Major interaction on record — check this product against your medications before combining. Based on 10 of 17 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Dust V2 Red Ice Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Blackstone Labs

Powder Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Major
The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Major

Dust V2 Red Ice is a dietary supplement by Blackstone Labs with 17 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for athletic performance and endurance, high-intensity exercise capacity, reducing muscle fatigue.Based on those ingredients, 1,331 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated major. The ingredients most likely to interact are Yohimbine, Caffeine Anhydrous, N-Methyl Tyramine. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Dust V2 Red Ice by Blackstone Labs

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 0 of its 17 active ingredients.
  • “Blackstone Labs Dust v2 Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (8.30 Gram(s)) without saying how much of each component you get.

Dust V2 Red Ice contains 17 active ingredients designed to support athletic performance and mental focus. The main components include Beta-Alanine for physical endurance, caffeine (from both Caffeine Anhydrous and Dicaffeine Malate) for alertness and energy, L-Taurine and L-Carnitine Tartrate for muscle and cardiovascular function, Betaine Anhydrous for workout intensity, and Agmatine Sulfate and Hordenine as performance boosters.

It also contains Velvet Bean extract (which naturally supplies levodopa), Yohimbine for fat loss support, and N-Methyl Tyramine. Several other ingredients—N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, L-Norvaline, Citrulline Malate, and Noopept—round out the formula.

The powder also contains inactive ingredients including malic acid, natural and artificial flavors, and the sweetener acesulfame-K.

Does it work?

Strong evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Strong

Clinical evidence supports at least one of this product's ingredients for its stated purpose.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: enhance athletic performance explosive strength energy.
  • We looked for evidence on: Athletic performance, Exercise-induced muscle damage, Exercise-induced muscle soreness, endurance, power output, muscle pump.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Caffeine is rated "Likely Effective" for Athletic performance (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Beta-alanine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Athletic performance.
  • Also on file: Yohimbe is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Athletic performance.

The evidence for this product's ingredients is mixed. Beta-Alanine is possibly effective for athletic and physical performance but has insufficient evidence for cognitive effects.

Caffeine is likely effective for mental alertness and athletic performance. L-Carnitine is possibly effective for heart health and blood fat levels.

Taurine shows possible effectiveness for hepatitis and heart failure but is possibly ineffective for weight loss. Betaine Anhydrous is effective for a rare condition called homocystinuria and possibly effective for elevated homocysteine, but evidence is insufficient for depression, liver health, and acid reflux.

Agmatine, Hordenine, Yohimbine, N-Methyl Tyramine, Velvet Bean extract, and the others either have insufficient evidence or no established effectiveness ratings in our data.

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 9 of the 10 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 9 of 10.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 10 of 10.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Beta-Alanine is generally well tolerated but commonly causes harmless skin tingling and flushing starting on the scalp and spreading; this is usually mild to moderate depending on dose and typically lasts about an hour. Caffeine at moderate doses is well tolerated, though high doses can cause anxiety, insomnia, tremors, and rarely stroke.

Taurine and L-Carnitine are generally well tolerated short-term, though both can cause stomach upset, and L-Carnitine may cause a fishy body odor. Betaine Anhydrous is generally well tolerated but may cause body odor, nausea, and GI distress.

Agmatine appears well tolerated short-term but caused mild-to-moderate diarrhea and nausea in a small number of trial participants. Yohimbine carries serious risks—it can raise heart rate and blood pressure dangerously, cause anxiety and tremors, and has limited human safety data overall.

Hordenine and N-Methyltyramine have very limited or no human safety studies but are structurally similar to stimulants and theoretically could raise heart rate and blood pressure. We could not check the safety profile of N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, L-Norvaline, Citrulline Malate, Noopept, Acofeul, or Eduramax.

Meds to double-check

Major interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Major identified

At least one ingredient has a documented Major-severity interaction. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 8 of the 10 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Yohimbe, Caffeine, Cowhage, Taurine, L-carnitine, among others.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Major.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; diabetes medications; lithium; Parkinson's medications.
  • For scale: 1,332 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before you take this, double-check with your own doctor or pharmacist if you're on any of these: blood pressure medications (Major risk with ephedrine if combined; Moderate with many others), MAO inhibitors (Major risk, especially with Velvet Bean extract and yohimbine), blood thinners like warfarin, seizure medications, antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressants, diabetes drugs, thyroid hormones, stomach acid reducers, or fluoroquinolone antibiotics. If you take any prescription medication at all, it's worth a quick review before starting.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with clinical evidence supporting its stated purpose. Major medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

Dust V2 Red Ice is designed for people looking to boost athletic performance and mental energy through a multi-ingredient pre-workout formula. If you take any blood pressure medications, diabetes drugs, antidepressants, blood thinners, seizure medications, thyroid hormones, or MAO inhibitors, you need to check your specific medications with your doctor or pharmacist before using this product—the interactions are real and potentially serious.

Even without prescription medications, the stimulant content (especially yohimbine and combined caffeine) makes this product best suited for healthy adults comfortable with heightened heart rate, blood pressure, and potential anxiety; it's not for people with heart or blood pressure conditions. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about whether this product is right for you and your health situation.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 11 of 17 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Jul 24, 2015.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Dust V2 Red Ice, straight from the product label.

Brand Blackstone Labs
Barcode (UPC) 638458713717
Net contents 300 Gram(s); 10.58 Oz(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Jul 24, 2015
DSLD ID 47305
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Powder
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Dust V2 Red Ice by Blackstone Labs, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
5 Gram(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
10 Gram(s)
Servings per container
30
UPC/BARCODE
638458713717
IngredientAmount% DV
Beta-Alanine0 NP--
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine0 NP--
Caffeine Anhydrous0 NP--
L-Taurine0 NP--
Betaine Anhydrous0 NP--
L-Norvaline0 NP--
L-Carnitine Tartrate0 NP--
Agmatine Sulfate0 NP--
Dicaffeine Malate0 NP--
Hordenine0 NP--
Velvet Bean extract0 NP--
Citrulline Malate0 NP--
N-Methyl Tyramine0 NP--
Noopept0 NP--
Blackstone Labs Dust v2 Blend8.3 Gram(s)--
Acofeul0 NP--
Eduramax0 NP--
Yohimbine0 NP--

Other ingredients: Malic Acid, Natural and Artificial flavors, Acesulfame-K

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements

Blackstone Labs Dust V2

Made in USA from local and imported ingredients.

Shredded Muscle Pumps Explosive Strength and Power Extreme Energy Release Enhance Athletic Performance Rapid Nutrient Absorption

Extreme Pre-workout Formula

Cut with Red Ice

Naturally and Artificially Flavored

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Directions As a dietary supplement: Mix 1 scoop in 8-10 oz of water, 30 minutes prior to workout on training days and first thing in the morning on non training days. Due to extreme potency, new users may wish to assess tolerance by consuming 1/2 scoop instead.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place below 30 degrees Celsius.

Precautions

Warning For use by healthy adults only, not recommended for persons under the age of 18.

Do not use if you are pregnant or nursing.

Individuals should not consume other caffeinated products in conjunction with this product.

Seek advice from a healthcare professional if you have any pre-existing medical conditions before taking this product. In case of accidental overdose contact a poison control center immediately.

Avoid alcohol and prescription stimulants while taking this product.

Exceeding recommended servings will not improve results and may cause serious adverse health effects. Discontinue use and contact a licensed healthcare professional immediately if you experience unusually rapid heartbeat, dizziness, severe headache or shortness of breath.

Keep out of the reach of children.

Keep out of reach of children

Do not use if safety seal is damaged or missing

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

See for yourself

Dust V2 Red Ice by Blackstone Labs label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

What’s inside

The Ingredients in Dust V2 Red Ice by Blackstone Labs

These are the 17 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size5 Gram(s) Dosage formPowder Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Blackstone Labs Dust v2 Blend

8.3 Gram(s) per serving

Other (inactive) ingredients: Malic Acid, Natural and Artificial flavors, Acesulfame-K. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Dust V2 Red Ice by Blackstone Labs Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Dust V2 Red Ice?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

Go to the checker
1,331Drugs
25 Major 1,000 Moderate 306 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Yohimbine 1,125
Hordenine 329

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Dust V2 Red Ice with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Yohimbine13 drug types · 1,125 drugs

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (Maois)

Concomitant use of MAOIs with yohimbe can result in additive effects.
Yohimbine, a constituent of yohimbe, has MAO inhibitory effects. At high doses, yohimbine is a non-selective inhibitor of MAO.

Likelihood Likely Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, yohimbe might reduce the effects of antihypertensive drugs.
Yohimbine, a constituent of yohimbe, is an alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist and has been reported to increase blood pressure in clinical research. Theoretically, concomitant use of yohimbe and antihypertensive drugs can interfere with blood pressure control.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Clonidine (Catapres)

Theoretically, yohimbe might precipitate clonidine withdrawal.
Chronic clonidine use can downregulate alpha-2 adrenoreceptors. Animal research and one human case report suggest that concomitant administration of yohimbine, an alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist, may precipitate clonidine withdrawal and lead to sympathomimetic toxicity, including hypertensive crisis.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (Cyp2D6) Inhibitors

CYP2D6 inhibitors may increase the levels and adverse effects of yohimbine, a constituent of yohimbe.
In vitro and clinical research shows that the yohimbe bark constituent, yohimbine, is metabolized by CYP2D6 isoenzymes. Paroxetine, a cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 inhibitor, increases the maximum serum concentration of yohimbine and reduces the clearance of yohimbine compared to yohimbine alone in patients who are extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers..

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (Cyp2D6) Substrates

Theoretically, yohimbe might increase the levels and adverse effects of CYP2D6 substrates.
In vitro research suggests that yohimbine, a constituent of yohimbe bark, inhibits CYP2D6 enzyme activity.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Inhibitors

Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors might increase the levels and adverse effects of yohimbine, a constituent of yohimbe bark.
In vitro and clinical research shows that the yohimbe bark constituent, yohimbine, is metabolized by CYP3A4 enzymes. Theoretically, drugs that inhibit CYP3A4 might increase the levels and adverse effects of yohimbine.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Paroxetine (Paxil)

Paroxetine decreases the clearance of yohimbine and may increase its effects.
Paroxetine, a cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 inhibitor, increases the maximum serum concentration of yohimbine by about 350% and reduces the clearance of yohimbine by about 80% compared to yohimbine alone in patients who are extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers. No significant changes in pharmacokinetic parameters of yohimbine were observed with coadministration of paroxetine in patients who are poor CYP2D6 metabolizers.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Phenothiazines

Theoretically, using yohimbine with phenothiazines might have additive effects.
Yohimbine, a constituent of yohimbe, has alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist effects. Theoretically, combining it with phenothiazines can cause additive alpha-2 adrenergic antagonism.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Stimulant Drugs

Theoretically, taking yohimbe with stimulant drugs can have additive effects.
Yohimbine, a constituent of yohimbe, has sympathomimetic effects and increases blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner. Theoretically, taking yohimbe with stimulant drugs can have additive stimulant and hypertensive effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tricyclic Antidepressants (Tcas)

Theoretically, taking yohimbe with TCAs can increase adverse effects.
A small clinical study in patients taking TCAs for at least 4 weeks shows that receiving doses of intravenous yohimbine 2.5-20 mg daily for up to 7 days precipitates severe anxiety, agitation, and tremor. The effects of yohimbe bark itself are unclear; oral yohimbe bark contains 0.6% to 1.38% yohimbine, but it is unclear how much is absorbed.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, combining yohimbe bark with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs might have additive effects; however, this has not been reported in clinical research.
Research in healthy adults shows that taking yohimbine, a constituent of yohimbe bark, in doses of 8 mg or more, seems to inhibit platelet aggregation in vitro by binding to the alpha-2 adrenoceptor. The effects of yohimbe bark itself are unclear; yohimbe bark contains 0.6% to 1.38% yohimbine, but it is unclear how much is absorbed.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, yohimbe might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
In vitro research shows that yohimbe extract induces CYP1A2 enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, yohimbe might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
In vitro research shows that yohimbe extract induces CYP3A4 enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D

Caffeine Anhydrous41 drug types · 655 drugs

Ephedrine

Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the risk for stimulant adverse effects.
Use of ephedrine with caffeine can increase the risk of stimulatory adverse effects. There is evidence that using ephedrine with caffeine might increase the risk of serious life-threatening or debilitating adverse effects such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, seizures, and death.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Adenosine (Adenocard)

Theoretically, caffeine might decrease the vasodilatory effects of adenosine and interfere with its use prior to stress testing.
Some evidence shows that caffeine is a competitive inhibitor of adenosine and can reduce the vasodilatory effects of adenosine in humans. However, other research shows that caffeine does not seem to affect supplemental adenosine because high interstitial levels of adenosine overcome the antagonistic effects of caffeine. It is recommended that methylxanthines and methylxanthine-containing products be stopped 24 hours prior to pharmacological stress tests. However, methylxanthines appear more likely to interfere with dipyridamole (Persantine) than adenosine-induced stress testing.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, caffeine may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Caffeine is reported to have antiplatelet activity. Theoretically, it might increase the risk of bleeding when used concomitantly with these agents; however, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Beta-Adrenergic Agonists

Theoretically, large amounts of caffeine might increase the cardiac inotropic effects of beta-agonists.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)

Theoretically, caffeine might reduce the effects of carbamazepine and increase the risk for convulsions.
Animal research suggests that taking caffeine can lower the anticonvulsant effects of carbamazepine and can induce seizures when taken in doses above 400 mg/kg. Human research has shown that taking caffeine 300 mg in three divided doses along with carbamazepine 200 mg reduces the bioavailability of carbamazepine by 32% and prolongs the plasma half-life of carbamazepine 2-fold in healthy individuals.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cimetidine (Tagamet)

Theoretically, cimetidine might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
Cimetidine decreases the rate of caffeine clearance by 31% to 42%.

Likelihood Likely Evidence B
Clozapine (Clozaril)

Caffeine might increase the levels and adverse effects of clozapine and acutely exacerbate psychotic symptoms.
Caffeine might increase the effects and toxicity of clozapine. Caffeine doses of 400-1000 mg per day inhibit clozapine metabolism. Clozapine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2). Although researchers speculate that caffeine might inhibit CYP1A2, there is no reliable evidence that caffeine affects CYP1A2. There is also speculation that genetic factors might make some patients more sensitive to an interaction between clozapine and caffeine. In one case report, severe, life-threatening clozapine toxicity and multiorgan system failure occurred in a patient with schizophrenia stabilized on clozapine who consumed caffeine 600 mg daily.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Dipyridamole (Persantine)

Theoretically, caffeine might decrease the vasodilatory effects of dipyridamole and interfere with its use prior to stress testing.
Caffeine inhibits dipyridamole-induced vasodilation. It is recommended that methylxanthines and methylxanthine-containing products be stopped 24 hours prior to pharmacological stress tests. Methylxanthines appear more likely to interfere with dipyridamole (Persantine) than adenosine-induced stress testing.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Disulfiram (Antabuse)

Theoretically, disulfiram use might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
Disulfiram decreases the rate of caffeine clearance.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Diuretic Drugs

Theoretically, using caffeine with diuretic drugs might increase the risk of hypokalemia.
Caffeine, especially in excessive amounts, can reduce potassium levels due to stimulation of the sodium-potassium pump. Diuretics can also cause lower potassium levels.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Estrogens

Theoretically, estrogens might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
Estrogen inhibits caffeine metabolism.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Ethosuximide (Zarontin)

Theoretically, caffeine might reduce the effects of ethosuximide and increase the risk for convulsions.
Animal research suggests that caffeine 92.4 mg/kg can decrease the anticonvulsant activity of ethosuximide. However, this effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Felbamate (Felbatol)

Theoretically, caffeine might reduce the effects of felbamate and increase the risk for convulsions.
Animal research suggests that a high dose of caffeine 161.7 mg/kg can decreases the anticonvulsant activity of felbamate. However, this effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Flutamide (Eulexin)

Theoretically, caffeine might increase the levels and adverse effects of flutamide.
In vitro evidence suggests that caffeine can inhibit the metabolism of flutamide. However, this effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Fluvoxamine (Luvox)

Theoretically, fluvoxamine might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
Fluvoxamine reduces caffeine metabolism.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Lithium

Abrupt caffeine withdrawal might increase the levels and adverse effects of lithium.
Caffeine has diuretic activity. When abruptly discontinued, caffeine may alter the clearance of lithium. There are two case reports of lithium tremor that worsened upon abrupt coffee withdrawal and 6 case reports of elevated serum lithium levels after reducing or eliminating caffeine intake. In one case, a male with schizoaffective disorder stabilized on lithium had an elevated lithium level after reducing his caffeine intake by 87%. At a later date, he increased his caffeine intake by 6-fold, resulting in a subtherapeutic lithium level and a recurrence of psychiatric symptoms.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (Maois)

Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the risk of a hypertensive crisis.
Caffeine has been shown to inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B in laboratory studies. Concomitant intake of large amounts of caffeine with MAOIs might precipitate a hypertensive crisis. In a case report, a patient that consumed 10-12 cups of caffeinated coffee and took the MAOI tranylcypromine presented with severe hypertension. Hypertension was resolved after the patient switched to drinking decaffeinated coffee.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Nicotine

Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the risk of hypertension.
Concomitant use of caffeine and nicotine has been shown to have additive cardiovascular effects, including increased heart rate and blood pressure. Blood pressure was increased by 10.8/12.4 mmHg when the agents were used concomitantly.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Pentobarbital (Nembutal)

Theoretically, caffeine might decrease the effects of pentobarbital.
Caffeine might negate the hypnotic effects of pentobarbital.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Phenobarbital (Luminal)

Theoretically, caffeine might reduce the effects of phenobarbital and increase the risk for convulsions.
Animal research suggests that caffeine can decrease the anticonvulsant activity of phenobarbital. However, the exact mechanism of this interaction is unclear.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Phenylpropanolamine

Theoretically, phenylpropanolamine might increase the risk of hypertension, as well as the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
Concomitant use of phenylpropanolamine and caffeine might cause an additive increase in blood pressure. Phenylpropanolamine also seems to increase caffeine serum levels.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Phenytoin (Dilantin)

Theoretically, caffeine might reduce the effects of phenytoin and increase the risk for convulsions.
Animal research suggests that caffeine can decrease the anticonvulsant activity of phenytoin. The effect does not seem to be related to the seizure threshold-lowering effects of caffeine. However, the exact mechanism of this interaction is unclear.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Pioglitazone (Actos)

Theoretically, caffeine might increase the levels and clinical effects of pioglitazone.
Animal research suggests that caffeine can modestly increase the maximum concentration, area under the curve, and half-life of pioglitazone, and also reduce its clearance. This increased the antidiabetic effects of pioglitazone. However, the exact mechanism of this interaction is unclear.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Quinolone Antibiotics

Theoretically, quinolone antibiotics might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
Quinolones (also called fluoroquinolones) can decrease caffeine clearance by inhibiting cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) enzyme.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Riluzole (Rilutek)

Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the levels and adverse effects of both caffeine and riluzole.
Caffeine and riluzole are both metabolized by cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2), and concomitant use might reduce the metabolism of one or both agents.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D

N-Methyl Tyramine2 drug types · 344 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

In animal research, N-methyltyramine increased blood pressure. This has not been shown in humans. Theoretically, concomitant use of N-methyltyramine and antihypertensive drugs might reduce the effects of antihypertensive drugs.
Some antihypertensive drugs include captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan), diltiazem (Cardizem), Amlodipine (Norvasc), hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril), furosemide (Lasix), and many others.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Stimulant Drugs

N-methyltyramine is thought to have stimulant effects. However, this has not been shown in humans and laboratory research does not support the proposed stimulant effects of N-methyltyramine. Theoretically, taking N-methyltyramine with other stimulant drugs might increase the risk of hypertension and adverse cardiovascular effects. Until more is known, avoid taking N-methyltyramine with stimulant drugs.
Some stimulant drugs include amphetamine, caffeine, diethylpropion (Tenuate), methylphenidate, phentermine (Ionamin), pseudoephedrine (Sudafed, others), and many others.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D

Hordenine3 drug types · 329 drugs

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (Maois)

Hordenine is structurally similar to tyramine In vitro research shows that hordenine is a selective substrate for monoamine oxidase-B in the liver. Theoretically, concomitant use of hordenine with MAOIs might increase blood pressure, potentially leading to a hypertensive crisis.
Some MAOIs include isocarboxazid (Marplan), phenelzine (Nardil), selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar), and tranylcypromine (Parnate).

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Stimulant Drugs

Hordenine is structurally similar to N-methyltyramine and synephrine, constituents in bitter orange known to have stimulant properties. Theoretically, taking hordenine with drugs with stimulant properties might increase the risk of hypertension and other adverse cardiovascular effects.
Some of these drugs include amphetamine, caffeine, methylphenidate, pseudoephedrine, and many others.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (Cyp2D6) Substrates

Hordenine weakly inhibits cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzymes in vitro. Theoretically, hordenine might increase the levels of CYP2D6 substrates.
Some of drugs that are CYP2D6 substrates include amitriptyline (Elavil), clozapine (Clozaril), codeine, desipramine (Norpramin), donepezil (Aricept), fentanyl (Duragesic), flecainide (Tambocor), fluoxetine (Prozac), meperidine (Demerol), methadone (Dolophine), metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL), olanzapine (Zyprexa), ondansetron (Zofran), tramadol (Ultram), trazodone (Desyrel), and others.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D

Agmatine Sulfate2 drug types · 258 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, agmatine might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Animal and in vitro research suggest that agmatine has mild hypoglycemic effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, agmatine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Animal research suggests that agmatine can modestly decrease heart rate and blood pressure.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D

Velvet Bean extract8 drug types · 193 drugs

Levodopa

Concomitant use can increase the risk of levodopa-related adverse effects.
Cowhage contains levodopa. Some cowhage products have been standardized to contain 75-400 mg of levodopa per dose.

Likelihood Likely Evidence D
Methyldopa (Aldomet)

Theoretically, concomitant use of cowhage and methyldopa might increase the risk of hypotension.
Cowhage contains levodopa. Use of levodopa with methyldopa might cause additive hypotension. In addition, methyldopa may inhibit peripheral decarboxylation of levodopa and increase levodopa levels in the central nervous system; avoid using.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (Maois)

Theoretically, concomitant use of cowhage and non-selective MAOIs might increase the risk of hypertensive crisis.
Cowhage contains levodopa. Use of levodopa with non-selective MAOIs might cause hypertensive crisis. However, this interaction has not been reported with MAO-B selective inhibitors such as selegiline.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Anesthesia

Theoretically, concomitant use of cowhage and anesthesia might increase the risk of arrhythmias.
Cowhage contains levodopa. Use of levodopa with cyclopropane or halogenated hydrocarbon anesthesia has led to arrhythmias. Other anesthetics have not been implicated. Use other anesthetics in patients taking cowhage or tell patients to stop taking cowhage at least 2 weeks before surgery.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, concomitant use of cowhage and antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Animal research shows that cowhage might have hypoglycemic effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antipsychotic Drugs

Theoretically, use of cowhage might decrease the clinical effects of antipsychotic drugs.
Cowhage contains levodopa. Use of levodopa might counteract the antidopaminergic effects of antipsychotic medications.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Guanethidine (Ismelin)

Theoretically, concomitant use of cowhage and guanethidine might increase the risk of hypotension.
Cowhage contains levodopa. Use of levodopa with guanethidine might cause additive hypotension; avoid using.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Tricyclic Antidepressants (Tcas)

Theoretically, use of TCAs might reduce the levels and clinical effects of cowhage.
Cowhage contains levodopa. Use of TCAs might reduce the absorption of levodopa. Some case reports describe patients that developed hypertension and dyskinesia when taking both levodopa and TCAs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D

L-Taurine2 drug types · 173 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Some clinical evidence suggests that taurine can reduce both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Lithium

Theoretically, taurine might reduce excretion and increase plasma levels of lithium.
Taurine is thought to have diuretic properties, which might reduce the excretion of lithium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D

L-Carnitine Tartrate3 drug types · 19 drugs

Acenocoumarol (Sintrom)

Theoretically, L-carnitine might increase the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol.
L-carnitine might enhance the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol, an oral anticoagulant similar to warfarin, but shorter-acting. There are at least two case reports of INR elevation with concomitant use. In one case, a 33-year-old male with a previously stable INR had an elevated INR of 4.65 after L-carnitine was started and continued for 10 weeks. INR normalized after discontinuation of the L-carnitine-containing product.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Thyroid Hormone

Theoretically, L-carnitine might decrease the effectiveness of thyroid hormone replacement.
L-carnitine appears to act as a peripheral thyroid hormone antagonist by inhibiting entry of thyroid hormone into the nucleus of cells. Taking L-carnitine also seems to diminish some of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, L-carnitine might increase the anticoagulant effects of warfarin.
L-carnitine might increase the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol, a shorter-acting oral anticoagulant similar to warfarin. There is not enough information to know whether this interaction occurs with L-carnitine and warfarin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Dust V2 Red Ice, from the product label.

Blackstone Labs

See all Blackstone Labs products
Name
Blackstone Labs
City
Boca Raton
State
FL
ZipCode
33433
Phone Number
1-844-816-7803
Web Address
www.BlackStoneLabs.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Dust V2 Red Ice by Blackstone Labs: Common Questions

Does Dust V2 Red Ice by Blackstone Labs interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Dust V2 Red Ice has a known interaction with 1,331 medications, including 25 rated major. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Dust V2 Red Ice contains 17 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Will this make me jittery or give me the jitters?
Possibly. The product contains caffeine from two sources plus yohimbine and hordenine—all stimulants. Anxiety, tremors, and restlessness are documented adverse effects of caffeine especially at higher doses, and yohimbine has been linked to agitation and anxiety in clinical data. How much depends on your tolerance to stimulants and the serving size you use.
What's that tingling feeling I might get?
That's the Beta-Alanine. It commonly causes a harmless sensation of pins and needles (paresthesia) and skin flushing, usually starting on the scalp within 20 minutes and spreading across the body for about an hour. It's more pronounced at higher doses but generally mild at lower ones and goes away after the dose wears off.
Is it safe to use while I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
No. Beta-Alanine, Agmatine, and Yohimbine should be avoided during pregnancy because there isn't enough safety data or because they carry specific risks. Velvet Bean extract contains a drug-like compound (levodopa) that can reduce milk supply, so it should be avoided while breastfeeding. Caffeine is listed as possibly safe in pregnancy at limited amounts, but the combination of multiple ingredients and high caffeine content in this product makes it best to talk with your doctor or pharmacist about safety before use.
Does Beta-Alanine really help with workout performance?
Beta-Alanine is possibly effective for athletic and physical performance according to our data, so there is some evidence behind it—though it's not definitive. It's one of the better-studied ingredients in this formula for that purpose.
What if I'm sensitive to stimulants or have high blood pressure?
This product is not a good fit for you. It contains multiple stimulants (caffeine, yohimbine, hordenine) that raise heart rate and blood pressure, and yohimbine specifically can cause a dangerous spike in blood pressure. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist before considering it if you have any heart or blood pressure concerns.
Why does the product facts list ingredients I've never heard of like Acofeul and Eduramax?
Those are proprietary blend components—brand-specific formulations whose exact ingredients aren't publicly listed. We don't hold interaction or safety data for them, so we can't evaluate them the way we do the other named ingredients. Your best source for details is the product's manufacturer.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Dust V2 Red Ice is safe with your meds?

Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.

Ask a pharmacist

Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Dust V2 Red Ice label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Dust V2 Red Ice’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Beta-alanine

Beta-alanine is an amino acid taken mostly by athletes to raise muscle carnosine, which may help buffer acid and reduce fatigue during short, high-intensity exercise. The evidence is moderat...

Read the full Beta-alanine monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

Caffeine

Interacts with 655 drugs

Caffeine is a natural stimulant found in coffee, tea, and many other plants and products. In moderate amounts it can boost alertness and reduce tiredness for most healthy adults, but too muc...

Read the full Caffeine monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

Taurine

Interacts with 173 drugs

Taurine is an amino acid your body makes naturally and that you also get from animal foods. It is widely used in energy drinks and sports supplements, and short-term use appears generally sa...

Read the full Taurine monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

Betaine Anhydrous

Betaine anhydrous (also called trimethylglycine) is a compound found in foods like beets, spinach, and whole grains, and is sold as a supplement and as a prescription medicine for a rare gen...

Read the full Betaine Anhydrous monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

L-carnitine

Interacts with 19 drugs

L-carnitine is a compound your body makes naturally and also gets from foods like meat. It helps cells turn fat into energy, and supplements are most clearly useful for people with a true ca...

Read the full L-carnitine monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

Agmatine

Interacts with 258 drugs

Agmatine is a compound your body makes from the amino acid arginine, and it is sold mainly as a workout and 'pump' supplement. Human evidence for most of its claimed benefits is limited and...

Read the full Agmatine monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

Hordenine

Interacts with 329 drugs

Hordenine is a natural alkaloid found in barley and some cacti that is marketed as a stimulant for energy, focus, and fat loss, but solid human evidence for these benefits is lacking. Its sa...

Read the full Hordenine monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

Cowhage

Interacts with 193 drugs

Cowhage (Mucuna pruriens) is a tropical legume best known as a natural source of L-dopa, the compound the body turns into dopamine. It is most studied for Parkinson's disease symptoms and ma...

Read the full Cowhage monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

N-methyltyramine

Interacts with 344 drugs

N-methyltyramine is a natural compound related to tyramine that is found in bitter orange, barley, and other plants, and it is often added to weight-loss and pre-workout supplements. Solid h...

Read the full N-methyltyramine monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

Yohimbe

Interacts with 1,125 drugs

Yohimbe is a West African tree bark that contains yohimbine, a compound mainly promoted for erectile dysfunction and as an aphrodisiac. A prescription form of yohimbine has some evidence for...

Read the full Yohimbe monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Dust V2 Red Ice's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 408 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Beta-alanine 13 references
  1. Harris RC, Tallon MJ, Dunnett M, et al. The absorption of orally supplied beta-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis. Amino Acids 2006;30:279-89.
  2. Hill CA, Harris RC, Kim HJ, et al. Influence of beta-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity. Amino Acids 2007;32:225-33.
  3. Bellinger PM, Minahan CL. The effect of ß-alanine supplementation on cycling time trials of different length. Eur J Sport Sci 2016;16(7):829-36.
  4. Chung W, Shaw G, Anderson ME, et al. Effect of 10 week beta-alanine supplementation on competition and training performance in elite swimmers. Nutrients 2012;4(10):1441-53. PubMed
  5. Glenn JM, Gray M, Stewart R, et al. Incremental effects of 28 days of beta-alanine supplementation on high-intensity cycling performance and blood lactate in masters female cyclists. Amino Acids 2015;47(12):2593-600. PubMed
  6. Gross M, Bieri K, Hoppeler H, Norman B, Vogt M. Beta-alanine supplementation improves jumping power and affects severe-intensity performance in professional alpine skiers. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2014;24(6):665-73. PubMed
  7. Howe ST, Bellinger PM, Driller MW, Shing CM, Fell JW. The effect of beta-alanine supplementation on isokinetic force and cycling performance in highly trained cyclists. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2013;23(6):562-70. PubMed
  8. Sweeney KM, Wright GA, Glenn Brice A, Doberstein ST. The effect of beta-alanine supplementation on power performance during repeated sprint activity. J Strength Cond Res 2010;24(1):79-87.
  9. Décombaz J, Beaumont M, Vuichoud J, Bouisset F, Stellingwerff T. Effect of slow-release ß-alanine tablets on absorption kinetics and paresthesia. Amino Acids 2012;43(1):67-76. Erratum in: Amino Acids 2013;45(4):1015.
  10. Stellingwerff T, Anwander H, Egger A, et al. Effect of two ß-alanine dosing protocols on muscle carnosine synthesis and washout. Amino Acids 2012;42(6):2461-72. PubMed
  11. da Silva RP, de Oliveira LF, Saunders B, et al. Effects of ß-alanine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on the estimated energy system contribution during high-intensity intermittent exercise. Amino Acids. 2019;51(1):83-96. PubMed
  12. Varanoske AN, Hoffman JR, Church DD, et al. Comparison of sustained-release and rapid-release ß-alanine formulations on changes in skeletal muscle carnosine and histidine content and isometric performance following a muscle-damaging protocol. Amino Acids. PubMed
  13. Perim P, Gobbi N, Duarte B, et al. Beta-alanine did not improve high-intensity performance throughout simulated road cycling. Eur J Sport Sci 2021. PubMed

See these in context on the Beta-alanine monograph →

Caffeine 236 references
  1. McEvoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 1998.
  2. Harder S, Fuhr U, Staib AH, Wolff T. Ciprofloxacin-caffeine: a drug interaction established using in vivo and in vitro investigations. Am J Med 1989;87:89S-91S. PubMed
  3. Carbo M, Segura J, De la Torre R, et al. Effect of quinolones on caffeine disposition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989;45:234-40. PubMed
  4. Healy DP, Polk RE, Kanawati L, et al. Interaction between oral ciprofloxacin and caffeine in normal volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33:474-8. PubMed
  5. Mester R, Toren P, Mizrachi I, et al. Caffeine withdrawal increases lithium blood levels. Biol Psychiatry 1995;37:348-50. PubMed
  6. Jefferson JW. Lithium tremor and caffeine intake: two cases of drinking less and shaking more. J Clin Psychiatry 1988;49:72-3.
  7. Joeres R, Klinker H, Heusler H, et al. Influence of mexiletine on caffeine elimination. Pharmacol Ther 1987;33:163-9. PubMed
  8. Vahedi K, Domingo V, Amarenco P, Bousser MG. Ischemic stroke in a sportsman who consumed MaHuang extract and creatine monohydrate for bodybuilding. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2000;68:112-3.
  9. Wakabayashi K, Kono S, Shinchi K, et al. Habitual coffee consumption and blood pressure: A study of self-defense officials in Japan. Eur J Epidemiol 1998;14:669-73. PubMed
  10. Hodgson JM, Puddey IB, Burke V, et al. Effects on blood pressure of drinking green and black tea. J Hypertens 1999;17:457-63. PubMed
  11. Rapuri PB, Gallagher JC, Kinyamu HK, Ryschon KL. Caffeine intake increases the rate of bone loss in elderly women and interacts with vitamin D receptor genotypes. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:694-700. PubMed
  12. The National Toxicology Program (NTP). Caffeine. Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction (CERHR). Available at: http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/common/caffeine.html.
  13. Klebanoff MA, Levine RJ, DerSimonian R, et al. Maternal serum paraxanthine, a caffeine metabolite, and the risk of spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1639-44. PubMed
  14. Eskenazi B. Caffeine—filtering the facts. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1688-9. PubMed
  15. Fernandes O, Sabharwal M, Smiley T, et al. Moderate to heavy caffeine consumption during pregnancy and relationship to spontaneous abortion and abnormal fetal growth: a meta-analysis. Reprod Toxicol 1998;12:435-44. PubMed
  16. Pollock BG, Wylie M, Stack JA, et al. Inhibition of caffeine metabolism by estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. J Clin Pharmacol 1999;39:936-40. PubMed
  17. Nurminen ML, Niittynen L, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H. Coffee, caffeine and blood pressure: a critical review. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53:831-9. PubMed
  18. Dews PB, Curtis GL, Hanford KJ, O'Brien CP. The frequency of caffeine withdrawal in a population-based survey and in a controlled, blinded pilot experiment. J Clin Pharmacol 1999;39:1221-32. PubMed
  19. FDA. Proposed rule: dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids. Available at: www.verity.fda.gov (Accessed 25 January 2000).
  20. Briggs GB, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998.
  21. Hagg S, Spigset O, Mjorndal T, Dahlqvist R. Effect of caffeine on clozapine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000;49:59-63. PubMed
  22. Tobias JD. Caffeine in the treatment of apnea associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in neonates and infants. South Med J 2000;93:297-304. DOI
  23. Watson JM, Jenkins EJ, Hamilton P, et al. Influence of caffeine on the frequency and perception of hypoglycemia in free-living patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000;23:455-9. PubMed
  24. Lloyd T, Johnson-Rollings N, Eggli DF, et al. Bone status among postmenopausal women with different habitual caffeine intakes: a longitudinal investigation. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:256-61. PubMed
  25. American Academy of Pediatrics. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 2001;108:776-89. PubMed
  26. Sinclair CJ, Geiger JD. Caffeine use in sports. A pharmacological review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2000;40:71-9.
  27. Haller CA, Benowitz NL. Adverse cardiovascular and central nervous system events associated with dietary supplements containing ephedra alkaloids. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1833-8. PubMed
  28. Ali M, Afzal M. A potent inhibitor of thrombin stimulated platelet thromboxane formation from unprocessed tea. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1987;27:9-13. PubMed
  29. Ardlie NG, Glew G, Schultz BG, Schwartz CJ. Inhibition and reversal of platelet aggregation by methyl xanthines. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1967;18:670-3. DOI
  30. Ferrini RL, Barrett-Connor E. Caffeine intake and endogenous sex steroid levels in postmenopausal women. The Rancho Bernardo Study. Am J Epidemiol 1996:144:642-4. PubMed
  31. Avisar R, Avisar E, Weinberger D. Effect of coffee consumption on intraocular pressure. Ann Pharmacother 2002;36:992-5.. PubMed
  32. Bell DG, Jacobs I, Ellerington K. Effect of caffeine and ephedrine ingestion on anaerobic exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:1399-403. PubMed
  33. Horner NK, Lampe JW. Potential mechanisms of diet therapy for fibrocystic breast conditions show inadequate evidence of effectiveness. J Am Diet Assoc 2000;100:1368-80. PubMed
  34. Bracken MB, Triche EW, Belanger K, et al. Association of maternal caffeine consumption with decrements in fetal growth. Am J Epidemiol 2003;157:456-66.. PubMed
  35. McGowan JD, Altman RE, Kanto WP Jr. Neonatal withdrawal symptoms after chronic maternal ingestion of caffeine. South Med J 1988;81:1092-4.. PubMed
  36. Massey LK. Is caffeine a risk factor for bone loss in the elderly? Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:569-70. PubMed
  37. Dreher HM. The effect of caffeine reduction on sleep quality and well-being in persons with HIV. J Psychosom Res 2003;54:191-8.. PubMed
  38. Kockler DR, McCarthy MW, Lawson CL. Seizure activity and unresponsiveness after hydroxycut ingestion. Pharmacotherapy 2001;21:647-51.. PubMed
  39. Schechter MD, Timmons GD. Objectively measured hyperactivity--II. Caffeine and amphetamine effects. J Clin Pharmacol 1985;25:276-80.. PubMed
  40. Nix D, Zelenitsky S, Symonds W, et al. The effect of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine in young and elderly subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992;51:183. DOI
  41. Infante S, Baeza ML, Calvo M, et al. Anaphylaxis due to caffeine. Allergy 2003;58:681-2. PubMed
  42. Massey LK, Whiting SJ. Caffeine, urinary calcium, calcium metabolism and bone. J Nutr 1993;123:1611-4. PubMed
  43. Nawrot P, Jordan S, Eastwood J, et al. Effects of caffeine on human health. Food Addit Contam 2003;20:1-30. PubMed
  44. May DC, Jarboe CH, VanBakel AB, Williams WM. Effects of cimetidine on caffeine disposition in smokers and nonsmokers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1982;31:656-61. PubMed
  45. Abernethy DR, Todd EL. Impairment of caffeine clearance by chronic use of low-dose oestrogen-containing oral contraceptives. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1985;28:425-8. PubMed
  46. Brown NJ, Ryder D, Branch RA. A pharmacodynamic interaction between caffeine and phenylpropanolamine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991;50:363-71. PubMed
  47. Sanderink GJ, Bournique B, Stevens J, et al. Involvement of human CYP1A isoenzymes in the metabolism and drug interactions of riluzole in vitro. Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;282:1465-72. DOI
  48. Wahllander A, Paumgartner G. Effect of ketoconazole and terbinafine on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989;37:279-83. PubMed
  49. Carrillo JA, Benitez J. Clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions between dietary caffeine and medications. Clin Pharmacokinet 2000;39:127-53. PubMed
  50. Underwood DA. Which medications should be held before a pharmacologic or exercise stress test? Cleve Clin J Med 2002;69:449-50. PubMed
  51. Aqel RA, Zoghbi GJ, Trimm JR, et al. Effect of caffeine administered intravenously on intracoronary-administered adenosine-induced coronary hemodynamics in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:343-6. PubMed
  52. Zheng XM, Williams RC. Serum caffeine levels after 24-hour abstention: clinical implications on dipyridamole (201)Tl myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Med Technol 2002;30:123-7.
  53. Institute of Medicine. Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance: Formulations for Military Operations. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001. Available at: http://books.nap.edu/books/0309082587/html/index.html. DOI
  54. Dews PB, O'Brien CP, Bergman J. Caffeine: behavioral effects of withdrawal and related issues. Food Chem Toxicol 2002;40:1257-61. PubMed
  55. Beach CA, Mays DC, Guiler RC, et al. Inhibition of elimination of caffeine by disulfiram in normal subjects and recovering alcoholics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986;39:265-70. PubMed
  56. Juliano LM, Griffiths RR. A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004;176:1-29. PubMed
  57. Winkelmayer WC, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Curhan GC. Habitual caffeine intake and the risk of hypertension in women. JAMA 2005;294:2330-5. PubMed
  58. Raaska K, Raitasuo V, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ. Effect of caffeine-containing versus decaffeinated coffee on serum clozapine concentrations in hospitalised patients. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2004;94:13-8. DOI
  59. Forrest WH Jr, Bellville JW, Brown BW Jr. The interaction of caffeine with pentobarbital as a nighttime hypnotic. Anesthesiology 1972;36:37-41. PubMed
  60. Lake CR, Rosenberg DB, Gallant S, et al. Phenylpropanolamine increases plasma caffeine levels. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990;47:675-85. PubMed
  61. Weng X, Odouli R, Li DK. Maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198:279.e1-8. PubMed
  62. Savitz DA, Chan RL, Herring AH, et al. Caffeine and miscarriage risk. Epidemiology 2008;19:55-62. PubMed
  63. Shet, M. S., McPhaul, M., Fisher, C. W., Stallings, N. R., and Estabrook, R. W. Metabolism of the antiandrogenic drug (Flutamide) by human CYP1A2. Drug Metab Dispos. 1997;25(11):1298-1303.
  64. Staib, A. H., Stille, W., Dietlein, G., Shah, P. M., Harder, S., Mieke, S., and Beer, C. Interaction between quinolones and caffeine. Drugs 1987;34 Suppl 1:170-174. PubMed
  65. Stille, W., Harder, S., Mieke, S., Beer, C., Shah, P. M., Frech, K., and Staib, A. H. Decrease of caffeine elimination in man during co-administration of 4-quinolones. J.Antimicrob.Chemother. 1987;20(5):729-734. PubMed
  66. Fuhr, U., Strobl, G., Manaut, F., Anders, E. M., Sorgel, F., Lopez-de-Brinas, E., Chu, D. T., Pernet, A. G., Mahr, G., Sanz, F., and . Quinolone antibacterial agents: relationship between structure and in vitro inhibition of the human cytochrome P450 isof
  67. Kot, M. and Daniel, W. A. Effect of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) and ticlopidine on CYP1A2 activity and caffeine metabolism: an in vitro comparative study with human cDNA-expressed CYP1A2 and liver microsomes. Pharmacol Rep. 2009;61(6):1216-1220. PubMed
  68. Gasior, M., Borowicz, K., Buszewicz, G., Kleinrok, Z., and Czuczwar, S. J. Anticonvulsant activity of phenobarbital and valproate against maximal electroshock in mice during chronic treatment with caffeine and caffeine discontinuation. Epilepsia 1996;37(3 PubMed
  69. Jankiewicz, K., Chroscinska-Krawczyk, M., Blaszczyk, B., and Czuczwar, S. J. [Caffeine and antiepileptic drugs: experimental and clinical data]. Przegl.Lek. 2007;64(11):965-967.
  70. Luszczki, J. J., Zuchora, M., Sawicka, K. M., Kozinska, J., and Czuczwar, S. J. Acute exposure to caffeine decreases the anticonvulsant action of ethosuximide, but not that of clonazepam, phenobarbital and valproate against pentetrazole-induced seizures i
  71. Chroscinska-Krawczyk, M., Jargiello-Baszak, M., Walek, M., Tylus, B., and Czuczwar, S. J. Caffeine and the anticonvulsant potency of antiepileptic drugs: experimental and clinical data. Pharmacol.Rep. 2011;63(1):12-18. PubMed
  72. Vaz, J., Kulkarni, C., David, J., and Joseph, T. Influence of caffeine on pharmacokinetic profile of sodium valproate and carbamazepine in normal human volunteers. Indian J.Exp.Biol. 1998;36(1):112-114.
  73. Gasior, M., Swiader, M., Przybylko, M., Borowicz, K., Turski, W. A., Kleinrok, Z., and Czuczwar, S. J. Felbamate demonstrates low propensity for interaction with methylxanthines and Ca2+ channel modulators against experimental seizures in mice. Eur.J Phar PubMed
  74. Balogh, A., Klinger, G., Henschel, L., Borner, A., Vollanth, R., and Kuhnz, W. Influence of ethinylestradiol-containing combination oral contraceptives with gestodene or levonorgestrel on caffeine elimination. Eur.J.Clin.Pharmacol. 1995;48(2):161-166. PubMed
  75. Mohiuddin, M., Azam, A. T., Amran, M. S., and Hossain, M. A. In vive effects of gliclazide and metformin on the plasma concentration of caffeine in healthy rats. Pak.J Biol Sci 5-1-2009;12(9):734-737.
  76. Mays, D. C., Camisa, C., Cheney, P., Pacula, C. M., Nawoot, S., and Gerber, N. Methoxsalen is a potent inhibitor of the metabolism of caffeine in humans. Clin.Pharmacol.Ther. 1987;42(6):621-626. PubMed
  77. Wojcikowski, J. and Daniel, W. A. Perazine at therapeutic drug concentrations inhibits human cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 1A2 (CYP1A2) and caffeine metabolism--an in vitro study. Pharmacol Rep. 2009;61(5):851-858. PubMed
  78. Daniel, W. A., Syrek, M., Rylko, Z., and Kot, M. Effects of phenothiazine neuroleptics on the rate of caffeine demethylation and hydroxylation in the rat liver. Pol.J Pharmacol 2001;53(6):615-621.
  79. Norager, C. B., Jensen, M. B., Weimann, A., and Madsen, M. R. Metabolic effects of caffeine ingestion and physical work in 75-year old citizens. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006;65(2):223-228. PubMed
  80. Bailey, D. N., Weibert, R. T., Naylor, A. J., and Shaw, R. F. A study of salicylate and caffeine excretion in the breast milk of two nursing mothers. J.Anal.Toxicol. 1982;6(2):64-68. PubMed
  81. Griffiths, R. R. and Chausmer, A. L. Caffeine as a model drug of dependence: recent developments in understanding caffeine withdrawal, the caffeine dependence syndrome, and caffeine negative reinforcement. Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi 2000;20(
  82. Karacan, I., Thornby, J. I., Anch, M., Booth, G. H., Williams, R. L., and Salis, P. J. Dose-related sleep disturbances induced by coffee and caffeine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1976;20(6):682-689. PubMed
  83. Quirce, G. S., Freire, P., Fernandez, R. M., Davila, I., and Losada, E. Urticaria from caffeine. J.Allergy Clin Immunol. 1991;88(4):680-681. PubMed
  84. Hughes, J. R., Higgins, S. T., Bickel, W. K., Hunt, W. K., Fenwick, J. W., Gulliver, S. B., and Mireault, G. C. Caffeine self-administration, withdrawal, and adverse effects among coffee drinkers. Arch.Gen.Psychiatry 1991;48(7):611-617. PubMed
  85. Adams, B. A. and Brubaker, R. F. Caffeine has no clinically significant effect on aqueous humor flow in the normal human eye. Ophthalmology 1990;97(8):1030-1031. PubMed
  86. Davis, R. H. Does caffeine ingestion affect intraocular pressure?. Ophthalmology 1989;96(11):1680-1681. PubMed
  87. Higginbotham, E. J., Kilimanjaro, H. A., Wilensky, J. T., Batenhorst, R. L., and Hermann, D. The effect of caffeine on intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients. Ophthalmology 1989;96(5):624-626.
  88. Wrenn, K. D. and Oschner, I. Rhabdomyolysis induced by a caffeine overdose. Ann.Emerg.Med. 1989;18(1):94-97. PubMed
  89. Pola, J., Subiza, J., Armentia, A., Zapata, C., Hinojosa, M., Losada, E., and Valdivieso, R. Urticaria caused by caffeine. Ann.Allergy 1988;60(3):207-208.
  90. Lane, J. D. and Williams, R. B., Jr. Cardiovascular effects of caffeine and stress in regular coffee drinkers. Psychophysiology 1987;24(2):157-164. PubMed
  91. Shirlow, M. J. and Mathers, C. D. A study of caffeine consumption and symptoms; indigestion, palpitations, tremor, headache and insomnia. Int.J.Epidemiol. 1985;14(2):239-248. PubMed
  92. Stillner, V., Popkin, M. K., and Pierce, C. M. Caffeine-induced delirium during prolonged competitive stress. Am.J.Psychiatry 1978;135(7):855-856. PubMed
  93. Levy, M. and Zylber-Katz, E. Caffeine metabolism and coffee-attributed sleep disturbances. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983;33(6):770-775. PubMed
  94. Brown, S. L., Salive, M. E., Pahor, M., Foley, D. J., Corti, M. C., Langlois, J. A., Wallace, R. B., and Harris, T. B. Occult caffeine as a source of sleep problems in an older population. J.Am.Geriatr.Soc. 1995;43(8):860-864. PubMed
  95. Sung, B. H., Whitsett, T. L., Lovallo, W. R., al'Absi, M., Pincomb, G. A., and Wilson, M. F. Prolonged increase in blood pressure by a single oral dose of caffeine in mildly hypertensive men. Am.J Hypertens. 1994;7(8):755-758. PubMed
  96. Caballero, T., Garcia-Ara, C., Pascual, C., Diaz-Pena, J. M., and Ojeda, A. Urticaria induced by caffeine. J.Investig.Allergol.Clin Immunol. 1993;3(3):160-162.
  97. Smits, P., Temme, L., and Thien, T. The cardiovascular interaction between caffeine and nicotine in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993;54(2):194-204. PubMed
  98. Garrett, B. E. and Griffiths, R. R. Physical dependence increases the relative reinforcing effects of caffeine versus placebo. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1998;139(3):195-202. PubMed
  99. Lane, J. D. and Phillips-Bute, B. G. Caffeine deprivation affects vigilance performance and mood. Physiol Behav. 1998;65(1):171-175. PubMed
  100. Boekema, P. J., Samsom, M., van Berge Henegouwen, G. P., and Smout, A. J. Coffee and gastrointestinal function: facts and fiction. A review. Scand J Gastroenterol.Suppl 1999;230:35-39. PubMed
  101. Terry, P., Lagergren, J., Wolk, A., and Nyren, O. Reflux-inducing dietary factors and risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. Nutr Cancer 2000;38(2):186-191.
  102. Pollak, C. P. and Bright, D. Caffeine consumption and weekly sleep patterns in US seventh-, eighth-, and ninth-graders. Pediatrics 2003;111(1):42-46. PubMed
  103. DiBaise, J. K. A randomized, double-blind comparison of two different coffee-roasting processes on development of heartburn and dyspepsia in coffee-sensitive individuals. Dig.Dis.Sci 2003;48(4):652-656. PubMed
  104. Wang, J. H., Luo, J. Y., Dong, L., Gong, J., and Tong, M. Epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a general population-based study in Xi'an of Northwest China. World J Gastroenterol. 6-1-2004;10(11):1647-1651. PubMed
  105. Naliboff, B. D., Mayer, M., Fass, R., Fitzgerald, L. Z., Chang, L., Bolus, R., and Mayer, E. A. The effect of life stress on symptoms of heartburn. Psychosom.Med 2004;66(3):426-434. PubMed
  106. Massey, L. K. and Sutton, R. A. Acute caffeine effects on urine composition and calcium kidney stone risk in calcium stone formers. J.Urol. 2004;172(2):555-558. PubMed
  107. Tavani, A. and La, Vecchia C. Coffee, decaffeinated coffee, tea and cancer of the colon and rectum: a review of epidemiological studies, 1990-2003. Cancer Causes Control 2004;15(8):743-757. PubMed
  108. Noordzij, M., Uiterwaal, C. S., Arends, L. R., Kok, F. J., Grobbee, D. E., and Geleijnse, J. M. Blood pressure response to chronic intake of coffee and caffeine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens. 2005;23(5):921-928. PubMed
  109. Chandrasekaran, S., Rochtchina, E., and Mitchell, P. Effects of caffeine on intraocular pressure: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. J Glaucoma. 2005;14(6):504-507. PubMed
  110. Morgan, J. C. and Sethi, K. D. Drug-induced tremors. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4(12):866-876. PubMed
  111. Doan, B. K., Hickey, P. A., Lieberman, H. R., and Fischer, J. R. Caffeinated tube food effect on pilot performance during a 9-hour, simulated nighttime U-2 mission. Aviat.Space Environ Med 2006;77(10):1034-1040.
  112. Whalen, D. J., Silk, J. S., Semel, M., Forbes, E. E., Ryan, N. D., Axelson, D. A., Birmaher, B., and Dahl, R. E. Caffeine consumption, sleep, and affect in the natural environments of depressed youth and healthy controls. J Pediatr.Psychol. 2008;33(4):35 PubMed
  113. MacKenzie, T., Comi, R., Sluss, P., Keisari, R., Manwar, S., Kim, J., Larson, R., and Baron, J. A. Metabolic and hormonal effects of caffeine: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Metabolism 2007;56(12):1694-1698. PubMed
  114. Mort, J. R. and Kruse, H. R. Timing of blood pressure measurement related to caffeine consumption. Ann Pharmacother. 2008;42(1):105-110.
  115. Ganmaa, D., Willett, W. C., Li, T. Y., Feskanich, D., van Dam, R. M., Lopez-Garcia, E., Hunter, D. J., and Holmes, M. D. Coffee, tea, caffeine and risk of breast cancer: a 22-year follow-up. Int J Cancer 5-1-2008;122(9):2071-2076. PubMed
  116. Killgore, W. D., Rupp, T. L., Grugle, N. L., Reichardt, R. M., Lipizzi, E. L., and Balkin, T. J. Effects of dextroamphetamine, caffeine and modafinil on psychomotor vigilance test performance after 44 h of continuous wakefulness. J Sleep Res 2008;17(3):3 PubMed
  117. Ozsungur, S., Brenner, D., and El-Sohemy, A. Fourteen well-described caffeine withdrawal symptoms factor into three clusters. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009;201(4):541-548. PubMed
  118. Ishitani, K., Lin, J., Manson, J. E., Buring, J. E., and Zhang, S. M. Caffeine consumption and the risk of breast cancer in a large prospective cohort of women. Arch Intern Med 10-13-2008;168(18):2022-2031. PubMed
  119. Tunnicliffe, J. M., Erdman, K. A., Reimer, R. A., Lun, V., and Shearer, J. Consumption of dietary caffeine and coffee in physically active populations: physiological interactions. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008;33(6):1301-1310. PubMed
  120. Sin, C. W., Ho, J. S., and Chung, J. W. Systematic review on the effectiveness of caffeine abstinence on the quality of sleep. J Clin Nurs. 2009;18(1):13-21. PubMed
  121. Lopez-Garcia, E., Rodriguez-Artalejo, F., Rexrode, K. M., Logroscino, G., Hu, F. B., and van Dam, R. M. Coffee consumption and risk of stroke in women. Circulation 3-3-2009;119(8):1116-1123. PubMed
  122. Zhang, W., Lopez-Garcia, E., Li, T. Y., Hu, F. B., and van Dam, R. M. Coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality among men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009;32(6):1043-1045. PubMed
  123. Killgore, W. D., Kahn-Greene, E. T., Grugle, N. L., Killgore, D. B., and Balkin, T. J. Sustaining executive functions during sleep deprivation: A comparison of caffeine, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil. Sleep 2-1-2009;32(2):205-216. PubMed
  124. Natale, F., Cirillo, C., Di Marco, G. M., di Vetta, L. S., Aronne, L., Siciliano, A., Mocerino, R., Tedesco, M. A., Golino, P., and Calabro, R. When chewing gum is more than just a bad habit. Lancet 5-30-2009;373(9678):1918. PubMed
  125. Calamaro, C. J., Mason, T. B., and Ratcliffe, S. J. Adolescents living the 24/7 lifestyle: effects of caffeine and technology on sleep duration and daytime functioning. Pediatrics 2009;123(6):e1005-e1010. PubMed
  126. Koran, L. M., Aboujaoude, E., and Gamel, N. N. Double-blind study of dextroamphetamine versus caffeine augmentation for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70(11):1530-1535. PubMed
  127. Luebbe, A. M. and Bell, D. J. Mountain Dew or mountain don't?: a pilot investigation of caffeine use parameters and relations to depression and anxiety symptoms in 5th- and 10th-grade students. J Sch Health 2009;79(8):380-387.
  128. Skouroliakou, M., Bacopoulou, F., and Markantonis, S. L. Caffeine versus theophylline for apnea of prematurity: a randomised controlled trial. J Paediatr.Child Health 2009;45(10):587-592. PubMed
  129. Urade, Y. [Molecular mechanisms of insomnia]. Nippon Rinsho 2009;67(8):1489-1493.
  130. Montandon, G., Horner, R. L., Kinkead, R., and Bairam, A. Caffeine in the neonatal period induces long-lasting changes in sleep and breathing in adult rats. J Physiol 11-15-2009;587(Pt 22):5493-5507. PubMed
  131. Addicott, M. A. and Laurienti, P. J. A comparison of the effects of caffeine following abstinence and normal caffeine use. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009;207(3):423-431. PubMed
  132. Hashim, H. and Al, Mousa R. Management of fluid intake in patients with overactive bladder. Curr.Urol.Rep. 2009;10(6):428-433. PubMed
  133. Moisey, L. L., Robinson, L. E., and Graham, T. E. Consumption of caffeinated coffee and a high carbohydrate meal affects postprandial metabolism of a subsequent oral glucose tolerance test in young, healthy males. Br.J Nutr. 2010;103(6):833-841. PubMed
  134. Chroscinska-Krawczyk, M., Ratnaraj, N., Patsalos, P. N., and Czuczwar, S. J. Effect of caffeine on the anticonvulsant effects of oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine and tiagabine in a mouse model of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Pharmacol Rep. 2009;61(5):819 PubMed
  135. Attwood, A., Terry, P., and Higgs, S. Conditioned effects of caffeine on performance in humans. Physiol Behav 3-3-2010;99(3):286-293. PubMed
  136. Skinner, T. L., Jenkins, D. G., Coombes, J. S., Taaffe, D. R., and Leveritt, M. D. Dose response of caffeine on 2000-m rowing performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(3):571-576. PubMed
  137. Holick, C. N., Smith, S. G., Giovannucci, E., and Michaud, D. S. Coffee, tea, caffeine intake, and risk of adult glioma in three prospective cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(1):39-47. PubMed
  138. Simmonds, M. J., Minahan, C. L., and Sabapathy, S. Caffeine improves supramaximal cycling but not the rate of anaerobic energy release. Eur.J Appl Physiol 2010;109(2):287-295. PubMed
  139. Buscemi, S., Verga, S., Batsis, J. A., Donatelli, M., Tranchina, M. R., Belmonte, S., Mattina, A., Re, A., and Cerasola, G. Acute effects of coffee on endothelial function in healthy subjects. Eur.J Clin Nutr. 2010;64(5):483-489. PubMed
  140. Rigato, I., Blarasin, L., and Kette, F. Severe hypokalemia in 2 young bicycle riders due to massive caffeine intake. Clin J Sport Med. 2010;20(2):128-130. PubMed
  141. Greenwood, D. C., Alwan, N., Boylan, S., Cade, J. E., Charvill, J., Chipps, K. C., Cooke, M. S., Dolby, V. A., Hay, A. W., Kassam, S., Kirk, S. F., Konje, J. C., Potdar, N., Shires, S., Simpson, N., Taub, N., Thomas, J. D., Walker, J., White, K. L., and
  142. Mevcha, A., Gulur, D. M., and Gillatt, D. Diagnosing urological disorders in ageing men. Practitioner 2010;254(1726):25-9, 2.
  143. Brick, C. A., Seely, D. L., and Palermo, T. M. Association between sleep hygiene and sleep quality in medical students. Behav Sleep Med 2010;8(2):113-121. PubMed
  144. Digdon, N. L. Circadian preference and college students' beliefs about sleep education. Chronobiol.Int 2010;27(2):297-317. PubMed
  145. Boos, C. J., White, S. H., Bland, S. A., and McAllister, P. D. Dietary supplements and military operations: caution is advised. J R.Army Med Corps 2010;156(1):41-43. PubMed
  146. Casiglia, E., Bongiovi, S., Paleari, C. D., Petucco, S., Boni, M., Colangeli, G., Penzo, M., and Pessina, A. C. Haemodynamic effects of coffee and caffeine in normal volunteers: a placebo-controlled clinical study. J.Intern.Med. 1991;229(6):501-504. PubMed
  147. Aguggia, M. and Saracco, M. G. Pathophysiology of migraine chronification. Neurol.Sci 2010;31 Suppl 1:S15-S17. PubMed
  148. Torelli, P. and Manzoni, G. C. Fasting headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2010;14(4):284-291.
  149. Farag, N. H., Whitsett, T. L., McKey, B. S., Wilson, M. F., Vincent, A. S., Everson-Rose, S. A., and Lovallo, W. R. Caffeine and blood pressure response: sex, age, and hormonal status. J Womens Health (Larchmt.) 2010;19(6):1171-1176. PubMed
  150. Ernest, D., Chia, M., and Corallo, C. E. Profound hypokalaemia due to Nurofen Plus and Red Bull misuse. Crit Care Resusc. 2010;12(2):109-110. DOI
  151. Suen, L. K., Tam, W. W., and Hon, K. L. Association of sleep hygiene-related factors and sleep quality among university students in Hong Kong. Hong.Kong.Med.J 2010;16(3):180-185.
  152. Stafford, L. D., Wright, C., and Yeomans, M. R. The drink remains the same: implicit positive associations in high but not moderate or non-caffeine users. Psychol.Addict.Behav. 2010;24(2):274-281. PubMed
  153. Conen, D., Chiuve, S. E., Everett, B. M., Zhang, S. M., Buring, J. E., and Albert, C. M. Caffeine consumption and incident atrial fibrillation in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92(3):509-514. PubMed
  154. Freire, R. C., Perna, G., and Nardi, A. E. Panic disorder respiratory subtype: psychopathology, laboratory challenge tests, and response to treatment. Harv.Rev.Psychiatry 2010;18(4):220-229. PubMed
  155. Reis, J. P., Loria, C. M., Steffen, L. M., Zhou, X., van, Horn L., Siscovick, D. S., Jacobs, D. R., Jr., and Carr, J. J. Coffee, decaffeinated coffee, caffeine, and tea consumption in young adulthood and atherosclerosis later in life: the CARDIA study. A PubMed
  156. Clausen, T. Hormonal and pharmacological modification of plasma potassium homeostasis. Fundam.Clin Pharmacol 2010;24(5):595-605. PubMed
  157. Kujawa-Hadrys, M., Tosik, D., and Bartel, H. Changes in thickness of each layer of developing chicken cornea after administration of caffeine. Folia Histochem.Cytobiol. 2010;48(2):273-277. PubMed
  158. Boggs, D. A., Palmer, J. R., Stampfer, M. J., Spiegelman, D., Adams-Campbell, L. L., and Rosenberg, L. Tea and coffee intake in relation to risk of breast cancer in the Black Women's Health Study. Cancer Causes Control 2010;21(11):1941-1948. PubMed
  159. Li, S., Zhu, S., Jin, X., Yan, C., Wu, S., Jiang, F., and Shen, X. Risk factors associated with short sleep duration among Chinese school-aged children. Sleep Med. 2010;11(9):907-916. PubMed
  160. Gronroos, N. N. and Alonso, A. Diet and risk of atrial fibrillation - epidemiologic and clinical evidence -. Circ.J 2010;74(10):2029-2038. PubMed
  161. Knight, J. M., Avery, E. F., Janssen, I., and Powell, L. H. Cortisol and depressive symptoms in a population-based cohort of midlife women. Psychosom.Med. 2010;72(9):855-861. PubMed
  162. Porkka-Heiskanen, T. Methylxanthines and sleep. Handb.Exp.Pharmacol 2011;(200):331-348. PubMed
  163. Mostofsky, E., Schlaug, G., Mukamal, K. J., Rosamond, W. D., and Mittleman, M. A. Coffee and acute ischemic stroke onset: the Stroke Onset Study. Neurology 11-2-2010;75(18):1583-1588. PubMed
  164. Orozco-Gregorio, H., Mota-Rojas, D., Bonilla-Jaime, H., Trujillo-Ortega, M. E., Becerril-Herrera, M., Hernandez-Gonzalez, R., and Villanueva-Garcia, D. Effects of administration of caffeine on metabolic variables in neonatal pigs with peripartum asphyxia PubMed
  165. Li, G. Z., Zhang, N., Du, P., Yang, Y., Wu, S. L., Xiao, Y. X., Jin, R., Liu, L., Shen, H., and Dai, Y. Risk factors for interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: a Chinese multi-center study. Chin Med
  166. Duvnjak-Zaknich, D. M., Dawson, B. T., Wallman, K. E., and Henry, G. Effect of caffeine on reactive agility time when fresh and fatigued. Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. 2011;43(8):1523-1530. PubMed
  167. Astorino, T. A., Martin, B. J., Schachtsiek, L., Wong, K., and Ng, K. Minimal effect of acute caffeine ingestion on intense resistance training performance. J Strength.Cond.Res 2011;25(6):1752-1758. PubMed
  168. Kivity, S., Ben Aharon, Y., Man, A., and Topilsky, M. The effect of caffeine on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Chest 1990;97(5):1083-1085. PubMed
  169. Lubin, F. and Ron, E. Consumption of methylxanthine-containing beverages and the risk of breast cancer. Cancer Lett. 1990;53(2-3):81-90. PubMed
  170. Smits, P., Lenders, J. W., and Thien, T. Caffeine and theophylline attenuate adenosine-induced vasodilation in humans. Clin.Pharmacol.Ther. 1990;48(4):410-418. PubMed
  171. Rossignol, A. M. and Bonnlander, H. Caffeine-containing beverages, total fluid consumption, and premenstrual syndrome. Am.J.Public Health 1990;80(9):1106-1110. PubMed
  172. Birkett, N. J. and Logan, A. G. Caffeine-containing beverages and the prevalence of hypertension. J Hypertens.Suppl 1988;6(4):S620-S622. PubMed
  173. Fraumeni, J. F., Jr., Scotto, J., and Dunham, L. J. Coffee-drinking and bladder cancer. Lancet 11-27-1971;2(7735):1204. PubMed
  174. Greden, J. F. Anxiety or caffeinism: a diagnostic dilemma. Am J Psychiatry 1974;131(10):1089-1092. PubMed
  175. Whitsett, T. L., Manion, C. V., and Christensen, H. D. Cardiovascular effects of coffee and caffeine. Am.J.Cardiol. 3-15-1984;53(7):918-922. PubMed
  176. Firestone, P., Poitras-Wright, H., and Douglas, V. The effects of caffeine on hyperactive children. J.Learn.Disabil. 1978;11(3):133-141. PubMed
  177. Thomas, F. B., Steinbaugh, J. T., Fromkes, J. J., Mekhjian, H. S., and Caldwell, J. H. Inhibitory effect of coffee on lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Gastroenterology 1980;79(6):1262-1266. DOI
  178. Linn, S., Schoenbaum, S. C., Monson, R. R., Rosner, B., Stubblefield, P. G., and Ryan, K. J. No association between coffee consumption and adverse outcomes of pregnancy. N.Engl.J Med 1-21-1982;306(3):141-145. PubMed
  179. Cohen, S. Pathogenesis of coffee-induced gastrointestinal symptoms. N.Engl.J Med 7-17-1980;303(3):122-124. PubMed
  180. Feldman, M. and Barnett, C. Relationships between the acidity and osmolality of popular beverages and reported postprandial heartburn. Gastroenterology 1995;108(1):125-131. PubMed
  181. Quinlan, P., Lane, J., and Aspinall, L. Effects of hot tea, coffee and water ingestion on physiological responses and mood: the role of caffeine, water and beverage type. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997;134(2):164-173. PubMed
  182. Youngstedt, S. D., O'Connor, P. J., Crabbe, J. B., and Dishman, R. K. Acute exercise reduces caffeine-induced anxiogenesis. Med.Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(5):740-745. PubMed
  183. Kaminsky, L. A., Martin, C. A., and Whaley, M. H. Caffeine consumption habits do not influence the exercise blood pressure response following caffeine ingestion. J.Sports Med.Phys.Fitness 1998;38(1):53-58.
  184. McManamy, M. C. and Schube, P. G. Caffeine intoxication: report of a case the symptoms of which amounted to a psychosis. New England Journal of Medicine 1936;215:616-620. DOI
  185. Richter, J. E., Katz, P. O., and Waring, J. P. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. IFFGD 2000;
  186. Hsu, C., Harden, R. N., and Houle, T. Nicotine and caffeine intake in complex regional pain syndrome. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 2002;16(1):33-38. PubMed
  187. Luebbe, A. M. Child and Adolescent Anxiety Sensitivity, Perceived Subjective Effects of Caffeine and Caffeine Consumption. J Caffeine Res 2011;1(4):213-218. DOI
  188. Li-Neng, Y., Greenstadt, L., and Shapiro, D. Effects of caffeine on blood pressure:A cross-cultural comparison. Psychophysiology 1983;20
  189. Fotherby, M. D., Ghandi, C., Haigh, R. A., Macdonald, T. A., and Potter, J. F. Sustained caffeine use has no pressor effect in the elderly. Cardiology in the Elderly 1994;2(6):499-503.
  190. Basurto Ona X, Uriona Tuma SM, Martínez García L, Solà I, Bonfill Cosp X. Drug therapy for preventing post-dural puncture headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 28;2:CD001792. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001792.pub3. Review. PubMed
  191. Beaudoin MS, Allen B, Mazzetti G, Sullivan PJ, Graham TE. Caffeine ingestion impairs insulin sensitivity in a dose-dependent manner in both men and women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2013;38(2):140-7. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0201. Epub 2012 9. PubMed
  192. Caldeira D, Martins C, Alves LB, Pereira H, Ferreira JJ, Costa J. Caffeine does not increase the risk of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Heart. 2013;99(19):1383-9. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-303950. Re PubMed
  193. Chen L, Bell EM, Browne ML, Druschel CM, Romitti PA, Schmidt RJ, Burns TL, Moslehi R, Olney RS; National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Maternal caffeine consumption and risk of congenital limb deficiencies. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2012 De PubMed
  194. Chen LW, Wu Y, Neelakantan N, Chong MF, Pan A, van Dam RM. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with risk of low birth weight: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2014 19;12:174. doi: 10.1186/s12916-014-0174-6 PubMed
  195. Cheng M, Hu Z, Lu X, Huang J, Gu D. Caffeine intake and atrial fibrillation incidence: dose response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Can J Cardiol. 2014 Apr;30(4):448-54. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2013.12.026. Epub 2014 2. Review. PubMed
  196. Chiaffarino F, Bravi F, Cipriani S, Parazzini F, Ricci E, Viganò P, La Vecchia C. Coffee and caffeine intake and risk of endometriosis: a meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr. 2014 Oct;53(7):1573-9. doi: 10.1007/s00394-014-0662-7. Epub 2014 31. PubMed
  197. Greenwood DC, Thatcher NJ, Ye J, Garrard L, Keogh G, King LG, Cade JE. Caffeine intake during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2014;29(10):725-34. doi: 10.1007/s10654-014-9944-x. PubMed
  198. Jiang W, Wu Y, Jiang X. Coffee and caffeine intake and breast cancer risk: an updated dose-response meta-analysis of 37 published studies. Gynecol Oncol. 2013 Jun;129(3):620-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.03.014. Epub 2013 25. Review. PubMed
  199. Lee SM, Choi NK, Lee BC, Cho KH, Yoon BW, Park BJ. Caffeine-containing medicines increase the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. Stroke. 2013 Aug;44(8):2139-43. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.674077. Epub 2013 6. PubMed
  200. Sanikini H, Dik VK, Siersema PD, Bhoo-Pathy N, Uiterwaal CS, Peeters PH, González CA, Zamora-Ros R, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Roswall N, Boutron-Ruault MC, Fagherazzi G, Racine A, Kühn T, Katzke V, Boeing H, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Lagiou P, Palli
  201. Simonin C, Duru C, Salleron J, Hincker P, Charles P, Delval A, Youssov K, Burnouf S, Azulay JP, Verny C, Scherer C, Tranchant C, Goizet C, Debruxelles S, Defebvre L, Sablonnière B, Romon-Rousseaux M, Buée L, Destée A, Godefroy O, Dürr A, Landwehrmeyer B;
  202. Szpak A, Allen D. A case of acute suicidality following excessive caffeine intake. J Psychopharmacol. 2012 Nov;26(11):1502-10. doi: 10.1177/0269881112442788. Epub 2012 2. PubMed
  203. van der Hoeven N, Visser I, Schene A, van den Born BJ. Severe hypertension related to caffeinated coffee and tranylcypromine: a case report. Ann Intern Med. 2014 May 6;160(9):657-8. doi: 10.7326/L14-5009-8. No abstract available. PubMed
  204. Dixit S, Stein PK, Dewland TA, Dukes JW, Vittinghoff E, Heckbert SR, Marcus GM. Consumption of Caffeinated Products and Cardiac Ectopy. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016 26;5(1). pii: e002503. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002503. PubMed
  205. Sheppard SG. A preliminary investigation of ibogaine: case reports and recommendations for further study. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1994 Jul-Aug;11(4):379-85. PubMed
  206. Zuchinali P, Riberio PA, Pimentel M, da Rosa PR, Zimerman LI, Rohde LE. Effect of caffeine on ventricular arrhythmia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental and clinical studies. Europace 2016 Feb;18(2):257-66. PubMed
  207. Rhee J, Kim R, Kim Y, et al. Maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and risk of low birth weight: a dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One. 2015 Jul 20;10(7):e0132334. PubMed
  208. Zuchinali P, Souza GC, Pimentel M, et al. Short-term effects of high-dose caffeine on cardiac arrhythmias in patients with heart failure: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Dec 1;176(12):1752-59. PubMed
  209. Lystrup RM, Leggit JC. Caffeine toxicity due to supplement use in caffeine - naïve individual: a cautionary tale. Mil Med. 2015 Aug;180(8):e936-40. PubMed
  210. Magdalan J, Zawadzki M, Skowronek R, et al. Nonfatal and fata intoxications with pure caffeine - report of three different cases. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2017 Sep;13(3):355-58.
  211. Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan AE, Roelofs EJ, Hirsch KR, Persky AM, Mock AG. Effects of coffee and caffeine anhydrous intake during creatine loading. J Strength Cond Res. 2016 May;30(5):1438-46. PubMed
  212. Lagier D, Nee L, Guieu R, et al. Peri-operative oral caffeine does not prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation after heart valve surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2018 Apr 26. [Epub ahead of DOI
  213. Voskoboinik A, Kalman JM, Kistler PM. Caffeine and arrhythmias: time to grind the data. JACC: Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;4(4):425-32. PubMed
  214. Wang HR, Woo YS, Bahk WM. Caffeine-induced psychiatric manifestations: a review. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015 Jul;30(4):179-82. PubMed
  215. Wikoff D, Welsh BT, Henderson R, et al. Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children. Food Chem Toxicol 2017;109:585-648. PubMed
  216. Vliegenthart R, Miedema M, Hutten GJ, van Kaam AH, Onland W. High versus standard dose caffeine for apnoea: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2018;103(6):F523-9. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-313556. PubMed
  217. Modzelewska D, Bellocco R, Elfvin A, et al. Caffeine exposure during pregnancy, small for gestational age birth and neonatal outcome - results from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19(1):80. PubMed
  218. Shen JG, Brooks MB, Cincotta J, Manjourides JD. Establishing a relationship between the effect of caffeine and duration of endurance athletic time trial events: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2019;22(2):232-238. PubMed
  219. Berglundh S, Vollrath M, Brantsæter AL, et al. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and child neurodevelopment up to eight years of age-Results from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. Eur J Nutr. 2020. PubMed
  220. Jin F, Qiao C. Association of maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy with low birth weight, childhood overweight, and obesity: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Obes (Lond). 2020. PubMed
  221. Krittanawong C, Tunhasiriwet A, Wang Z, et al. Is caffeine or coffee consumption a risk for new-onset atrial fibrillation? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020:2047487320908385. PubMed
  222. Zhang H, Lee ZX, Qiu A. Caffeine intake and cognitive functions in children. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2020;237(10):3109-3116. PubMed
  223. Stojanovic E, Scanlan AT, Milanovic Z, Fox JL, Stankovic R, Dalbo VJ. Acute caffeine supplementation improves jumping, sprinting, and change-of-direction performance in basketball players when ingested in the morning but not evening. Eur J Sport Sci. 2021 PubMed
  224. Zheng KH, Zhu K, Wactawski-Wende J, et al. Caffeine intake from coffee and tea and invasive breast cancer incidence among postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative. Int J Cancer 2021;149(12):2032-2044. PubMed
  225. Wang S, Li X, Yang Y, et al. Does coffee, tea and caffeine consumption reduce the risk of incident breast cancer? A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr 2021;24(18):6377-6389. PubMed
  226. Alshabi AM, Alkahtani SA, Shaikh IA, Habeeb MS. Caffeine modulates pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of pioglitazone in diabetic rats: Impact on therapeutics. Saudi Med J 2021;42(2):151-160. PubMed
  227. Hinkle SN, Gleason JL, Yisahak SF, et al. Assessment of Caffeine Consumption and Maternal Cardiometabolic Pregnancy Complications. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4(11):e2133401. PubMed
  228. Yartsev A, Peisah C. Caffeine-clozapine interaction associated with severe toxicity and multiorgan system failure: a case report. BMC Psychiatry 2021;21(1):192. PubMed
  229. Tinawi M. Severe Rhabdomyolysis Due to Strenuous Exercise With a Potential Role of a High-Caffeine Energy Drink. Cureus 2022;14(1):e20867. PubMed
  230. Gleason JL, Sundaram R, Mitro SD, et al. Association of maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy with child growth. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(10):e2239609. PubMed
  231. Ismail RIH, Awad HA, Saber M, Shehata BM. Bone mineral content for preterm neonates treated with caffeine using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry: An observational study. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2023;16(1):129-135. PubMed
  232. Zhao J, Huang Y, Yu X. Caffeine intake and the risk of incident kidney stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2022;54(10):2457-2466. PubMed
  233. Abbas-Hashemi SA, Hosseininasab D, Rastgoo S, Shiraseb F, Asbaghi O. The effects of caffeine supplementation on blood pressure in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023;58:165-177. PubMed
  234. Oliphant EA, Hanning SM, McKinlay CJD, Alsweiler JM. Caffeine for apnea and prevention of neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm infants: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Perinatol 2024;44(6):785-801. PubMed
  235. Kühne T, Wallace E, Herzig D, et al. Combined intake of caffeine and low-dose glucose to reduce exercise-related hypoglycaemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes on ultra-long-acting insulin degludec: A randomized, controlled, double-blind, cross-over tr
  236. Song JJ, Eyabi JC, Awatramani PD, Mitchell BG, Nene SY. Sudden Reduction in Caffeine Intake Increases Serum Lithium Concentration to Supratherapeutic Level: A Case Report. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2024;26(2):23cr03642. PubMed

See these in context on the Caffeine monograph →

Taurine 21 references
  1. Ahmad S, Robertson HT, Golper TA, et al. Multicenter trial of L-carnitine in maintenance hemodialysis patients. II. Clinical and biochemical effects. Kidney Int 1990;38:912-8. PubMed
  2. Machado-Vieira R, Viale CI, Kapczinski F. Mania associated with an energy drink: the possible role of caffeine, taurine, and inositol. Can J Psychiatry 2001;46:454-5. PubMed
  3. Obermann M, Schorn CF, Mummel P, et al. Taurine induced toxic encephalopathy? Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2006;108:812-3. PubMed
  4. Bichler, A., Swenson, A., and Harris, M. A. A combination of caffeine and taurine has no effect on short term memory but induces changes in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure. Amino Acids 2006;31(4):471-476. PubMed
  5. Iyadurai, S. J. and Chung, S. S. New-onset seizures in adults: possible association with consumption of popular energy drinks. Epilepsy Behav 2007;10(3):504-508. PubMed
  6. Berger, A. J. and Alford, K. Cardiac arrest in a young man following excess consumption of caffeinated "energy drinks". Med J Aust. 1-5-2009;190(1):41-43. PubMed
  7. Worthley, M. I., Prabhu, A., De, Sciscio P., Schultz, C., Sanders, P., and Willoughby, S. R. Detrimental effects of energy drink consumption on platelet and endothelial function. Am J Med 2010;123(2):184-187. PubMed
  8. Morchon, Simon D. and Perez Castrillon, J. L. [Hypoglycemia by intake of taurine]. Rev.Clin Esp. 2010;210(1):49.
  9. Livshits, Z., Hoffman, R. S., Hymes, K. B., and Nelson, L. S. If vitamins could kill: massive hemolysis following naturopathic vitamin infusion. J Med Toxicol. 2011;7(3):224-226. PubMed
  10. Schoffl, I., Kothmann, J. F., Schoffl, V., Rupprecht, H. D., and Rupprecht, T. "Vodka energy": too much for the adolescent nephron? Pediatrics 2011;128(1):e227-e231. PubMed
  11. Calabro, R. S., Italiano, D., Gervasi, G., and Bramanti, P. Single tonic-clonic seizure after energy drink abuse. Epilepsy Behav 2012;23(3):384-385. PubMed
  12. Fujita, T., Ando, K., Noda, H., Ito, Y., and Sato, Y. Effects of increased adrenomedullary activity and taurine in young patients with borderline hypertension. Circulation 1987;75(3):525-532. PubMed
  13. Darling, P. B., Lepage, G., Leroy, C., Masson, P., and Roy, C. C. Effect of taurine supplements on fat absorption in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Res 1985;19(6):578-582. PubMed
  14. Fukuyama, Y. and Ochiai, Y. Therapeutic trial by taurine for intractable childhood epilepsies. Brain Dev. 1982;4(1):63-69. PubMed
  15. Franconi, F., Bennardini, F., Mattana, A., Miceli, M., Ciuti, M., Mian, M., Gironi, A., Anichini, R., and Seghieri, G. Plasma and platelet taurine are reduced in subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects of taurine supplementation. Am.J. DOI
  16. Stohs SJ, Miller M. A case study involving allergic reactions to sulfur-containing compounds including, sulfite, taurine, acesulfame potassium and sulfonamides. Food Chem Toxicol. 2014 Jan;63:240-3. PubMed
  17. Sun Q, Wang B, Li Y, Sun F, et al. Taurine supplementation lowers blood pressure and improves vascular function in prehypertension: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Hypertension 2016 Mar;67(3):541-9. PubMed
  18. Jang ES, Hwang SH, Kim JW, Jeong SH. Effectiveness of 4-week oral taurine treatment for muscle cramps in patients with liver cirrhosis: a single-arm pilot study. Yonsei Med J 2021;62(1):21-8. PubMed
  19. Guan L, Miao P. The effects of taurine supplementation on obesity, blood pressure and lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Pharmacol 2020;885:173533. PubMed
  20. Higgins JP, Liras GN, Liras IN, et al. Energy Drink Effects on Hemodynamics and Endothelial Function in Young Adults. Cardiology. 2021;146(2):258-262. PubMed
  21. Pallangyo P, Bhalia SV, Komba M, et al. Acute Myocardial Infarction Following the Consumption of Energy Drink in a 28-Year-Old Male: A Case Report. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2023 Jan-Dec;11:23247096231168811. PubMed

See these in context on the Taurine monograph →

Betaine Anhydrous 11 references
  1. Cystadane (betaine anhydrous for oral solution) Package insert. Orphan Medical, Inc. Minnetonka, MN. November 2005.
  2. Abdelmalek MF, Angulo P, Jorgensen RA, et al. Betaine, a promising new agent for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a pilot study. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:2711-7.. PubMed
  3. Schwab U, Torronen A, Toppinen L, et al. Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:961-7. PubMed
  4. McGregor DO, Dellow WJ, Robson RA, et al. Betaine supplementation decreases post-methionine hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 2002;61:1040-6. PubMed
  5. Olthof MR, van Vliet T, Verhoef P, et al. Effect of homocysteine-lowering nutrients on blood lipids: results from four randomised, placebo-controlled studies in healthy humans. PloS Med 2005;2:e135. PubMed
  6. Knopman, D. and Patterson, M. An open-label, 24-week pilot study of the methyl donor betaine in Alzheimer disease patients. Alzheimer Dis.Assoc.Disord. 2001;15(3):162-165. PubMed
  7. Moat, S. J., Madhavan, A., Taylor, S. Y., Payne, N., Allen, R. H., Stabler, S. P., Goodfellow, J., McDowell, I. F., Lewis, M. J., and Lang, D. High- but not low-dose folic acid improves endothelial function in coronary artery disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2 PubMed
  8. Abdelmalek, M. F., Sanderson, S. O., Angulo, P., Soldevila-Pico, C., Liu, C., Peter, J., Keach, J., Cave, M., Chen, T., McClain, C. J., and Lindor, K. D. Betaine for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: results of a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Hepa PubMed
  9. Ashtary-Larky D, Bagheri R, Ghanavati M, et al. Effects of betaine supplementation on cardiovascular markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021 Mar 25:1-18. PubMed
  10. Zawieja EE, Zawieja B, Chmurzynska A. Betaine supplementation moderately increases total cholesterol levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diet Suppl. 2021;18(1):105-117. PubMed
  11. Imbard A, Toumazi A, Magréault S, et al. Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of betaine in CBS and cblC deficiencies: a cross-over randomized controlled trial. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022;17(1):417. PubMed

See these in context on the Betaine Anhydrous monograph →

L-carnitine 41 references
  1. Ellaway CM, Williams K, Leonard H, et al. Rett syndrome: randomized controlled trial of L-carnitine. J Child Neurol 1999;14:162-7. PubMed
  2. Anon. Carnitor (levocarnitine) package insert. Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals Inc, Gaithersburg, MD. December 1999.
  3. Cherchi A, Lai C, Angelino F, et al. Effects of L-carnitine on exercise tolerance in chronic stable angina: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1985;23:569-72.
  4. Plioplys AV, Plioplys S. Amantadine and L-carnitine treatment of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Neuropsychobiology 1997;35:16-23. PubMed
  5. Benvenga S, Ruggeri RM, Russo A, et al. Usefulness of L-carnitine, a naturally occurring peripheral antagonist of thyroid hormone action, in iatrogenic hyperthyroidism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Meta
  6. Martinez E, Domingo P, Roca-Cusachs A. Potentiation of acenocoumarol action by L-carnitine. J Intern Med 1993;233:94.
  7. Bachmann HU, Hoffmann A. Interaction of food supplement L-carnitine with oral anticoagulant acenocoumarol. Swiss Med Wkly 2004;134:385. PubMed
  8. Evans AM, Fornasini G. Pharmacokinetics of L-carnitine. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003;42:941-67. PubMed
  9. 12761 Benvenga S, Amato A, Calvani M, Trimarchi F. Effects of carnitine on thyroid hormone action. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1033:158-67. PubMed
  10. Ciacci C, Peluso G, Iannoni E, et al. L-Carnitine in the treatment of fatigue in adult celiac disease patients: a pilot study. Dig Liver Dis 2007;39:922-8. PubMed
  11. Cruciani RA, Dvorkin E, Homel P, et al. Safety, tolerability and symptom outcomes associated with L-carnitine supplementation in patients with cancer, fatigue, and carnitine deficiency: a phase I/II study. J Pain Symptom Manage 2006;32:551-9. PubMed
  12. Lebrun C, Alchaar H, Candito M, et al. Levocarnitine administration in multiple sclerosis patients with immunosuppressive therapy-induced fatigue. Mult Scler 2006;12:321-4. PubMed
  13. Malaguarnera M, Cammalleri L, Gargante MP, et al. L-Carnitine treatment reduces severity of physical and mental fatigue and increases cognitive functions in centenarians: a randomized and controlled clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1738-44. PubMed
  14. Mantovani G, Maccio A, Madeddu C, et al. Randomized phase III clinical trial of five different arms of treatment in 322 patients with cancer cachexia. Oncologist 2010;15:200-11.
  15. Angelova-Fischer I, Rippke F, Fischer TW, Neufang G, Zillikens D. A double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled efficacy assessment study of a skin care formulation for improvement of mild to moderately severe acne. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013 Jul PubMed
  16. Hatamkhani S, Khalili H, Karimzadeh I, Dashti-Khavidaki S, Abdollahi A, Jafari S. Carnitine for prevention of antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity: a randomized, clinical trial. J Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2014 May;29(5):997-1004. PubMed
  17. Boehm G, Stahl B. Oligosaccharides from milk. J Nutr 2007;137(3 Suppl 2):847S-849S.
  18. Van Oudheusden, L. J. and Scholte, H. R. Efficacy of carnitine in the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2002;67(1):33-38. PubMed
  19. Derosa, G., Cicero, A. F., Gaddi, A., Mugellini, A., Ciccarelli, L., and Fogari, R. The effect of L-carnitine on plasma lipoprotein(a) levels in hypercholesterolemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther 2003;25(5):1429-1439. PubMed
  20. Foitzik, K., Hoting, E., Heinrich, U., Tronnier, H., and Paus, R. Indications that topical L-carnitin-L-tartrate promotes human hair growth in vivo. J Dermatol.Sci 2007;48(2):141-144. PubMed
  21. Kumar, A., Singh, R. B., Saxena, M., Niaz, M. A., Josh, S. R., Chattopadhyay, P., Mechirova, V., Pella, D., and Fedacko, J. Effect of carni Q-gel (ubiquinol and carnitine) on cytokines in patients with heart failure in the Tishcon study. Acta Cardiol. 20
  22. Cruciani, R. A., Dvorkin, E., Homel, P., Culliney, B., Malamud, S., Lapin, J., Portenoy, R. K., and Esteban-Cruciani, N. L-carnitine supplementation in patients with advanced cancer and carnitine deficiency: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Pa PubMed
  23. Malaguarnera, M., Vacante, M., Avitabile, T., Malaguarnera, M., Cammalleri, L., and Motta, M. L-Carnitine supplementation reduces oxidized LDL cholesterol in patients with diabetes. Am J Clin.Nutr 2009;89(1):71-76. PubMed
  24. Alvarez, T. M., Guardiola, P. D., Roldan, J. O., Elviro, R., Wevers, R., and Guijarro, G. [Primary trimethylaminuria: the fish odor syndrome]. Endocrinol.Nutr. 2009;56(6):337-340.
  25. Wu, Z. M., Lu, X., Wang, Y. W., Sun, J., Tao, J. W., Yin, F. H., and Cheng, H. J. [Short-term medication of L-carnitine before intracytoplasmic sperm injection for infertile men with oligoasthenozoospermia]. Zhonghua Nan.Ke.Xue 2012;18(3):253-256.
  26. Tarighat, Esfanjani A., Mahdavi, R., Ebrahimi, Mameghani M., Talebi, M., Nikniaz, Z., and Safaiyan, A. The effects of magnesium, L-carnitine, and concurrent magnesium-L-carnitine supplementation in migraine prophylaxis. Biol.Trace Elem.Res 2012;150(1-3): PubMed
  27. DiNicolantonio, J. J., Lavie, C. J., Fares, H., Menezes, A. R., and O'Keefe, J. H. L-carnitine in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88(6):544-551. PubMed
  28. Huang, W. W., Wang, M. Y., Shi, H. M., Peng, Y., Peng, C. S., Zhang, M., Li, Y., Lu, J., and Li, X. B. Comparative study of bioactive constituents in crude and processed Glycyrrhizae radix and their respective metabolic profiles in gastrointestinal tract
  29. Madsen KL, Preisler N, Orngreen MC, Andersen SP, Olesen JH, Lund AM, Vissing J. Patients with medium-chain acyl-coenzyme a dehydrogenase deficiency have impaired oxidation of fat during exercise but no effect of L-carnitine supplementation. J Clin Endocri
  30. Prohaska ES, Muzyk AJ, Rivelli SK. Levocarnitine-induced hypophosphatemia in a hemodialysis patient with acute valproic acid toxicity. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012 Winter;24(1):E18-9. PubMed
  31. Shang R, Sun Z, Li H. Effective dosing of L-carnitine in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2014 Jul 21;14:88. PubMed
  32. Zhang JJ, Wu ZB, Cai YJ, Ke B, Huang YJ, Qiu CP, Yang YB, Shi LY, Qin J. L-carnitine ameliorated fasting-induced fatigue, hunger, and metabolic abnormalities in patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled study. Nutr J. 2014 Nov 26;13:110. PubMed
  33. Koeth RA, Wang Z, Levison BS, Buffa JA, Org E, Sheehy BT, Britt EB, Fu X, Wu Y, Li L, Smith JD, DiDonato JA, Chen J, Li H, Wu GD, Lewis JD, Warrier M, Brown JM, Krauss RM, Tang WH, Bushman FD, Lusis AJ, Hazen SL. Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carn
  34. Jun DW, Kim BI, Cho YK, Kim HJ, Kwon YO, Park SY, Han SY, Baek YH, Jung YJ, Kim HY, Kim W, Heo J, Woo HY, Hwang SG, Rim KS, Choi JY, Bae SH, Lee YS, Lim YS,Cheong JY, Cho SW, Lee BS, Kim SH, Sohn JH, Kim TY, Paik YH, Kim JK, Lee KS. Efficacy and safety of
  35. An JH, Kim YJ, Kim KJ, et al. L-carnitine supplementation for the management of fatigue in patients with hypothyroidism on levothyroxine treatment: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Endocr J. 2016;63(10):885-95. PubMed
  36. Chen N, Yang M, Zhou M, Xiao J, Guo J, He L. L-carnitine for cognitive enhancement in people without cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;3:CD009374. PubMed
  37. Khajeh B, Dashti-Khavidaki S, Nasiri-Toosi M, Mohammadi K, Jafari A. Effects of pre-transplant L-carnitine supplementation on primary graft dysfunction in liver transplant recipients: a pilot, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Res Pharm Sci. PubMed
  38. Kubota K, Uojima H, Shao X, et al. Additional L-carnitine Reduced the Risk of Hospitalization in Patients with Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy on Rifaximin. Dig Dis 2021. PubMed
  39. Amini L, Yaghini O, Ghazavi M, Aslani N. L-carnitine versus propranolol for pediatric migraine prophylaxis. Iran J Child Neurol 2021;15(2):77-86.
  40. Shakibaei F, Jelvani D. Effect of adding l -carnitine to risperidone on behavioral, cognitive, social, and physical symptoms in children and adolescents with autism: A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Neuropharmacol 2023;4 PubMed
  41. Moustafa I, Connolly C, Anis M, Mustafa H, Oosthuizen F, Viljoen M. A prospective study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vitamin E and levocarnitine prophylaxis against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in adult breast cancer patients. J Oncol Phar PubMed

See these in context on the L-carnitine monograph →

Agmatine 3 references
  1. Piletz JE, Aricioglu F, Cheng JT, et al. Agmatine: clinical applications after 100 years in translation. Drug Discov Today 2013;18(17-18):880-93. PubMed
  2. Keynan O, Mirovsky Y, Dekel S, Gilad VH, Gilad GM. Safety and efficacy of dietary agmatine sulfate in lumbar disc-associated radiculopathy. An open-label, dose-escalating study followed by a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pain Med 201 PubMed
  3. Shopsin B. The clinical antidepressant effect of exogenous agmatine is not reversed by parachlorophenylalanine: a pilot study. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2013;25(2):113-8. PubMed

See these in context on the Agmatine monograph →

Hordenine 3 references
  1. Barwell CJ, Basma AN, Lafi MA, Leake LD. Deamination of hordenine by monoamine oxidase and its action on vasa deferentia of the rat. J Pharm Pharmacol 1989;41(6):421-3. PubMed
  2. Nelson BC, Putzbach K, Sharpless KE, Sander LC. Mass spectrometric determination of the predominant adrenergic protoalkaloids in bitter orange (Citrus aurantium). J Agric Food Chem 2007;55(24):9769-75. PubMed
  3. Liu Y, Santillo MF. Cytochrome P450 2D6 and 3A4 enzyme inhibition by amine stimulants in dietary supplements. Drug Test Anal. 2016;8(3-4):307-10. PubMed

See these in context on the Hordenine monograph →

Cowhage 12 references
  1. McEvoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 1998.
  2. Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 1st ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc., 1998.
  3. Anon. Epidemiological notes and reports: Mucuna pruriens-associated pruritus--New Jersey. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1985;34:732-3.
  4. HP-200 in Parkinson's Disease study group. An alternative medicine treatment for Parkinson's disease: Results of a multicenter clinical trial. J Alt Comp Med 1995;1:249-55. DOI
  5. Infante ME, Perez AM, Simao MR, et al. Outbreak of acute toxic psychosis attributed to Mucuna pruriens. Lancet 1990;336:1129. PubMed
  6. Vaidya AB, Rajagopalan TG, Mankodi NA, et al. Treatment of Parkinson's disease with the cowhage plant-Mucuna pruriens Bak. Neurol India 1978;26:171-6.
  7. Vadivel V, Janardhanan K. Nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of velvet bean: an under-utilized food legume in south India. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2000;51:279-87. PubMed
  8. Akhtar MS, Qureshi AQ, Iqbal J. Antidiabetic evaluation of Mucuna pruriens, Linn seeds. J Pak Med Assoc 1990;40:147-50.
  9. Prakash, D., Niranjan, A., and Tewari, S. K. Some nutritional properties of the seeds of three Mucuna species. Int.J.Food Sci.Nutr. 2001;52(1):79-82.
  10. Vadivel, V. and Janardhanan, K. Nutritional and antinutritional characteristics of seven South Indian wild legumes. Plant Foods Hum.Nutr 2005;60(2):69-75. PubMed
  11. Creapure (Creatine Monohydrate). Toxicological Datasheet. Degussa BioActives. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/DOCKETS/.../95s-0316-rpt0154-54-Ref-50-vol112.pdf.
  12. Pulikkalpura H, Kurup R, Mathew PJ, Baby S. Levodopa in Mucuna pruriens and its degradation. Sci Rep 2015;5:11078. PubMed

See these in context on the Cowhage monograph →

N-methyltyramine 2 references
  1. Pawar RS, Grundel E. Overview of regulation of dietary supplements in the USA and issues of adulteration with phenethylamines (PEAs). Drug Test Anal 2017;9:500-517. PubMed
  2. Stohs SJ, Hartman MJ. A review of the receptor binding and pharmacological effects of N-methyltyramine. Phytother Res. 2015;29(1):14-6.

See these in context on the N-methyltyramine monograph →

Yohimbe 66 references
  1. Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
  2. McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
  3. Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 1st ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc., 1998.
  4. Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
  5. Milman N, Scheibel J, Jessen O. Lysine prophylaxis in recurrent herpes simplex labialis: a double-blind, controlled crossover study. Acta Derm Venereol 1980;60:85-7.
  6. Teloken C, Rhoden EL, Sogari P, et al. Therapeutic effects of high dose yohimbine hydrochloride on organic erectile dysfunction. J Urol 1998;159:122-4. PubMed
  7. Jacobsen FM. Fluoxetine-induced sexual dysfunction and an open trial of yohimbine. J Clin Psychiatry 1992;53:119-22.
  8. Hollander E, McCarley A. Yohimbine treatment of sexual side effects induced by serotonin reuptake blockers. J Clin Psychiatry 1992;53:207-9.
  9. Sandler B, Aronson P. Yohimbine-induced cutaneous drug eruption, progressive renal failure, and lupus-like syndrome. Urol 1993;41:343-5. PubMed
  10. Kearney T, Tu N, Haller C. Adverse drug events associated with yohimbine-containing products: a retrospective review of the California Poison Control System reported cases. Ann Pharmacother 2010;44:1022-9. PubMed
  11. VandenBrink, B. M., Foti, R. S., Rock, D. A., Wienkers, L. C., and Wahlstrom, J. L. Prediction of CYP2D6 drug interactions from in vitro data: evidence for substrate-dependent inhibition. Drug Metab Dispos. 2012;40(1):47-53. PubMed
  12. Abebe, W. An overview of herbal supplement utilization with particular emphasis on possible interactions with dental drugs and oral manifestations. J Dent.Hyg. 2003;77(1):37-46.
  13. Mustonen, P., Savola, J., and Lassila, R. Atipamezole, an imidazoline-type alpha(2)-adrenoceptor inhibitor, binds to human platelets and inhibits their adrenaline-induced aggregation more effectively than yohimbine. Thromb.Res 8-1-2000;99(3):231-237.
  14. Cameron, O. G., Zubieta, J. K., Grunhaus, L., and Minoshima, S. Effects of yohimbine on cerebral blood flow, symptoms, and physiological functions in humans. Psychosom.Med 2000;62(4):549-559. PubMed
  15. Bowes, M. P., Peters, R. H., Kernan, W. J., Jr., and Hopper, D. L. Effects of yohimbine and idazoxan on motor behaviors in male rats. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1992;41(4):707-713.
  16. Bagheri, H., Schmitt, L., Berlan, M., and Montastruc, J. L. Effect of 3 weeks treatment with yohimbine on salivary secretion in healthy volunteers and in depressed patients treated with tricyclic antidepressants. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992;34(6):555-558. PubMed
  17. Bagheri, H., Bompart, G., Girolami, J. P., Montastruc, J. L., and Montastruc, P. Is yohimbine-induced increase in salivary secretion a kinin-dependent mechanism? Fundam.Clin Pharmacol 1992;6(1):17-20. PubMed
  18. Swann, A. C., Birnbaum, D., Jagar, A. A., Dougherty, D. M., and Moeller, F. G. Acute yohimbine increases laboratory-measured impulsivity in normal subjects. Biol.Psychiatry 5-15-2005;57(10):1209-1211. PubMed
  19. Adeniyi, A. A., Brindley, G. S., Pryor, J. P., and Ralph, D. J. Yohimbine in the treatment of orgasmic dysfunction. Asian J Androl 2007;9(3):403-407. PubMed
  20. Murburg, M. M., Villacres, E. C., Ko, G. N., and Veith, R. C. Effects of yohimbine on human sympathetic nervous system function. J Clin Endocrinol.Metab 1991;73(4):861-865. PubMed
  21. Giampreti, A., Lonati, D., Locatelli, C., Rocchi, L., and Campailla, M. T. Acute neurotoxicity after yohimbine ingestion by a body builder. Clin Toxicol.(Phila) 2009;47(8):827-829. PubMed
  22. Bloomer, R. J., Canale, R. E., Blankenship, M. M., Hammond, K. G., Fisher-Wellman, K. H., and Schilling, B. K. Effect of the dietary supplement Meltdown on catecholamine secretion, markers of lipolysis, and metabolic rate in men and women: a randomized,
  23. Myers, A. and Barrueto, F., Jr. Refractory priapism associated with ingestion of yohimbe extract. J Med Toxicol. 2009;5(4):223-225.
  24. Berlin, I., Crespo-Laumonnier, B., Cournot, A., Landault, C., Aubin, F., Legrand, J. C., and Puech, A. J. The alpha 2-adrenergic receptor antagonist yohimbine inhibits epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol.Ther. 199
  25. Swann, A. C. Mechanisms of impulsivity in bipolar disorder and related illness. Epidemiol.Psichiatr.Soc. 2010;19(2):120-130.
  26. Shibao, C., Okamoto, L. E., Gamboa, A., Yu, C., Diedrich, A., Raj, S. R., Robertson, D., and Biaggioni, I. Comparative efficacy of yohimbine against pyridostigmine for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension in autonomic failure. Hypertension 2010;56(5) PubMed
  27. Soeter, M. and Kindt, M. Stimulation of the noradrenergic system during memory formation impairs extinction learning but not the disruption of reconsolidation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012;37(5):1204-1215. PubMed
  28. Cimolai, N. and Cimolai, T. Yohimbine use for physical enhancement and its potential toxicity. J Diet.Suppl 2011;8(4):346-354. PubMed
  29. Bagheri, H., Berlan, M., Montastruc, J. L., and Montastruc, P. Yohimbine and lacrimal secretion. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1990;30(1):151-152.
  30. Landis, E. and Shore, E. Yohimbine-induced bronchospasm. Chest 1989;96(6):1424. PubMed
  31. Susset, J. G., Tessier, C. D., Wincze, J., Bansal, S., Malhotra, C., and Schwacha, M. G. Effect of yohimbine hydrochloride on erectile impotence: a double-blind study. J Urol. 1989;141(6):1360-1363. PubMed
  32. Chatelut, E., Rispail, Y., Berlan, M., and Montastruc, J. L. Yohimbine increases human salivary secretion. Br.J Clin Pharmacol. 1989;28(3):366-368. PubMed
  33. Montastruc, P., Berlan, M., and Montastruc, J. L. Effects of yohimbine on submaxillary salivation in dogs. Br J Pharmacol 1989;98(1):101-104. PubMed
  34. Charney, D. S., Price, L. H., and Heninger, G. R. Desipramine-yohimbine combination treatment of refractory depression. Implications for the beta-adrenergic receptor hypothesis of antidepressant action. Arch.Gen.Psychiatry 1986;43(12):1155-1161. PubMed
  35. Braddock, L., Cowen, P. J., Elliott, J. M., Fraser, S., and Stump, K. Binding of yohimbine and imipramine to platelets in depressive illness. Psychol.Med 1986;16(4):765-773. PubMed
  36. Bolme, P., Corrodi, H., Fuxe, K., Hokfelt, T., Lidbrink, P., and Goldstein, M. Possible involvement of central adrenaline neurons in vasomotor and respiratory control. Studies with clonidine and its interactions with piperoxane and yohimbine. Eur J Pharm PubMed
  37. Charney, D. S., Heninger, G. R., and Sternberg, D. E. Assessment of alpha 2 adrenergic autoreceptor function in humans: effects of oral yohimbine. Life Sci 6-7-1982;30(23):2033-2041.
  38. Boon, N. A., Elliott, J. M., Grahame-Smith, D. G., John-Green, T., and Stump, K. A comparison of alpha 2-adrenoreceptor binding characteristics of intact human platelets identified by [3H]-yohimbine and [3H]- dihydroergocryptine. J Auton.Pharmacol 1983;3
  39. Andrejak, M., Ward, M., and Schmitt, H. Cardiovascular effects of yohimbine in anaesthetized dogs. Eur.J Pharmacol 10-28-1983;94(3-4):219-228. PubMed
  40. Brodde, O. E., Anlauf, M., Arroyo, J., Wagner, R., Weber, F., and Buck, K. D. Hypersensitivity of adrenergic receptors and blood-pressure response to oral yohimbine in orthostatic hypotension. N.Engl.J Med 4-28-1983;308(17):1033-1034. PubMed
  41. Charney, D. S., Heninger, G. R., and Redmond, D. E., Jr. Yohimbine induced anxiety and increased noradrenergic function in humans: effects of diazepam and clonidine. Life Sci. 7-4-1983;33(1):19-29. PubMed
  42. Knoll, L. D., Benson, R. C., Jr., Bilhartz, D. L., Minich, P. J., and Furlow, W. L. A randomized crossover study using yohimbine and isoxsuprine versus pentoxifylline in the management of vasculogenic impotence. J Urol. 1996;155(1):144-146. DOI
  43. Betz, J. M., White, K. D., and der Marderosian, A. H. Gas chromatographic determination of yohimbine in commercial yohimbe products. J AOAC Int 1995;78(5):1189-1194. DOI
  44. Bagheri, H., Chale, J. J., Guyen, L. N., Tran, M. A., Berlan, M., and Montastruc, J. L. Evidence for activation of both adrenergic and cholinergic nervous pathways by yohimbine, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist. Fundam.Clin Pharmacol 1995;9(3):248-254.
  45. Kennedy, S. H., Gnam, W., Ralevski, E., and Brown, G. M. Melatonin responses to clonidine and yohimbine challenges. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1995;20(4):297-304.
  46. Musso, N. R., Vergassola, C., Pende, A., and Lotti, G. Yohimbine effects on blood pressure and plasma catecholamines in human hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1995;8(6):565-571. PubMed
  47. Morgan, C. A., III, Southwick, S. M., Grillon, C., Davis, M., Krystal, J. H., and Charney, D. S. Yohimbine-facilitated acoustic startle reflex in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1993;110(3):342-346. PubMed
  48. Adler, L. E., Hoffer, L., Nagamoto, H. T., Waldo, M. C., Kisley, M. A., and Giffith, J. M. Yohimbine impairs P50 auditory sensory gating in normal subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 1994;10(4):249-257. PubMed
  49. Biaggioni, I., Robertson, R. M., and Robertson, D. Manipulation of norepinephrine metabolism with yohimbine in the treatment of autonomic failure. J Clin Pharmacol. 1994;34(5):418-423. PubMed
  50. Kenney, W. L., Zappe, D. H., Tankersley, C. G., and Derr, J. A. Effect of systemic yohimbine on the control of skin blood flow during local heating and dynamic exercise. Am J Physiol 1994;266(2 Pt 2):H371-H376. PubMed
  51. Friesen, K., Palatnick, W., and Tenenbein, M. Benign course after massive ingestion of yohimbine. J Emerg.Med 1993;11(3):287-288. PubMed
  52. Bierer, L. M., Aisen, P. S., Davidson, M., Ryan, T. M., Stern, R. G., Schmeidler, J., and Davis, K. L. A pilot study of oral physostigmine plus yohimbine in patients with Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis.Assoc.Disord. 1993;7(2):98-104. PubMed
  53. Mann, K., Klingler, T., Noe, S., Roschke, J., Muller, S., and Benkert, O. Effects of yohimbine on sexual experiences and nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity in erectile dysfunction. Arch.Sex Behav. 1996;25(1):1-16. PubMed
  54. Rowland, D. L., Kallan, K., and Slob, A. K. Yohimbine, erectile capacity, and sexual response in men. Arch Sex Behav 1997;26(1):49-62.
  55. Bremner, J. D., Innis, R. B., Ng, C. K., Staib, L. H., Salomon, R. M., Bronen, R. A., Duncan, J., Southwick, S. M., Krystal, J. H., Rich, D., Zubal, G., Dey, H., Soufer, R., and Charney, D. S. Positron emission tomography measurement of cerebral metaboli
  56. Riley AJ, Goodman R, Kellett JM, and et al. Double blind trial of yohimbine hydrochloride in the treatment of erection inadequacy. Sexual Marital Ther 1989;4(1):17-26. DOI
  57. Cohen PA, Wang YH, Maller G, DeSouza R, Khan IA. Pharmaceutical quantities of yohimbine found in dietary supplements in the USA. Drug Test Anal. 2015 Sep 22. PubMed
  58. Ruck B, Shih RD, Marcus SM. Hypertensive crisis from herbal treatment of impotence. Am J Emerg Med. 1999;17:317-318. PubMed
  59. Wylie KR. Yohimbine and sinusitis. Br J Psychiatry. 1996;169(3):384-5. PubMed
  60. Le Corre P, Parmer RJ, Kailasam MT, et al. Human sympathetic activation by alpha2-adrenergic blockade with yohimbine: Bimodal, epistatic influence of cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004;76(2):139-53.
  61. Mueller-Schoell A, Michelet R, Weinelt F, Kloft C, Mikus G. CYP2D6 phenotype explains reported yohimbine concentrations in four severe acute intoxications. Arch Toxicol. 2021. PubMed
  62. Bharucha AE, Skaar T, Andrews CN, et al Relationship of cytochrome P450 pharmacogenetics to the effects of yohimbine on gastrointestinal transit and catecholamines in healthy subjects. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2008;20(8):891-9. PubMed
  63. Schmauss M, Laakmann G, Dieterle D. Effects of alpha 2-receptor blockade in addition to tricyclic antidepressants in therapy-resistant depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1988;8(2):108-11.
  64. Haron MH, Dale O, Martin K, et al. Evaluation of the Herb-Drug Interaction Potential of Commonly Used Botanicals on the US Market with Regard to PXR- and AhR-Mediated Influences on CYP3A4 and CYP1A2. J Diet Suppl 2022. PubMed
  65. Hodapp B, Haggerty A, Feldman R, Timpe J. Intracranial hemorrhage after a single dose of Yohimbine in a chronic user of clonidine. Am J Emerg Med 2022;62:145. PubMed
  66. Vay M, Meyer MJ, Blank A, et al. Oral yohimbine as a new probe drug to predict CYP2D6 activity: results of a fixed-sequence phase I trial. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2020;59(7):927-939. PubMed

See these in context on the Yohimbe monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

Keep exploring