Happy Cycle Ingredients & Drug Interactions
by AZO
What is this page for?
First and foremost: checking Happy Cycle against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.
Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy
Happy Cycle is a dietary supplement by AZO with 2 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for premenstrual syndrome (pms), irregular or absent menstrual periods, cyclical breast pain (mastalgia).Based on those ingredients, 1,563 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated major. The ingredients most likely to interact are Sensoril Ashwagandha root & leaf extract, Chasteberry & Nutrient Blend. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.
Check Your Meds Against Happy Cycle by AZO
Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Happy Cycle by AZO — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.
AI summaries are generated from our interaction database for education only — always confirm with your pharmacist. How we use AI
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Happy Cycle by AZO
Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.
What’s inside
Full disclosure
Happy Cycle contains six active ingredients formulated for menstrual cycle support. Vitamin B6 supports red blood cell formation and is effective for deficiency and certain types of anemia; thiamine (vitamin B1) is effective for deficiency and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome; calcium supports bone health and is effective for low calcium levels; magnesium aids muscle and nerve function and is effective for low magnesium and pre-eclampsia prevention; chastetree berry extract is possibly effective for premenstrual syndrome and breast tenderness; and ashwagandha is possibly effective for anxiety, stress, and insomnia.
The product also contains inactive ingredients such as microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate, which serve as binders and flow agents in the capsule.
Does it work?
Moderate evidence
Evidence for this product's ingredients is mixed. Vitamin B6 is effective for deficiency and sideroblastic anemia, and possibly effective for pregnancy-related nausea.
Thiamine is effective for deficiency and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, and possibly effective for menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea). Calcium is effective for low calcium levels and likely effective for osteoporosis.
Magnesium is effective for low magnesium, constipation, and indigestion, and effective for preventing pre-eclampsia in pregnancy. Chastetree berry extract is possibly effective for premenstrual syndrome and breast tenderness.
Ashwagandha is possibly effective for anxiety, stress, and insomnia. The evidence isn't established in our data for some other proposed uses like treating fractures or skin aging.
How safe is it?
Well-documented data
These ingredients are generally well tolerated at recommended doses. Vitamin B6 is safe at normal amounts, but high doses over time can damage nerves (a rare but serious effect).
Thiamine is very safe orally at standard doses. Calcium is safe at recommended amounts, though high doses can increase kidney stone risk.
Magnesium is safe at recommended amounts and commonly causes mild digestive effects like diarrhea or constipation. Chastetree berry extract is generally well tolerated short-term but may affect hormones.
Ashwagandha is generally well tolerated short-term, though rare cases of liver injury have been reported. The safety notes advise caution with high-dose vitamin B6 and magnesium in pregnancy, and recommend avoiding chastetree berry extract and ashwagandha during pregnancy and breastfeeding due to limited safety data and possible hormonal effects.
Meds to double-check
Major interaction found
Before taking Happy Cycle, check with your doctor or pharmacist if you take any of the following: blood pressure medications (calcium and vitamin B6 may lower blood pressure further), seizure drugs like phenytoin or phenobarbital (vitamin B6 may reduce their levels), HIV integrase inhibitors like dolutegravir or elvitegravir (calcium significantly reduces their absorption), oral contraceptives or estrogen therapy (chastetree berry may interfere), diabetes medications (magnesium and ashwagandha may increase low blood sugar risk), Parkinson's medications containing levodopa/carbidopa (magnesium reduces absorption), thyroid medications (ashwagandha may boost effects), sedatives or benzodiazepines (ashwagandha may increase drowsiness), or immunosuppressants (ashwagandha may reduce their effectiveness). Altogether, these interactions span 1,526 individual medications.
The bottom line
Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Major medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.
Happy Cycle may be worth considering if you're interested in menstrual cycle support and you don't take medications that interact with these ingredients—especially blood pressure drugs, seizure medications, HIV drugs, oral contraceptives, diabetes medications, or certain antibiotics. If you take any regular medication or have a condition like thyroid disease, liver problems, or low blood pressure, talk it over with your doctor or pharmacist before starting.
They can review whether this product is right for your situation.
Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI
Assessment coverage: 6 of 6 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Jan 22, 2021.
This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed
General information
Key facts about Happy Cycle, straight from the product label.
| Brand | AZO |
|---|---|
| Barcode (UPC) | 787651760193 |
| Net contents | 30 Once Daily Caplet(s) |
| Market status | On market |
| Date entered into DSLD | Jan 22, 2021 |
| DSLD ID | 242650 |
| Product type | Botanical With Nutrients |
| Supplement form | Other (e.g. Tea Bag) |
| Dietary claims / uses | All Other, Structure/Function |
| Intended target group(s) | Vegan, Vegetarian, Adult (18 - 50 Years), Women (not pregnant or lactating), Gluten Free, Dairy Free |
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.
Supplement Facts
The label details for Happy Cycle by AZO, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.
Supplement Facts
| Ingredient | Amount | % DV |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin B6 | 50 mg | 2941% |
| Thiamine | 100 mg | 8333% |
| Calcium | 50 mg | 4% |
| Magnesium | 50 mg | 12% |
| Chastetree berry extract | 40 mg | -- |
| Chasteberry & Nutrient Blend | 0 NP | -- |
| Sensoril Ashwagandha root & leaf extract | 125 mg | -- |
Other ingredients: Microcrystalline Cellulose, Croscarmellose Sodium, Hydroxypropyl Cellulose, Stearic Acid, Spirulina extract color, Magnesium Stearate, Coating, Natural flavor
Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements
The proactive way to address those annoying symptoms that occur before and during your period, that can leave you feeling less than your best. Be on your way to a happier cycle with a drug-free foundation to support hormonal health and help manage the symptoms brought on by your monthly cycle.
Your hormones naturally fluctuate all through the month, not just during your period. These ebbs and flows can contribute to both physical and emotional symptoms occurring for up to ¾ of your cycle! Let’s be honest, who wants to feel less than their best for that long each month? Your monthly cycle Pre-menstrual Period Best days
Own your cycle
From No. 1 most trusted brand AZO visit us online at: www.azoproducts.com
#1 Most trusted brand based on total AZO Brand Nielsen data through 3/14/20 and the 2019 Pharmacy Times Survey (Urinary Pain Relief and Cranberry Supplement categories)
Formulation
AZO Happy Cycle is specially formulated with a Chasteberry and Nutrient Blend plus Ashwagandha. When taken daily, AZO Happy Cycle helps support: Positive mood Daily stress relief Cramping & bloating relief A regular & consistent cycle Plus helps boost & sustain energy
AZO Happy Cycle is a proactive approach to hormonal health. When taken daily, AZO Happy Cycle formula works naturally with your body to help deal with those hormonal fluctuations, so you can feel your best, more days of the month.
Gluten-free Drug free No artificial dyes Non-GMO Dairy Free
Doctor Formulated
Vegan
Hormonal health A daily approach to support: Positive mood all month long Plus helps relieve irritability, bloating & cramping
Made in USA with US and imported materials.
Slight variations in bilayer caplet may occur due to the naturally sourced colorants.
Formula
Chastetree Berry This naturally sourced plant from the Mediterranean has been used by women for thousands of years to support hormonal health. Ashwagandha, an Ayurvedic herb that provides mood support and reduces stress, to help you stay happy and upbeat anytime of the month.
Chasteberry blend+ Ashwagandha
FDA Disclaimer Statement
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
FDA Statement of Identity
Daily Supplement
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions
Directions for use and Storage: Take (1) caplet daily at any time of day with food. When taken daily, results seen in as little as one cycle. For best results, a minimum of 90 days is important.
Storage
Store at room temperature. Do not expose to excessive heat, humidity or direct sunlight.
Precautions
Caution: As with any dietary supplement, please inform your healthcare professional before taking.
Do not take if pregnant, breastfeeding or intending to become pregnant.
Keep out of reach of children.
Tamper Evident: Do not sue this product if safety seal bearing "Sealed for your protection" under cap is missing.
For questions, concerns or to report an adverse event, please call: 1-800-722-3476
Brand IP Statement(s)
AZO and AZO Happy Cycle are trademarks of DSM. Sensoril is protected under U.S. Patent No. 7,318,938 and CA Patent No. 2,508,478, and is a registered trademark of Natreon, Inc.
Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.
Happy Cycle by AZO label
The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.
Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.
View the full label (PDF)The Ingredients in Happy Cycle by AZO
These are the 2 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.
Serving size1 Caplet(s) Dosage formOther (e.g. Tea Bag) Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.
Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.
Chasteberry & Nutrient Blend
Interacts with121 drugs
Vitex (chasteberry) is an herbal remedy most often used for PMS and menstrual cycle problems, and the strongest evidence is for easing some PMS sympto...
Chasteberry & Nutrient Blend monograph & interactionsSensoril Ashwagandha root & leaf extract
Interacts with1,372 drugs
Ashwagandha is an Ayurvedic herb most often taken to help with stress, anxiety, and sleep, and some small studies suggest it may help, though the evid...
Sensoril Ashwagandha root & leaf extract monograph & interactionsOther (inactive) ingredients: Microcrystalline Cellulose, Croscarmellose Sodium, Hydroxypropyl Cellulose, Stearic Acid, Spirulina extract color, Magnesium Stearate, Coating, Natural flavor. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.
Happy Cycle by AZO Drug Interactions
HelloPharmacist Interaction Report
Happy Cycle by AZO contains six active ingredients, and several of them interact with medications.
Through its vitamin B6, calcium, magnesium, chastetree berry extract, and ashwagandha content, this product can affect how your body handles certain drugs. The most serious interactions involve calcium: it substantially reduces levels of two HIV integrase inhibitors (dolutegravir and elvitegravir), which could compromise their effectiveness, and it can cause dangerous precipitation if given intravenously alongside the antibiotic ceftriaxone.
Read the full breakdown — every affected drug type, severity by severity
Vitamin B6 at high doses may reduce blood pressure additively with antihypertensive drugs, increase sun sensitivity from amiodarone, and lower levels of seizure medications (phenobarbital and phenytoin). Magnesium interacts with levodopa/carbidopa for Parkinson's disease—reducing levodopa absorption by about 35%—and can enhance the effects of skeletal muscle relaxants, blood pressure medications, diabetes drugs, and quinolone antibiotics.
Chastetree berry extract may interfere with oral contraceptives, estrogen therapy, antipsychotic drugs, and dopamine agonists through hormone and dopamine activity. Ashwagandha can increase drowsiness with sedatives and benzodiazepines, lower blood pressure additively with antihypertensive drugs, raise the risk of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) with diabetes medications, boost thyroid hormone effects, and theoretically reduce the effectiveness of immunosuppressants.
Thiamine was checked and shows no interactions documented in our data. That said, absence of documented interactions is not a guarantee none exist.
Use the medication checker on this page to confirm your exact medications before starting, and discuss any concerns with your doctor or pharmacist.
Check your own medications below · Editorial policy · How we use AI
Want to check YOUR meds against Happy Cycle?
Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.
Go to the checkerIngredients driving the most interactions
Individual Drug Interactions
The ingredients in Happy Cycle interact with 1,563 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.
2 of the 2 ingredients in Happy Cycle interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Sensoril Ashwagandha root & leaf extract Chasteberry & Nutrient Blend
Benserazide, LevodopaMadopar, Prolopa
How Benserazide, Levodopa interacts with Happy Cycle — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
MagnesiumLevodopa/carbidopa (sinemet) Major
Interaction Summary
Magnesium can reduce the bioavailability of levodopa/carbidopa.
Read the full Magnesium + Benserazide, Levodopa interactionChasteberry & Nutrient BlendDopamine Agonists Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, vitex agnus-castus could interfere with dopamine agonists.
Read the full Chasteberry & Nutrient Blend + Benserazide, Levodopa interactionVitamin B6Levodopa Minor
Interaction Summary
Vitamin B6 may increase the metabolism of levodopa when taken alone, but not when taken in conjunction with carbidopa.
Read the full Vitamin B6 + Benserazide, Levodopa interactionCarbidopaLodosyn
How Carbidopa interacts with Happy Cycle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
MagnesiumLevodopa/carbidopa (sinemet) Major
Interaction Summary
Magnesium can reduce the bioavailability of levodopa/carbidopa.
Read the full Magnesium + Carbidopa interactionCarbidopa, LevodopaDhivy, Rytary, Sinemet, Sinemet CR
How Carbidopa, Levodopa interacts with Happy Cycle — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
MagnesiumLevodopa/carbidopa (sinemet) Major
Interaction Summary
Magnesium can reduce the bioavailability of levodopa/carbidopa.
Read the full Magnesium + Carbidopa, Levodopa interactionChasteberry & Nutrient BlendDopamine Agonists Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, vitex agnus-castus could interfere with dopamine agonists.
Read the full Chasteberry & Nutrient Blend + Carbidopa, Levodopa interactionVitamin B6Levodopa Minor
Interaction Summary
Vitamin B6 may increase the metabolism of levodopa when taken alone, but not when taken in conjunction with carbidopa.
Read the full Vitamin B6 + Carbidopa, Levodopa interactionCarbidopa, Levodopa, EntacaponeStalevo
How Carbidopa, Levodopa, Entacapone interacts with Happy Cycle — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
MagnesiumLevodopa/carbidopa (sinemet) Major
Interaction Summary
Magnesium can reduce the bioavailability of levodopa/carbidopa.
Read the full Magnesium + Carbidopa, Levodopa, Entacapone interactionChasteberry & Nutrient BlendDopamine Agonists Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, vitex agnus-castus could interfere with dopamine agonists.
Read the full Chasteberry & Nutrient Blend + Carbidopa, Levodopa, Entacapone interactionVitamin B6Levodopa Minor
Interaction Summary
Vitamin B6 may increase the metabolism of levodopa when taken alone, but not when taken in conjunction with carbidopa.
Read the full Vitamin B6 + Carbidopa, Levodopa, Entacapone interactionCeftriaxoneRocephin
How Ceftriaxone interacts with Happy Cycle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CalciumCeftriaxone (rocephin) Major
Interaction Summary
Co-administration of intravenous calcium and ceftriaxone can result in precipitation of a ceftriaxone-calcium salt in the lungs and kidneys.
Read the full Calcium + Ceftriaxone interactionCobicistat, Elvitegravir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Alafenamide FumarateGenvoya
How Cobicistat, Elvitegravir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate interacts with Happy Cycle — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CalciumElvitegravir (vitekta), Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir Alafenamide (biktarvy) Major
Interaction Summary
Calcium seems to reduce levels of elvitegravir.
Read the full Calcium + Cobicistat, Elvitegravir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate interactionSensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Hepatotoxic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf Extract + Cobicistat, Elvitegravir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate interactionMagnesiumBictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir Alafenamide (biktarvy) Moderate
Interaction Summary
Magnesium might decrease levels of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide by reducing its absorption.
Read the full Magnesium + Cobicistat, Elvitegravir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate interactionDolutegravirTivicay
How Dolutegravir interacts with Happy Cycle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CalciumDolutegravir (tivicay) Major
Interaction Summary
Calcium seems to reduce levels of dolutegravir.
Read the full Calcium + Dolutegravir interactionDolutegravir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir AlafenamideDolutegravir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Alafenamide
How Dolutegravir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Alafenamide interacts with Happy Cycle — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CalciumDolutegravir (tivicay), Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir Alafenamide (biktarvy) Major
Interaction Summary
Calcium seems to reduce levels of dolutegravir.
Read the full Calcium + Dolutegravir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Alafenamide interactionSensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf ExtractHepatotoxic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Read the full Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf Extract + Dolutegravir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Alafenamide interactionMagnesiumBictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir Alafenamide (biktarvy) Moderate
Interaction Summary
Magnesium might decrease levels of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide by reducing its absorption.
Read the full Magnesium + Dolutegravir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Alafenamide interactionDolutegravir, RilpivirineJuluca
How Dolutegravir, Rilpivirine interacts with Happy Cycle — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CalciumDolutegravir (tivicay) Major
Interaction Summary
Calcium seems to reduce levels of dolutegravir.
Read the full Calcium + Dolutegravir, Rilpivirine interactionSensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf Extract + Dolutegravir, Rilpivirine interactionElvitegravirVitekta
How Elvitegravir interacts with Happy Cycle — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CalciumElvitegravir (vitekta) Major
Interaction Summary
Calcium seems to reduce levels of elvitegravir.
Read the full Calcium + Elvitegravir interactionSensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf Extract + Elvitegravir interactionElvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil FumarateStribild
How Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate interacts with Happy Cycle — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CalciumElvitegravir (vitekta), Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir Alafenamide (biktarvy) Major
Interaction Summary
Calcium seems to reduce levels of elvitegravir.
Read the full Calcium + Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate interactionMagnesiumBictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir Alafenamide (biktarvy) Moderate
Interaction Summary
Magnesium might decrease levels of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide by reducing its absorption.
Read the full Magnesium + Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate interactionSensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Hepatotoxic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf Extract + Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate interactionLevodopaInbrija, Larodopa
How Levodopa interacts with Happy Cycle — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
MagnesiumLevodopa/carbidopa (sinemet) Major
Interaction Summary
Magnesium can reduce the bioavailability of levodopa/carbidopa.
Read the full Magnesium + Levodopa interactionChasteberry & Nutrient BlendDopamine Agonists Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, vitex agnus-castus could interfere with dopamine agonists.
Read the full Chasteberry & Nutrient Blend + Levodopa interactionVitamin B6Levodopa Minor
Interaction Summary
Vitamin B6 may increase the metabolism of levodopa when taken alone, but not when taken in conjunction with carbidopa.
Read the full Vitamin B6 + Levodopa interactionLevodopa, CarbidopaDuodopa
How Levodopa, Carbidopa interacts with Happy Cycle — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
MagnesiumLevodopa/carbidopa (sinemet) Major
Interaction Summary
Magnesium can reduce the bioavailability of levodopa/carbidopa.
Read the full Magnesium + Levodopa, Carbidopa interactionChasteberry & Nutrient BlendDopamine Agonists Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, vitex agnus-castus could interfere with dopamine agonists.
Read the full Chasteberry & Nutrient Blend + Levodopa, Carbidopa interactionVitamin B6Levodopa Minor
Interaction Summary
Vitamin B6 may increase the metabolism of levodopa when taken alone, but not when taken in conjunction with carbidopa.
Read the full Vitamin B6 + Levodopa, Carbidopa interaction6-mercaptopurinePurinethol
How 6-mercaptopurine interacts with Happy Cycle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf ExtractHepatotoxic Drugs, Immunosuppressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Read the full Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf Extract + 6-mercaptopurine interactionAbacavir Sulfate, Dolutegravir, LamivudineTriumeq
How Abacavir Sulfate, Dolutegravir, Lamivudine interacts with Happy Cycle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf ExtractHepatotoxic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Read the full Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf Extract + Abacavir Sulfate, Dolutegravir, Lamivudine interactionAbacavir, LamivudineEpzicom
How Abacavir, Lamivudine interacts with Happy Cycle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf ExtractHepatotoxic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Read the full Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf Extract + Abacavir, Lamivudine interactionAbiraterone
How Abiraterone interacts with Happy Cycle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Hepatotoxic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf Extract + Abiraterone interactionAbiraterone AcetateYonsa, Zytiga
How Abiraterone Acetate interacts with Happy Cycle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf ExtractHepatotoxic Drugs, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Read the full Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf Extract + Abiraterone Acetate interactionAbrocitinibCibinqo
How Abrocitinib interacts with Happy Cycle — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf ExtractImmunosuppressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha might decrease the effects of immunosuppressants.
Read the full Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf Extract + Abrocitinib interactionMagnesiumAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, magnesium may have antiplatelet effects, but the evidence is conflicting.
Read the full Magnesium + Abrocitinib interactionAcarboseGlucobay, Prandase, Precose
How Acarbose interacts with Happy Cycle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf ExtractAntidiabetes Drugs, Hepatotoxic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Read the full Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf Extract + Acarbose interactionAcebutololRhotral, Sectral
How Acebutolol interacts with Happy Cycle — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf ExtractHepatotoxic Drugs, Antihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Read the full Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf Extract + Acebutolol interactionVitamin B6Antihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, vitamin B6 may have additive effects when used with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Vitamin B6 + Acebutolol interactionAcepromazineAtravet
How Acepromazine interacts with Happy Cycle — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf ExtractCns Depressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha might increase the sedative effects of CNS depressants.
Read the full Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf Extract + Acepromazine interactionChasteberry & Nutrient BlendAntipsychotic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, vitex agnus-castus could interfere with the activity of antipsychotic drugs.
Read the full Chasteberry & Nutrient Blend + Acepromazine interactionAcetaminophenChildren's Tylenol, Children's Tylenol Meltaways, Tylenol, Tylenol Ex Strength
How Acetaminophen interacts with Happy Cycle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf ExtractHepatotoxic Drugs, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Read the full Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf Extract + Acetaminophen interactionAcetaminophen, AspirinGemnisyn
How Acetaminophen, Aspirin interacts with Happy Cycle — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Hepatotoxic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf Extract + Acetaminophen, Aspirin interactionMagnesiumAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, magnesium may have antiplatelet effects, but the evidence is conflicting.
Read the full Magnesium + Acetaminophen, Aspirin interactionAcetaminophen, Aspirin, CaffeineExcedrin, Excedrin Extra Strength, Excedrin Migraine
How Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interacts with Happy Cycle — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf ExtractHepatotoxic Drugs, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Read the full Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf Extract + Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interactionMagnesiumAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, magnesium may have antiplatelet effects, but the evidence is conflicting.
Read the full Magnesium + Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interactionAcetaminophen, Brompheniramine, PhenylpropanolamineDimetapp Cold and Flu
How Acetaminophen, Brompheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine interacts with Happy Cycle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Hepatotoxic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf Extract + Acetaminophen, Brompheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine interactionAcetaminophen, ButalbitalAxocet, Bancap, Bucet, Butex Forte, Esgic CF, Orbivan CF +5 more
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital interacts with Happy Cycle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf ExtractHepatotoxic Drugs, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Read the full Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf Extract + Acetaminophen, Butalbital interactionAcetaminophen, Butalbital, CaffeineEsgic, Esgic Plus, Fiogesic, Fioricet, Repan, Tecnal +1 more
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine interacts with Happy Cycle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Hepatotoxic Drugs +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf Extract + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine interactionAcetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, CodeineEsgic with Codeine, Fioricet w/ Codeine
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, Codeine interacts with Happy Cycle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates +2 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf Extract + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, Codeine interactionAcetaminophen, Butalbital, CodeineBancap w/ Codeine
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine interacts with Happy Cycle — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf ExtractHepatotoxic Drugs, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Read the full Sensoril Ashwagandha Root & Leaf Extract + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine interactionEach ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects
For each ingredient in Happy Cycle with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.
Sensoril Ashwagandha root & leaf extract
Antidiabetes Drugs
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
There is preliminary clinical evidence suggesting that ashwagandha might lower blood glucose levels. Theoretically, ashwagandha might have additive effects when used with antidiabetes drugs and increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Antihypertensive Drugs
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Animal research suggests that ashwagandha might lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Theoretically, ashwagandha might have additive effects when used with antihypertensive drugs and increase the risk of hypotension.
Benzodiazepines
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha might increase the sedative effects of benzodiazepines.
There is preliminary evidence that ashwagandha might have an additive effect with diazepam (Valium) and clonazepam (Klonopin). This may also occur with other benzodiazepines.
Cns Depressants
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha might increase the sedative effects of CNS depressants.
Ashwagandha seems to have sedative effects. Theoretically, this may potentiate the effects of barbiturates, other sedatives, and anxiolytics.
Hepatotoxic Drugs
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of liver damage.
Ashwagandha has been linked to cases of acute hepatitis, liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy, autoimmune hepatitis, the need for liver transplantation, and death due to liver failure.
Immunosuppressants
Theoretically, taking ashwagandha might decrease the effects of immunosuppressants.
Ashwagandha has demonstrated immunostimulant effects in humans. Animal research has shown that ashwagandha can attenuate the immunosuppression caused by cyclophosphamide.
Thyroid Hormone
Ashwagandha might increase the effects and adverse effects of thyroid hormone.
Concomitant use of ashwagandha with thyroid hormones may cause additive therapeutic and adverse effects. Preliminary clinical research and animal studies suggest that ashwagandha boosts thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion. In one clinical study, ashwagandha increased triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels by 41.5% and 19.6%, respectively, and reduced serum TSH levels by 17.4% from baseline in adults with subclinical hypothyroidism.
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
In vitro research shows that ashwagandha extract induces CYP1A2 enzymes.
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates
Theoretically, ashwagandha might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
In vitro research shows that ashwagandha extract induces CYP3A4 enzymes.
Serotonergic Drugs
Some animal studies have reported that ashwagandha can enhance serotonergic transmission by altering certain serotonin (5-HT) receptors. However, there is no evidence to suggest that ashwagandha increases the risk of serotonin-related effects, and there have been no published case reports of serotonin syndrome when combined with other serotonergic drugs. Nevertheless, due to the lack of extensive studies on the matter and the fact that ashwagandha appears to affect serotonergic pathways, it would be prudent to exercise caution when combining it with drugs that affect serotonin. [References: - Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwaga ndha) on Stress and the Stress-Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2021 Sep 14; 19: 1468–1495. - A Prospective, Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Safety and Efficacy of a High-Concentration Full-Spectrum Extract of Ashwagandha Root in Reducing Stress and Anxiety in Adults. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3573577/]
Chasteberry & Nutrient Blend
Antipsychotic Drugs
Theoretically, vitex agnus-castus could interfere with the activity of antipsychotic drugs.
Vitex agnus-castus might interfere with the action of dopamine antagonists such as antipsychotic drugs due to its dopamine agonist effects.
Contraceptive Drugs
Theoretically, vitex agnus-castus could interfere with oral contraceptives.
Vitex agnus-castus might interfere with the efficacy of oral contraceptives due to possible hormone modulating activity.
Dopamine Agonists
Theoretically, vitex agnus-castus could interfere with dopamine agonists.
Vitex agnus-castus might potentiate the actions of dopaminergic agonists due to possible dopaminergic effects.
Estrogens
Theoretically, vitex agnus-castus could interfere with the activity of estrogens.
Vitex agnus-castus has hormone modulating activity that can interfere with the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy.
Metoclopramide (Reglan)
Theoretically, dopaminergic effects of vitex agnus-castus could interfere with metoclopramide.
Vitex agnus-castus might interfere with the action of dopamine antagonists such as metoclopramide due to its possible dopaminergic effects.
Brand information
Manufacturer and brand details for Happy Cycle, from the product label.
AZO
See all AZO products- Name
- i-Health, Inc.
- Street Address
- 55 Sebethe Drive
- City
- Cromwell
- State
- CT
- ZipCode
- 06416
- Phone Number
- 1-800-722-3476
- Web Address
- www.azoproducts.com
Happy Cycle by AZO: Common Questions
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Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy
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Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.
Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.
The Full Monographs Behind Happy Cycle’s Ingredients
Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.
Vitex Agnus-castus
Interacts with 121 drugsVitex (chasteberry) is an herbal remedy most often used for PMS and menstrual cycle problems, and the strongest evidence is for easing some PMS symptoms. It is generally well tolerated by ma...
Read the full Vitex Agnus-castus monograph → Herb & supplement monographVitamin B6
Interacts with 210 drugsVitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is an essential water-soluble vitamin that your body needs for metabolism, brain function, and making red blood cells. It is best known for helping with pregnancy-rel...
Read the full Vitamin B6 monograph → Herb & supplement monographThiamine
Interacts with 3 drugsThiamine (vitamin B1) is an essential nutrient your body needs to turn food into energy and to keep your nerves and heart healthy. Most people get enough from food, but supplements are clear...
Read the full Thiamine monograph → Herb & supplement monographCalcium
Interacts with 168 drugsCalcium is an essential mineral your body needs for strong bones, nerve signaling, and muscle function, and supplements can help fill gaps when diet falls short. Most people do best getting...
Read the full Calcium monograph → Herb & supplement monographMagnesium
Interacts with 295 drugsMagnesium is an essential mineral your body needs for muscles, nerves, blood pressure, and many other functions, and supplements are useful for preventing or correcting deficiency. Some othe...
Read the full Magnesium monograph → Herb & supplement monographAshwagandha
Interacts with 1,372 drugsAshwagandha is an Ayurvedic herb most often taken to help with stress, anxiety, and sleep, and some small studies suggest it may help, though the evidence is still limited. It is generally w...
Read the full Ashwagandha monograph →Sources & How We Checked
Happy Cycle's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.
- NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) — The official product label on file for this supplement.
- Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) — Evidence-graded clinical reference behind the ingredient interaction data.
Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.
The 238 references behind this product’s interaction data
Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.
Vitamin B6 32 references
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- Geerling BJ, Dagnelie PC, Badart-Smook A, et al. Diet as a risk factor for the development of ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:1008-13. PubMed
- South M. Neonatal seizures after pyridoxine use -- reply. Lancet 1999;354:2083. PubMed
- Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (2000). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://b
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- Kawada A, Kashima A, Shiraishi H, et al. Pyridoxine-induced photosensitivity and hypophosphatasia. Dermatology 2000;201:356-60.. PubMed
- Vasile A, Goldberg R, Kornberg B. Pyridoxine toxicity: report of a case. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1984;83:790-1. DOI
- Hansson O, Sillanpaa M. Pyridoxine and serum concentration of phenytoin and phenobarbitone. Lancet 1976;1:256. DOI
- Jansen T, Romiti R, Kreuter A, Altmeyer P. Rosacea fulminans triggered by high-dose vitamins B6 and B12. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001;15:484-5..
- Chittumma P, Kaewkiattikun K, Wiriyasiriwach B. Comparison of the effectiveness of ginger and vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai 2007;90:15-20.
- Hatzitolios, A., Iliadis, F., Katsiki, N., and Baltatzi, M. Is the anti-hypertensive effect of dietary supplements via aldehydes reduction evidence based? A systematic review. Clin Exp.Hypertens. 2008;30(7):628-639. PubMed
- Vasdev, S., Ford, C. A., Parai, S., Longerich, L., and Gadag, V. Dietary vitamin B6 supplementation attenuates hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Mol.Cell Biochem. 1999;200(1-2):155-162.
- de, Vogel S., Dindore, V., van, Engeland M., Goldbohm, R. A., van den Brandt, P. A., and Weijenberg, M. P. Dietary folate, methionine, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 and risk of sporadic colorectal cancer. J Nutr 2008;138(12):2372-2378. PubMed
- Hagen, I., Nesheim, B. I., and Tuntland, T. No effect of vitamin B-6 against premenstrual tension. A controlled clinical study. Acta Obstet.Gynecol.Scand. 1985;64(8):667-670. PubMed
- Aybak, M., Sermet, A., Ayyildiz, M. O., and Karakilcik, A. Z. Effect of oral pyridoxine hydrochloride supplementation on arterial blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Arzneimittelforschung. 1995;45(12):1271-1273.
- Lal, K. J., Dakshinamurti, K., and Thliveris, J. The effect of vitamin B6 on the systolic blood pressure of rats in various animal models of hypertension. J Hypertens. 1996;14(3):355-363. PubMed
- Lauritzen CH, Reuter HD, Repges R, Bohnert K, and Schmidt U. Treatment of premenstrual tension syndrome with Vitex agnus castus. Controlled, double-blind study versus pyridoxine. Phytomed 1997;4(3):183-189. PubMed
- Fonseca VA, Lavery LA, Thethi TK, et al. Metanx in type 2 diabetes with peripheral neuropathy: A randomized trial. Am J Med 2013;126(2):141-9. PubMed
- Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW, Yi Q, et al. Treatment with B vitamins and incidence of cancer in patients with previous stroke or transient ischemic attack: Results of a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Stroke 2012;43(6):1572-7. PubMed
- Hoyer-Kuhn H, Kohbrok S, Volland R, Franklin J, Hero B, Beck BB, Hoppe B. Vitamin B6 in primary hyperoxaluria I: first prospective trial after 40 years of practice. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 Mar;9(3):468-77. PubMed
- Mahmoud A, Tabassum S, Al Enazi S, et al. Amelioration of levetiracetam-induced behavioral side effects by pyridoxine. A randomized double blind controlled study. Pediatr Neurol 2021;119:15-21. PubMed
- Gupta M, Gallante B, Bamberger JN, et al. Prospective randomized evaluation of idiopathic hyperoxaluria treatments. J Endourol 2021;35(12):1844-1851. PubMed
- Li H, Chen M, Liang S, et al. Excessive vitamin B6 during treatment is related to poor prognosis of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A U-shaped distribution suggests low dose supplement. Clin Nutr 2021;40(4):2293-2300. PubMed
- Tanigawa J, Nabatame S, Tominaga K, et al. High-dose pyridoxine treatment for inherited glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency. Brain Dev 2021;43(6):680-687. PubMed
- Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 189: Nausea And Vomiting Of Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(1):e15-e30. PubMed
Thiamine 7 references
- McEvoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 1998.
- Yates AA, Schlicker SA, Suitor CW. Dietary reference intakes: The new basis for recommendations for calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:699-706. PubMed
- Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (2000). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://b
- Rogovik, A. L., Vohra, S., and Goldman, R. D. Safety considerations and potential interactions of vitamins: should vitamins be considered drugs? Ann.Pharmacother. 2010;44(2):311-324. PubMed
- Arruti N, Bernedo N, Audicana MT, Villarreal O, Uriel O, Muñoz D. Systemic allergic dermatitis caused by thiamine after iontophoresis. Contact Dermatitis. 2013 Dec;69(6):375-6. PubMed
- Thiamine hydrochloride injection package insert. Lake Zurich, IL: Fresenius Kabi, LLC; September 2019.
- Vora B, Wen A, Yee SW, et al. The Effect of Trimethoprim on Thiamine Absorption: A Transporter-Mediated Drug-Nutrient Interaction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023;114(2):381-392.
Calcium 62 references
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- Chan JM, Giovannucci E, Andersson SO, et al. Dairy products, calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Causes Control 1998;9:559-66.
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