. Siervo M, Lara J, Ogbonmwan I, Mathers JC. Inorganic nitrate and beetroot juice supplementation reduces blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr 2013;143:818-26. PubMed
  4. Clifford T, Howatson G, West DJ, Stevenson EJ. Beetroot juice is more beneficial than sodium nitrate for attenuating muscle pain after strenuous eccentric-bias exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2017;42(11):1185-1191. PubMed
  5. Clifford T, Bell O, West DJ, Howatson G, Stevenson EJ. The effects of beetroot juice supplementation on indices of muscle damage following eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116(2):353-62. PubMed
  6. Wylie LJ, Kelly J, Bailey SJ, et al. Beetroot juice and exercise: pharmacodynamic and dose-response relationships. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2013;115(3):325-36. PubMed
  7. Garnacho-Castaño MV, Palau-Salvà G, Cuenca E, et al. Effects of a single dose of beetroot juice on cycling time trial performance at ventilatory thresholds intensity in male triathletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018;15(1):49. PubMed
  8. Rasica L, Porcelli S, Marzorati M, et al. Ergogenic effects of beetroot juice supplementation during severe-intensity exercise in obese adolescents. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2018;315(3):R453-R460. PubMed
  9. Henrohn D, Björkstrand K, Lundberg JO, et al. Effects of oral supplementation with nitrate-rich beetroot juice in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension-results from BEET-PAH, an exploratory randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crosso
  10. Serra-Payá N, Garnacho-Castaño MV, Sánchez-Nuño S, et al. The relationship between resistance exercise performance and ventilatory efficiency after beetroot juice intake in well-trained athletes. Nutrients 2021;13(4):1094. PubMed
  11. Haron MH, Dale O, Martin K, et al. Evaluation of the Herb-Drug Interaction Potential of Commonly Used Botanicals on the US Market with Regard to PXR- and AhR-Mediated Influences on CYP3A4 and CYP1A2. J Diet Suppl 2022. PubMed
  12. Hemmatinafar M, Zaremoayedi L, Koushkie Jahromi M, et al. Effect of Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Muscle Soreness and Performance Recovery after Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Female Volleyball Players. Nutrients 2023;15(17):3763. PubMed
  13. Lim SH, Bae S, Lee HS, Han HK, Choi CI. Effect of Betanin, the Major Pigment of Red Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.), on the Activity of Recombinant Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023;16(9):1224. PubMed
  14. Oscherwitz M, Tamayo RM, Heudebert A, Centor R. A Case of Pseudo-Hematochezia from Beet Supplement Ingestion. Am J Med 2023;136(9):e177-e178. PubMed

See these in context on the Beet monograph →

Lactobacillus Helveticus 2 references
  1. Pierce A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines. New York: The Stonesong Press, 1999:19.
  2. Rossi F, Amadoro C, Gasperi M, Colavita G. Lactobacilli infection case reports in the last three years and safety implications. Nutrients. 2022;14(6):1178. PubMed

See these in context on the Lactobacillus Helveticus monograph →

Fig 13 references
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  5. Zaynoun ST, Aftimos BG, Abi Ali L, et al. Ficus carica; isolation and quantification of the photoactive components. Contact Dermatitis 1984;11:21-5.
  6. Lembo G, Lo Presti M, Balato N. Phytophotodermatitis due to ficus carica. Photodermatol 1985;2:119-20.
  7. Bollero, D., Stella, M., Rivolin, A., Cassano, P., Risso, D., and Vanzetti, M. Fig leaf tanning lotion and sun-related burns: case reports. Burns 2001;27(7):777-779. PubMed
  8. Ozdamar, E., Ozbek, S., and Akin, S. An unusual cause of burn injury: fig leaf decoction used as a remedy for a dermatitis of unknown etiology. J.Burn Care Rehabil. 2003;24(4):229-233. PubMed
  9. Munteanu, M. Contact dermatitis to the sap of fig-tree. Rev.Med.Chir Soc.Med.Nat.Iasi 1989;93(3):602.
  10. Lembo, G., Lo, Presti M., and Balato, N. Phytophotodermatitis due to ficus carica. Photodermatol. 1985;2(2):119-120.
  11. Micali, G., Nasca, M. R., and Musumeci, M. L. Severe phototoxic reaction secondary to the application of a fig leaves' decoction used as a tanning agent. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33(3):212-213. PubMed
  12. Bonamonte D, Foti C, Lionetti N, Rigano L, Angelini G. Photoallergic contact dermatitis to 8-methoxypsoralen in Ficus carica. Contact Dermatitis. 2010;62(6):343-8.
  13. Pinto AR, Machado Cunha I, Rebelo Gomes E. Fig Tree-Induced Phytophotodermatitis: A Case Report on the Perils of a Hobby. Cureus 2023;15(7):e41888. PubMed

See these in context on the Fig monograph →

Inulin 17 references
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  2. Pedersen A, Sandstrom B, Van Amelsvoort JM. The effect of ingestion of inulin on blood lipids and gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy females. Br J Nutr 1997;78:215-22. PubMed
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  5. Dehghan P, Gargari BP, Jafar-Abadi MA, Aliasgharzadeh A. Inulin controls inflammation and metabolic endotoxemia in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized-controlled clinical trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2014;65(1):117-23. PubMed
  6. Guess ND, Dornhorst A, Oliver N, Frost GS. A randomised crossover trial: the effect of inulin on glucose homeostasis in subtypes of prediabetes. Ann Nutr Metab 2016;68(1):26-34. PubMed
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  10. Micka A, Siepelmeyer A, Holz A, Theis S, Schön C. Effect of consumption of chicory inulin on bowel function in healthy subjects with constipation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;68(1):82-89. PubMed
  11. Smiljanec K, Mitchell CM, Privitera OF, Neilson AP, Davy KP, Davy BM. Pre-meal inulin consumption does not affect acute energy intake in overweight and obese middle-aged and older adults: A randomized controlled crossover pilot trial. Nutr Health. 2017;23 PubMed
  12. Cai X, Yu H, Liu L, et al. Milk powder co-supplemented with inulin and resistant dextrin improves glycemic control and insulin resistance in elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Mol Nutr Food Res PubMed
  13. Rao M, Gao C, Xu L, et al. Effect of inulin-type carbohydrates on insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes Res. 2019;2019:5101423. PubMed
  14. Mitchell CM, Davy BM, Ponder MA, et al. Prebiotic Inulin Supplementation and Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity in adults at Elevated Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021;13(9):3235. PubMed
  15. Li L, Li P, Xu L. Assessing the effects of inulin-type fructan intake on body weight, blood glucose, and lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Sci Nutr 2021;9(8):4598-4616. PubMed
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  17. Risso D, Kaczmarczyk M, Laurie I, et al. Moderate intakes of soluble corn fibre or inulin do not cause gastrointestinal discomfort and are well tolerated in healthy children. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2022;73(8):1104-1115. PubMed

See these in context on the Inulin monograph →

Elderberry 6 references
  1. Barak V, Halperin T, Kalickman I. The effect of Sambucol, a black elderberry-based, natural product, on the production of human cytokines: I. Inflammatory cytokines. Eur Cytokine Netw 2001;12:290-6..
  2. Elderberry (Sambucus species). The Poison Plant Patch, Novia Scotia Museum, 2007. Available at: http://museum.gov.ns.ca/poison/?section=species&id=117 (Accessed 16 October 2009).
  3. European elder. Canadian Poisonous Plants Information System. Available at: http://www.cbif.gc.ca/pls/pp/ppack.jump?p_null=all&p_psn=121&p_type=all&p_sci=comm&p_x=px (Accessed 16 October 2009).
  4. Raus K, Pleschka S, Klein P, Schoop R, Fisher P. Effect of an echinacea-based hot drink versus oseltamivir in Influenza treatment: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter, noninferiority clinical trial. . Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2015;20;77:6 PubMed
  5. Ramachandran A, Antala D, Pudasainee P, Panginikkod S, Gupta H. A Plausible Association Between the Use of Elderberry and Autoimmune Hepatitis. Cureus 2022;14(4):e24250. PubMed
  6. Agarwal N, Mangla A. Elderberry interaction with pazopanib in a patient with soft-tissue sarcoma: A case report and literature review. Mol Clin Oncol 2024;20(5):36. PubMed

See these in context on the Elderberry monograph →

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© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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