Major interaction on record — check this product against your medications before combining. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Estro Flavone Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Premier Research Labs

Estro Flavone label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Major
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Estro Flavone against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Major

Estro Flavone is a dietary supplement by Premier Research Labs with 11 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for estrogen/hormone balance, acne and hormonal skin issues, prostate health support.Based on those ingredients, 1,503 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated major. The ingredients most likely to interact are Green Tea Leaf Extract, Turmeric, Chinese Salvia. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Estro Flavone by Premier Research Labs

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Estro Flavone by Premier Research Labs — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Estro Flavone by Premier Research Labs

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 23, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 1 of its 11 active ingredients.
  • “Ultra Phyto-Support” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (210 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “Estro Pro Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (100 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

Estro Flavone contains 11 active ingredients. The formula includes milk thistle seed extract, green tea leaf extract, diindolylmethane, turmeric, American ginseng, beet, Ceylon cinnamon, fennel, Chinese salvia (danshen), parsley, and cordyceps mycelia extract.

Two of those—Ultra Phyto-Support and Estro Pro Blend—are proprietary ingredient combinations. The product also contains cellulose and water as inactive ingredients.

Does it work?

Couldn't assess
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not assessable

We hold no graded evidence for this product's ingredients for its stated purpose.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: healthy hormone support especially natural estrogen.
  • We looked for evidence on: hormone balance, estrogen metabolism, endocrine function.
  • Our graded evidence for these ingredients doesn't cover that particular purpose.

The evidence for effectiveness varies across the individual ingredients and proposed uses. Green tea extract is rated likely effective for human papillomavirus (HPV) and possibly effective for ovarian cancer and high cholesterol.

Milk thistle is possibly effective for type 2 diabetes. Turmeric is possibly effective for depression, high cholesterol, and allergies.

American ginseng is possibly effective for upper respiratory infections. Beet is possibly effective for athletic performance and exercise-related muscle soreness.

Fennel is possibly effective for menstrual pain. However, most of the other ingredients lack sufficient evidence in the data we hold—diindolylmethane, Ceylon cinnamon, Chinese salvia, parsley, and cordyceps all show insufficient reliable evidence or possibly ineffective ratings for the conditions they are traditionally used for.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Diindolylmethane American Ginseng Beet Ceylon Cinnamon Fennel Danshen Parsley Cordyceps

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 11 of the 11 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 11 of 11.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 11 of 11.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

The individual ingredients are generally well tolerated, but there are important caveats. Milk thistle, green tea extract, turmeric, and American ginseng have all been associated with rare liver injury, especially at concentrated supplement doses or with long-term use.

Green tea is also linked to rare cases of liver damage and anaphylaxis in sensitive individuals. Turmeric has been reported to cause liver damage in at least 70 cases.

The most common mild side effects across these ingredients are gastrointestinal—nausea, diarrhea, bloating, and dyspepsia—though these typically occur at rates no higher than placebo. Rare serious effects include allergic reactions (milk thistle, green tea, fennel, parsley) and one case of possible ischemic stroke associated with diindolylmethane.

During pregnancy, the safety picture is mixed: milk thistle and turmeric are rated likely safe or possibly safe, but others like American ginseng, fennel, parsley, and cordyceps lack sufficient safety data or are rated possibly unsafe. During breastfeeding, most ingredients either lack data or should be used with caution because caffeine (from green tea) passes into breast milk.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Diindolylmethane American Ginseng Beet Ceylon Cinnamon Fennel Danshen Parsley Cordyceps

Meds to double-check

Major interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Major identified

At least one ingredient has a documented Major-severity interaction. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 11 of the 11 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Milk Thistle, Beet, Fennel, Ceylon Cinnamon, Cordyceps, among others.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Major.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; cancer treatments; diabetes medications; heart-rhythm medications; lithium.
  • For scale: 1,504 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check with your doctor or pharmacist before taking this product if you're on any of these: blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs (warfarin, clopidogrel, aspirin, and others) — Major risk from green tea, American ginseng, Chinese salvia, fennel, parsley, and cordyceps; nadolol or other beta blockers — Major risk from green tea; ephedrine or similar stimulants — Major risk from green tea; atorvastatin or other statins — Major risk from green tea; digoxin (a heart drug) — Major risk from Chinese salvia. Additionally, antidiabetes drugs, seizure medications, antihypertensive drugs, immunosuppressants, and many drugs processed by your liver all carry moderate-to-major interaction risks from various ingredients.

Because no interactions are documented for the ingredient blends Ultra Phyto-Support and Estro Pro Blend, you'll want to confirm their component list with the manufacturer if detailed ingredient information matters for your situation.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with no assessable stated purpose. Major medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product may appeal to people interested in supporting hormone balance or general wellness with botanical ingredients, but it's not a simple choice if you take any medications. The 1,504 individual medications affected across these ingredients mean there's a real chance of an interaction with a prescription you're on.

Before starting it, check your medications through the tool on this page or talk with your doctor or pharmacist—especially if you take blood thinners, heart drugs, diabetes medications, seizure drugs, or are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 11 of 11 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Oct 24, 2023.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Estro Flavone, straight from the product label.

Brand Premier Research Labs
Barcode (UPC) 807735024512
Net contents 60 Plant-Source Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Oct 24, 2023
DSLD ID 297527
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Kosher
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Estro Flavone by Premier Research Labs, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
60
UPC/BARCODE
807735024512
IngredientAmount% DV
Milk Thistle Seed Extract0 NP--
Green Tea Leaf Extract0 NP--
Diindolylmethane113 mg--
Turmeric0 NP--
American Ginseng0 NP--
Beet0 NP--
Ceylon Cinnamon0 NP--
Fennel0 NP--
Chinese Salvia0 NP--
Parsley0 NP--
Cordyceps Mycelia Extract0 NP--
Ultra Phyto-Support210 mg--
Estro Pro Blend100 mg--

Other ingredients: Cellulose, Water

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Use: Take 1 capsule, 2 times daily or as directed by a health professional.

Formula

Healthy hormone support, especially natural estrogen, for women and men.

Features DIM (diindolylmethane) with two biocompatible botanic support blends

OU (Kosher) We are proud to offer many OU Kosher Certified Products.

Estro Flavone with DIM & Salvia

Natural Estrogen support for women and men

Seals/Symbols

OU (Kosher)

Precautions

Tamper Seal: Use only if inner seal is intact.

As with all hormone related products, consult your health care practitioner if you are pregnant or nursing, taking medications or have a medical condition before taking this or any other product.

Keep out of reach of children.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Formulation

PRL's Quality Guarantee Purity Verified Plant-derived Potency verified No radiation sterilization FDA-Monitored cGMP Facility

No added undesirable excipients Phytoforensic tested for adulterants Pathogen tested by microbiology Heavy metal tested

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Estro Flavone by Premier Research Labs label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Estro Flavone label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Estro Flavone by Premier Research Labs

These are the 11 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container60 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Diindolylmethane

Interacts with
269 drugs
113 mg per serving

Diindolylmethane (DIM) is a compound made when your body digests cruciferous vegetables, and it is sold as a supplement mainly for hormone balance and...

Diindolylmethane monograph & interactions

Ultra Phyto-Support

210 mg per serving

Estro Pro Blend

100 mg per serving

Other (inactive) ingredients: Cellulose, Water. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Estro Flavone by Premier Research Labs Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Estro Flavone?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,503Drugs
136 Major 1,351 Moderate 16 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Green Tea Leaf Extract 1,293
Turmeric 1,133
Chinese Salvia 1,059
Milk Thistle Seed Extract 954
Beet 861

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Estro Flavone interact with 1,503 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

11 of the 11 ingredients in Estro Flavone interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Green Tea Leaf Extract Turmeric Chinese Salvia Milk Thistle Seed Extract Beet Fennel Parsley Diindolylmethane Ceylon Cinnamon Cordyceps Mycelia Extract American Ginseng

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Estro Flavone with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Green Tea Leaf Extract58 drug types · 1,293 drugs

Atorvastatin (Lipitor)

Green tea extract seems to reduce the levels and clinical effects of atorvastatin.
In healthy humans, taking green tea extract 300 mg or 600 mg along with atorvastatin reduces plasma levels of atorvastatin by approximately 24%. The elimination of atorvastatin is not affected. Atorvastatin is a substrate of organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs). Research shows that two of the major catechins found in green tea, epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), inhibit OATPs. Some OATPs are expressed in the small intestine and are responsible for the uptake of drugs and other compounds, which may have resulted in reduced plasma levels of atorvastatin. It is not clear if drinking green tea alters the absorption of atorvastatin.

Likelihood Likely Evidence B
Ephedrine

Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the risk for stimulant adverse effects.
Green tea contains caffeine. There is evidence that using ephedrine with caffeine might increase the risk of serious life-threatening or debilitating adverse effects such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, seizures, and death.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Nadolol (Corgard)

Green tea seems to reduce the levels and clinical effects of nadolol.
Preliminary clinical research shows that green tea consumption reduces plasma concentrations of nadolol. Compared to a control group, both peak levels and total drug exposure (AUC) of nadolol were reduced by approximately 85% in subjects who drank green tea daily for two weeks. Drinking green tea with nadolol also significantly reduced nadolol's systolic blood pressure lowering effect. Other clinical research shows that a single dose of green tea can affect plasma nadolol levels for at least one hour. Green tea catechins have been shown to inhibit organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP), one of which, OATP1A2, is involved in the uptake of nadolol in the intestine The interaction is thought to be due primarily to the epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) content of green tea.

Likelihood Likely Evidence B
5-Fluorouracil

Theoretically, high doses of green tea might increase the effects and side effects of 5-fluorouracil.
Animal research shows that taking green tea in amounts equivalent to about 6 cups daily in humans for 4 weeks prior to receiving a single injection of 5-fluorouracil increases the maximum plasma levels of 5-fluorouracil by about 2.5-fold and the area under the curve by 425%.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Adenosine (Adenocard)

Theoretically, green tea might decrease the vasodilatory effects of adenosine and interfere with its use prior to stress testing.
Green tea contains caffeine. Caffeine is a competitive inhibitor of adenosine at the cellular level. However, caffeine doesn't seem to affect supplemental adenosine because high interstitial levels of adenosine overcome the antagonistic effects of caffeine. It is recommended that methylxanthines and methylxanthine-containing products be stopped 24 hours prior to pharmacological stress tests. However, methylxanthines appear more likely to interfere with dipyridamole (Persantine) than adenosine-induced stress testing.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, green tea may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Conflicting reports exist regarding the effect of green tea on bleeding risk when used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs; however, most evidence suggests that drinking green tea in moderate amounts is unlikely to cause a significant interaction. Green tea contains small amounts of vitamin K, approximately 7 mcg per cup. Some case reports have associated the antagonism of warfarin with the vitamin K content of green tea. However, these reports are rare, and very large doses of green tea (about 8-16 cups daily) appear to be needed to cause these effects. Furthermore, the catechins and caffeine in green tea are reported to have antiplatelet activity.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence D
Beta-Adrenergic Agonists

Green tea contains caffeine. Theoretically, concomitant use of large amounts of caffeine might increase cardiac inotropic effects of beta-agonists.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Bortezomib (Velcade)

Theoretically, green tea might interfere with the effects of bortezomib.
In vitro research shows that green tea polyphenols, such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), interact with bortezomib and block its proteasome inhibitory action. This prevents the induction of cell death in multiple myeloma or glioblastoma cancer cell lines. Advise patients taking bortezomib, not to take green tea.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)

Theoretically, green tea might reduce the effects of carbamazepine and increase the risk for convulsions.
Green tea contains caffeine. Animal research suggests that taking caffeine can lower the anticonvulsant effects of carbamazepine and can induce seizures when taken in doses above 400 mg/kg. Human research has shown that taking caffeine 300 mg in three divided doses along with carbamazepine 200 mg reduces the bioavailability of carbamazepine by 32% and prolongs the plasma half-life of carbamazepine 2-fold in healthy individuals.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Celiprolol (Celicard)

Theoretically, green tea might reduce the levels and clinical effects of celiprolol.
In a small human study, taking green tea daily for 4 days appears to decrease blood and urine levels of celiprolol by at least 98%. This interaction is possibly due to the inhibition of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP). Green tea catechins have been shown to inhibit organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP), one of which, OATP1A2, is found in the intestine The interaction is thought to be due primarily to the epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) content of green tea.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cimetidine (Tagamet)

Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the effects and adverse effects of caffeine in green tea.
Green tea contains caffeine. Cimetidine can reduce caffeine clearance by 31% to 42%.

Likelihood Likely Evidence B
Clozapine (Clozaril)

Theoretically, green tea might increase the levels and adverse effects of clozapine and acutely exacerbate psychotic symptoms.
Animal research suggests that, although green tea extract does not affect the elimination of clozapine, it delays the time to reach peak concentration and reduces the peak plasma levels. Also, concomitant administration of green tea and clozapine might theoretically cause acute exacerbation of psychotic symptoms due to the caffeine in green tea. Caffeine can increase the effects and toxicity of clozapine. Caffeine doses of 400-1000 mg daily inhibit clozapine metabolism. Clozapine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2). Researchers speculate that caffeine might inhibit CYP1A2. However, there is no reliable evidence that caffeine affects CYP1A2. There is also speculation that genetic factors might make some patients be more sensitive to the interaction between clozapine and caffeine.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Contraceptive Drugs

Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the effects and adverse effects of caffeine found in green tea.
Green tea contains caffeine. Oral contraceptives can decrease caffeine clearance by 40% to 65%.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Inhibitors

Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
Green tea contains caffeine. Caffeine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2),. Theoretically, drugs that inhibit CYP1A2 may decrease the clearance rate of caffeine from green tea and increase caffeine levels.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Dipyridamole (Persantine)

Theoretically, green tea might decrease the vasodilatory effects of dipyridamole and interfere with its use prior to stress testing.
Green tea contains caffeine. Caffeine might inhibit dipyridamole-induced vasodilation. It is recommended that methylxanthines and methylxanthine-containing products be stopped 24 hours prior to pharmacological stress tests. Methylxanthines appear more likely to interfere with dipyridamole (Persantine) than adenosine-induced stress testing.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Disulfiram (Antabuse)

Theoretically, disulfiram might increase the risk of adverse effects from caffeine.
In human research, disulfiram decreases the clearance and increases the half-life of caffeine.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Diuretic Drugs

Theoretically, using green tea with diuretic drugs might increase the risk of hypokalemia.
Green tea contains caffeine. In excessive amounts, caffeine can reduce potassium levels due to stimulation of the sodium-potassium pump. Diuretics can also cause lower potassium levels.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Estrogens

Theoretically, estrogens might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
Green tea contains caffeine. Estrogen inhibits caffeine metabolism.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Ethosuximide (Zarontin)

Theoretically, green tea might reduce the effects of ethosuximide and increase the risk for convulsions.
Green tea contains caffeine. Animal research suggests that caffeine 92.4 mg/kg can decrease the anticonvulsant activity of ethosuximide. However, this effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Felbamate (Felbatol)

Theoretically, green tea might reduce the effects of felbamate and increase the risk for convulsions.
Green tea contains caffeine. Animal research suggests that a high dose of caffeine 161.7 mg/kg can decreases the anticonvulsant activity of felbamate. However, this effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Fexofenadine (Allegra)

Green tea can decrease blood levels of fexofenadine.
Clinical research shows that green tea can significantly decrease blood levels and excretion of fexofenadine. Taking green tea extract with a dose of fexofenadine decreased bioavailability of fexofenadine by about 30%. In vitro, green tea inhibits the cellular accumulation of fexofenadine by inhibiting the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) drug transporter. Research shows that two of the major catechins found in green tea, epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), inhibit OATPs, specifically OATP1A2, OATP1B1, and OATP2B1. In addition, green tea has been shown to reduce the absorption of some drugs that are OATP substrates.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Flutamide (Eulexin)

Theoretically, green tea might increase the levels and adverse effects of flutamide.
Green tea contains caffeine. In vitro evidence suggests that caffeine can inhibit the metabolism of flutamide. Theoretically, concomitant use of caffeine and flutamide might increase serum concentrations of flutamide and increase the risk adverse effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Fluvoxamine (Luvox)

Theoretically, fluvoxamine might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
Green tea contains caffeine. Fluvoxamine reduces caffeine metabolism.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Hepatotoxic Drugs

Theoretically, concomitant use might have additive adverse hepatotoxic effects.
Green tea extract supplements have been linked to several cases of hepatotoxicity and might have additive hepatotoxic effects with other drugs..

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence D
Imatinib (Gleevec)

Theoretically, green tea might reduce the levels and clinical effects of imatinib.
In animal research, a single dose of green tea extract reduces the area under the curve (AUC) of imatinib by up to approximately 64% and its main metabolite N-desmethyl imatinib by up to approximately 81%. This interaction has not been shown in humans. The mechanism of action is unclear but may involve multiple pathways.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Green Tea Leaf Extract full monograph & all 58 interactions

Turmeric24 drug types · 1,133 drugs

Alkylating Agents

Turmeric has antioxidant effects. Theoretically, this may reduce the activity of chemotherapy drugs that generate free radicals. However, research is conflicting.
In vitro research suggests that curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, inhibits mechlorethamine-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells by up to 70%. Also, animal research shows that curcumin inhibits cyclophosphamide-induced tumor regression. However, some in vitro research shows that curcumin does not affect the apoptosis capacity of etoposide. Also, other laboratory research suggests that curcumin might augment the cytotoxic effects of alkylating agents. Reasons for the discrepancies may relate to the dose of curcumin and the specific chemotherapeutic agent. Lower doses of curcumin might have antioxidant effects while higher doses might have pro-oxidant effects. More evidence is needed to determine what effect, if any, turmeric might have on alkylating agents.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Amlodipine (Norvasc)

Taking turmeric with amlodipine may increase levels of amlodipine.
Animal research shows that giving amlodipine 1 mg/kg as a single dose following the use of turmeric extract 200 mg/kg daily for 2 weeks increases the maximum concentration and area under the curve by 53% and 56%, respectively, when compared with amlodipine alone. Additional animal research shows that taking amlodipine 1 mg/kg with a curcumin 2 mg/kg pretreatment for 10 days increases the maximum concentration and area under the curve by about 2-fold when compared with amlodipine alone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Turmeric may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs. However, research is conflicting.
Curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, has demonstrated antiplatelet effects in vitro. Furthermore, two case reports have found that taking turmeric along with warfarin or fluindione was associated with an increased international normalized ratio (INR). However, one clinical study in healthy volunteers shows that taking curcumin 500 mg daily for 3 weeks, alone or with aspirin 100 mg, does not increase antiplatelet effects or bleeding risk. It is possible that the dose of turmeric used in this study was too low to produce a notable effect.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking turmeric with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Animal research and case reports suggest that curcumin, a turmeric constituent, can reduce blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes. Furthermore, clinical research in adults with type 2 diabetes shows that taking curcumin 475 mg daily for 10 days prior to taking glyburide 5 mg decreased postprandial glucose levels for up to 24 hours when compared with glyburide alone, despite the lack of a significant pharmacokinetic interaction. Other clinical studies in patients with diabetes show that taking curcumin daily can reduce blood glucose levels when compared with placebo.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antitumor Antibiotics

Turmeric has antioxidant effects. Theoretically, this may reduce the activity of chemotherapy drugs that generate free radicals. However, research is conflicting.
In vitro and animal research shows that curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, inhibits doxorubicin-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells by up to 65%. However, curcumin does not seem to affect the apoptosis capacity of daunorubicin. In fact, some research shows that curcumin might augment the cytotoxic effects of antitumor antibiotics, increasing their effectiveness. Reasons for the discrepancies may relate to the dose of curcumin and the chemotherapeutic agent. Lower doses of curcumin might have antioxidant effects while higher doses might have pro-oxidant effects. More evidence is needed to determine what effects, if any, antioxidants such as turmeric have on antitumor antibiotics.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Turmeric might increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
In vitro and animal research show that turmeric and its constituents curcumin and curcuminoids inhibit CYP3A4. Also, 8 case reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) adverse drug reaction database describe increased toxicity in patients taking turmeric and cancer medications that are CYP3A4 substrates, including everolimus, ruxolitinib, ibrutinib, and palbociclib, and bortezomib. In another case report, a transplant patient presented with acute nephrotoxicity and elevated tacrolimus levels after consuming turmeric powder at a dose of 15 or more spoonfuls daily for ten days prior. It was thought that turmeric increased levels of tacrolimus due to CYP3A4 inhibition.
Conversely, other in vitro research suggests that turmeric induces CYP3A4 activity, leading to reduced levels of CYP3A4 substrates. An animal model suggests that induction of CYP3A4 occurs after daily curcumin use for 1 week. However, the induction of CYP3A4 by turmeric has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Hepatotoxic Drugs

Theoretically, turmeric might increase the risk of liver damage when taken with hepatotoxic drugs.
There is concern that turmeric might cause hepatotoxicity, especially when highly bioavailable formulations are used in high doses.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Methotrexate (Trexall, Others)

Theoretically, turmeric might have additive effects when used with hepatotoxic drugs such as methotrexate.
In one case report, a 39-year-old female taking methotrexate, turmeric, and linseed oil developed hepatotoxicity.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide Substrates (Oatp)

Theoretically, turmeric might increase blood levels of OATP4C1 substrates.
In vitro research shows that the turmeric constituent curcumin competitively inhibits OATP4C1 transport. This transporter is expressed in the kidney and facilitates the renal excretion of certain drugs. Theoretically, taking turmeric might decrease renal excretion of OATP substrates.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)

Turmeric might increase the effects and adverse effects of sulfasalazine.
Clinical research shows that taking the turmeric constituent, curcumin, can increase blood levels of sulfasalazine by 3.2-fold.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Tacrolimus (Prograf)

Turmeric might increase the effects and adverse effects of tacrolimus.
In one case report, a transplant patient presented with acute nephrotoxicity and elevated tacrolimus levels of 29 ng/mL. The patient previously had tacrolimus levels within the therapeutic range at 9.7 ng/mL. Ten days prior to presenting at the emergency room the patient started consumption of turmeric powder at a dose of 15 or more spoonfuls daily. It was thought that turmeric increased levels of tacrolimus due to cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibition. In vitro and animal research show that turmeric and its constituent curcumin inhibit CYP3A4.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Talinolol

Turmeric may reduce the absorption of talinolol in some situations.
Clinical research shows that taking curcumin for 6 days decreases the bioavailability of talinolol when taken together on the seventh day. The clinical significance of this effect is unclear.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)

Theoretically, turmeric might reduce the levels and clinical effects of tamoxifen.
In a small clinical trial in patients with breast cancer taking tamoxifen 20-30 mg daily, adding curcumin 1200 mg plus piperine 10 mg three times daily reduces the 24-hour area under the curve of tamoxifen and the active metabolite endoxifen by 12.8% and 12.4%, respectively, as well as the maximum concentrations of tamoxifen, when compared with tamoxifen alone. However, in the absence of piperine, the area under the curve for endoxifen and the maximum concentration of tamoxifen were not significantly reduced. Effects were most pronounced in patients who were extensive cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 metabolizers.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Topoisomerase I Inhibitors

Turmeric has antioxidant effects. There is some concern that this may reduce the activity of chemotherapy drugs that generate free radicals. However, research is conflicting.
In vitro research shows that curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, inhibits camptothecin-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells by up to 71%. However, other in vitro research shows that curcumin augments the cytotoxic effects of camptothecin. Reasons for the discrepancies may relate to the dose of curcumin and the chemotherapeutic agents. Lower doses of curcumin might have antioxidant effects while higher doses might have pro-oxidant effects. More evidence is needed to determine what effect, if any, turmeric might have.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tramadol (Ultram)

Theoretically, turmeric might increase or decrease levels of tramadol.
Animal research suggests that a single dose of curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, may increase tramadol's maximum concentration (Cmax) by inhibiting metabolism, while continued daily use for 7 days may reduce the area under the curve (AUC) due to the induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes such as cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Turmeric might increase the risk of bleeding with warfarin.
One case of increased international normalized ratio (INR) has been reported for a patient taking warfarin who began taking turmeric. Prior to taking turmeric, the patient had stable INR measurements. Within a few weeks of starting turmeric supplementation, the patient's INR increased to 10. Additionally, curcumin, the active constituent in turmeric, has demonstrated antiplatelet effects in vitro, which may produce additive effects when taken with warfarin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, turmeric might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2. However, research is conflicting.
In vitro and animal research show that the turmeric constituent, curcumin, inhibits CYP1A2. However, other in vitro research suggests that curcumin does not significantly affect CYP1A2.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Docetaxel (Taxotere)

Theoretically, turmeric might increase blood levels of oral docetaxel.
Animal research suggests that the turmeric constituent, curcumin, enhances the oral bioavailability of docetaxel. However, the significance of this interaction is unclear, as this drug is typically administered intravenously in clinical settings.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Estrogens

Theoretically, large amounts of turmeric might interfere with hormone replacement therapy through competition for estrogen receptors.
In vitro research shows that curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, displaces the binding of estrogen to its receptors.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Glyburide (Diabeta, Others)

Theoretically, taking turmeric and glyburide in combination might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Clinical research shows that taking curcumin 475 mg daily for 10 days prior to taking glyburide 5 mg increases blood levels of glyburide by 12% at 2 hours after the dose in patients with type 2 diabetes. While maximal blood concentrations of glyburide were not affected, turmeric modestly decreased postprandial glucose levels for up to 24 hours when compared to glyburide alone, possibly due to the hypoglycemic effect of turmeric demonstrated in animal research.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Losartan (Cozaar)

Theoretically, turmeric might increase the effects of losartan.
Research in hypertensive rats shows that taking turmeric can increase the hypotensive effects of losartan.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Norfloxacin (Noroxin)

Theoretically, turmeric might increase the effects and adverse effects of norfloxacin.
Animal research shows that taking curcumin, a turmeric constituent, can increase blood levels of orally administered norfloxacin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
P-Glycoprotein Substrates

Theoretically, turmeric might increase the absorption of P-glycoprotein substrates.
In vitro and animal research shows that curcuminoids and other constituents found in turmeric can inhibit P-glycoprotein expression and activity.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Paclitaxel (Abraxane, Onxol)

Theoretically, turmeric might alter blood levels of paclitaxel, although any effect may not be clinically relevant.
Clinical research in adults with breast cancer receiving intravenous paclitaxel suggests that taking turmeric may modestly alter paclitaxel pharmacokinetics. Patients received paclitaxel on day 1, followed by either no treatment or turmeric 2 grams daily from days 2-22. Pharmacokinetic modeling suggests that turmeric reduces the maximum concentration and area under the curve of paclitaxel by 12.1% and 7.7%, respectively. However, these changes are not likely to be considered clinically relevant. Conversely, animal research suggests that curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, enhances the oral bioavailability of paclitaxel. However, the significance of this interaction is unclear, as this drug is typically administered intravenously in clinical settings.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Turmeric full monograph & interactions

Chinese Salvia16 drug types · 1,059 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, danshen may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Danshen has been reported to have antithrombotic effects. Animal research also suggests that taking a danshen combination formula with clopidogrel exhibits a synergistic increase in antiplatelet aggregation and prolongation of coagulation time when compared with either taken alone.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Digoxin (Lanoxin)

Theoretically, using danshen with digoxin might increase the risk of adverse effects.
Danshen has structural and pharmacological similarities to cardiac glycosides.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Amlodipine (Norvasc)

Theoretically, taking danshen in combination with amlodipine may decrease the clinical effects of amlodipine.
In animal research, taking danshen orally in combination with amlodipine reduced blood levels of amlodipine by about 52%. This may have been due to induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) by danshen, which has been demonstrated in vitro. So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, taking danshen with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Animal research suggests that danshen can produce dose-dependent hypotensive effects. Furthermore, concomitant use with captopril appears to potentiate this effect.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Aspirin

Theoretically, danshen may increase the levels of aspirin and the risk of bleeding.
Research in healthy adult males shows that taking a combination of danshen and kudzu with aspirin increases plasma aspirin area under the curve by approximately 3.4-fold. Animal research also shows that taking a combination of danshen and kudzu (danshen-gegen formula) with aspirin increases maximal blood levels of aspirin and salicylic acid by approximately 4-fold and 3.7-fold, respectively, without impacting blood loss. Taking danshen increases the antiplatelet activity of aspirin and might increase the side effects of aspirin.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Clopidogrel (Plavix)

Theoretically, danshen may increase the risk of bleeding if taken with clopidogrel.
Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet prodrug that is metabolized by carboxyl esterase 1 (CES1) to an inactive metabolite. Animal research shows that a danshen combination formula decreases the activity of CES1, decreasing levels of the inactive metabolite in the blood and possibly increasing levels of the active metabolite. Animal research also suggests that taking a danshen combination formula with clopidogrel exhibits a synergistic increase in antiplatelet aggregation and prolongation of coagulation time when compared with either taken alone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, danshen may increase the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
In vitro research shows that danshen tincture and various constituents of danshen inhibit the activity of CYP1A2. However, this activity has not been shown in humans when theophylline, a CYP1A2 substrate, was used as a target drug.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, danshen may increase the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
In vitro research shows that various constituents of danshen inhibit the activity of CYP2C9. So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (Cyp2E1) Substrates

Theoretically, danshen may increase the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
In vitro research shows that various constituents of danshen inhibit the activity of CYP2E1. So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Danshen might alter the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Preliminary clinical research in healthy males shows that the administration of danshen for 10-14 days induces intestinal CYP3A4 and increases the clearance of midazolam, a CYP3A4 substrate. The maximum concentration of midazolam was decreased by 31% to 67%, and drug levels were decreased by 27% to 80%. However, a single dose of danshen has the opposite effect, increasing maximum concentrations of midazolam by 87%.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Fexofenadine (Allegra)

Danshen might increase the levels and clinical effects of fexofenadine.
Pharmacokinetic research in healthy volunteers shows that taking danshen extract 1 gram three times daily for 10 days prior to receiving fexofenadine 60 mg increases peak levels of fexofenadine, a p-glycoprotein substrate, by 27.4% and area under the curve (AUC) by 37.2%.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Glucuronidated Drugs

Theoretically, danshen might affect the levels and clinical effects of drugs requiring glucuronidation.
In vitro research shows that danshen induces the expression of glucuronosyltransferases. However, it also inhibits the activity of glucuronosyltransferases, including various members of the 1A and 2B families. The extent of inhibition of a specific glucuronosyltransferase seems to be dependent on whether or not the danshen is processed via 'sweating'. This type of processing may affect the levels of constituents in danshen that alter glucuronosyltransferase activity. So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Midazolam (Versed)

Danshen might alter the levels and clinical effects of midazolam.
Preliminary clinical research in healthy males shows that the administration of danshen for 10-14 days induces intestinal CYP3A4 and increases midazolam clearance. The maximum concentration was decreased by 31% to 67%, and drug levels were decreased by 27% to 80%. However, a single dose of danshen has the opposite effect, increasing maximum concentrations of midazolam by 87%.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
P-Glycoprotein Substrates

Danshen might alter the levels of drugs cleared by p-glycoprotein.
Pharmacokinetic research in healthy volunteers suggests that danshen might affect p-glycoprotein activity. Taking danshen extract 1 gram three times daily for 10 days prior to receiving fexofenadine 60 mg increases peak levels of fexofenadine, a p-glycoprotein substrate, by 27.4% and area under the curve (AUC) by 37.2%.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Rosuvastatin (Crestor)

Theoretically, danshen might increase the levels and clinical effects of rosuvastatin.
Animal research shows that a single dose of danshen increases levels of rosuvastatin at least 2-fold, possibly by increasing absorption and/or decreasing elimination. So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, danshen may increase the risk of bleeding if used with warfarin.
There have been several case reports of increased international normalized ratio (INR) after concomitant use of danshen and warfarin. Elevations in INR have occurred as early as 3-5 days after start of danshen. However, a clinical trial in adults taking warfarin with stable INR found that the addition of compound danshen dripping pills, containing danshen extract, Panax notoginseng, and borneol, 270 mg three times daily for 4 weeks did not alter INR levels or the average required warfarin dose when compared to baseline. These findings are consistent with animal research, which found no change in warfarin pharmacokinetics with the use of danshen. Other research in healthy adult males also shows that taking a combination of danshen and kudzu with warfarin does not increases plasma warfarin area under the curve, but may reduce plasma soluble thrombomodulin levels. However, other research shows that danshen might increase the rate of absorption and decrease the elimination rate of warfarin. Also, research in healthy adult males shows that taking a combination of danshen and kudzu with warfarin increases plasma area under the curve of danshensu, a constituent of danshen, by approximately 29.5-fold. Danshen should be used cautiously in patients taking warfarin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Chinese Salvia full monograph & interactions

Milk Thistle Seed Extract17 drug types · 954 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Taking milk thistle with antidiabetes drugs may increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Clinical research shows that milk thistle extract, alone or along with tree turmeric extract, can lower blood glucose levels and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes, including those already taking antidiabetes drugs. Additionally, animal research shows that milk thistle extract increases the metformin maximum plasma concentration and area under the curve and decreases the renal clearance of metformin, due to inhibition of the multi-drug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1) renal tubular transport protein.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (Cyp2B6) Substrates

Theoretically, milk thistle might inhibit CYP2B6.
An in vitro study shows that silybin, a constituent of milk thistle, binds to and noncompetitively inhibits CYP2B6. Additionally, silybin might downregulate the expression of CYP2B6 by decreasing mRNA and protein levels.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Glucuronidated Drugs

Theoretically, milk thistle might affect the clearance of drugs that undergo glucuronidation.
Laboratory research shows that milk thistle constituents inhibit uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase (UGT), the major phase 2 enzyme that is responsible for glucuronidation. Theoretically, this could decrease the clearance and increase levels of glucuronidated drugs. Other laboratory research suggests that a milk thistle extract of silymarin might inhibit beta-glucuronidase, although the significance of this effect is unclear.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Ledipasvir

Theoretically, milk thistle might increase the levels and clinical effects of ledipasvir.
Animal research in rats shows that milk thistle increases the area under the curve (AUC) for ledipasvir and slows its elimination.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Morphine

Theoretically, concomitant use of milk thistle with morphine might affect serum levels of morphine and either increase or decrease its effects.
Animal research shows that milk thistle reduces serum levels of morphine by up to 66%. In contrast, laboratory research shows that milk thistle constituents inhibit uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase (UGT), the major phase 2 enzyme that is responsible for glucuronidation. Theoretically, this could decrease the clearance and increase morphine levels. The effect of taking milk thistle on morphine metabolism in humans is not known.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Raloxifene (Evista)

Theoretically, milk thistle might decrease the clearance and increase levels of raloxifene.
Laboratory research suggests that the milk thistle constituents silibinin and silymarin inhibit the glucuronidation of raloxifene in the intestines.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sirolimus (Rapamune)

Milk thistle might decrease the clearance of sirolimus.
Pharmacokinetic research shows that a milk thistle extract of silymarin decreases the apparent clearance of sirolimus in hepatically impaired renal transplant patients. It is unclear if this interaction occurs in patients without hepatic impairment.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Sofosbuvir (Solvaldi)

Theoretically, milk thistle might decrease the levels and clinical effects of sofosbuvir.
Animal research in rats shows that milk thistle reduces the metabolism of sofosbuvir, as well as the hepatic uptake of its active metabolite.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)

Theoretically, the milk thistle constituent silibinin might increase tamoxifen levels and interfere with its conversion to an active metabolite.
Animal research suggests that the milk thistle constituent silibinin might increase plasma levels of tamoxifen and alter its conversion to an active metabolite. The mechanism appears to involve inhibition of pre-systemic metabolism of tamoxifen by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 and CYP3A4, and inhibition of P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux of tamoxifen into the intestine for excretion. Whether this interaction occurs in humans is not known.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, milk thistle might increase the effects of warfarin.
In one case report, a man stabilized on warfarin experienced an increase in INR from 2.64 to 4.12 after taking a combination product containing milk thistle 200 mg daily, as well as dandelion, wild yam, niacinamide, and vitamin B12. Levels returned to normal after stopping the supplement. Although a direct correlation between milk thistle and the change in INR cannot be confirmed, some in vitro research suggests that milk thistle might inhibit cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9), an enzyme involved in the metabolism of various drugs, including warfarin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

It is unclear if milk thistle inhibits CYP2C9; research is conflicting.
In vitro research suggests that milk thistle might inhibit CYP2C9. Additionally, 3 case reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) adverse drug reaction database describe increased toxicity in patients taking milk thistle and cancer medications that are CYP2C9 substrates, including imatinib and capecitabine. However, contradictory clinical research shows that milk thistle extract does not inhibit CYP2C9 or significantly affect levels of the CYP2C9 substrate tolbutamide. Differences in results could be due to differences in dosages or formulations utilized.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

It is unclear if milk thistle inhibits CYP3A4; research is conflicting.
While laboratory research shows conflicting results, pharmacokinetic research shows that taking milk thistle extract 420-1350 mg daily does not significantly affect the metabolism of the CYP3A4 substrates irinotecan, midazolam, or indinavir. However, 8 case reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) adverse drug reaction database describe increased toxicity in patients taking milk thistle and cancer medications that are CYP3A4 substrates, including gefitinib, sorafenib, doxorubicin, and vincristine.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence D
Estrogens

Theoretically, milk thistle might interfere with estrogen therapy through competition for estrogen receptors.
Animal research suggests that a milk thistle extract of silymarin binds to estrogen receptor beta.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Hmg-Coa Reductase Inhibitors ("Statins")

Theoretically, milk thistle might interfere with statin therapy by decreasing the activity of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATB1B1) and inhibiting breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP).
Preliminary evidence suggests that a milk thistle extract of silymarin can decrease the activity of the OATP1B1, which transports HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors into the liver to their site of action, and animal research shows this increases the maximum plasma concentration of pitavastatin and pravastatin. The silibinin component also inhibits BCRP, which transports statins from the liver into the bile for excretion. However, in a preliminary study in healthy males, silymarin 140 mg three times daily had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of a single 10 mg dose of rosuvastatin.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence D
Indinavir (Crixivan)

Theoretically, milk thistle may induce cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzymes and increase the metabolism of indinavir; however, results are conflicting.
One pharmacokinetic study shows that taking milk thistle (Standardized Milk Thistle, General Nutrition Corp.) 175 mg three times daily in combination with multiple doses of indinavir 800 mg every 8 hours decreases the mean trough levels of indinavir by 25%. However, results from the same pharmacokinetic study show that milk thistle does not affect the overall exposure to indinavir. Furthermore, two other pharmacokinetic studies show that taking specific milk thistle extract (Legalon, Rottapharm Madaus; Thisilyn, Nature's Way) 160-450 mg every 8 hours in combination with multiple doses of indinavir 800 mg every 8 hours does not reduce levels of indinavir.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide Substrates (Oatp)

Milk thistle may inhibit one form of OATP, OATP-B1, which could reduce the bioavailability and clinical effects of OATP-B1 substrates.
In vitro research shows that milk thistle inhibits OATP-B1. Two case reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) adverse drug reaction database describe increased toxicity in patients taking milk thistle and cancer medications that are OATP substrates, including sorafenib and methotrexate. OATPs are expressed in the small intestine and liver and are responsible for the uptake of drugs and other compounds into the body. Inhibition of OATP may reduce the bioavailability of oral drugs that are substrates of OATP.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
P-Glycoprotein Substrates

Theoretically, milk thistle might increase the absorption of P-glycoprotein substrates. However, this effect does not seem to be clinically significant.
In vitro research shows that milk thistle can inhibit P-glycoprotein activity and 1 case report from the World Health Organization (WHO) adverse drug reaction database describes increased abdominal pain in a patient taking milk thistle and the cancer medication vincristine, a P-glycoprotein substrate, though this patient was also taking methotrexate. However, a small pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers shows that taking milk thistle (Enzymatic Therapy Inc.) 900 mg, standardized to 80% silymarin, in 3 divided doses daily for 14 days does not affect absorption of digoxin, a P-glycoprotein substrate.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Milk Thistle Seed Extract full monograph & interactions

Beet3 drug types · 861 drugs

Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, beet might increase the levels of CYP3A4 substrates.
In vitro research suggests that betanin, the major pigment in beet, competitively inhibits CYP3A4 in a dose-dependent manner similarly to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Beet and beetroot contain nitrates, which can cause vasodilation, potentially leading to lower blood pressure. However, a study published in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition using concentrated beetroot juice found no significant impact on blood pressure or heart rate in different age groups. Other small clinical studies suggest that while beet consumption might transiently lower blood pressure due to vessel dilation, there's no consistent evidence of a lasting effect. Overall, the theoretical risk of reduced blood pressure due to beet's nitrate content exists, but studies generally indicate a low and temporary impact rather than a sustained decrease.

Likelihood Possible Evidence A
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, beet might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
In vitro research suggests that beet induces CYP1A2 enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Beet full monograph & interactions

Fennel6 drug types · 740 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, fennel might increase the risk of bleeding when used with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs.

Animal research suggests that fennel oil has antithrombotic and antiplatelet effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)

Theoretically, fennel might decrease the levels and clinical effects of ciprofloxacin.

Animal research shows that fennel reduces ciprofloxacin bioavailability by nearly 50%, possibly due to the metal cations such as calcium, iron, and magnesium contained in fennel. This study also found that fennel increased tissue distribution and slowed elimination of ciprofloxacin.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Contraceptive Drugs

Theoretically, taking large amounts of fennel might decrease the effects of contraceptive drugs due to competition for estrogen receptors.

Some constituents of fennel have estrogenic activity.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, fennel might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.

In vitro research suggests that fennel inhibits CYP3A4 enzyme activity. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Estrogens

Theoretically, taking large amounts of fennel might interfere with hormone replacement therapy due to competition for estrogen receptors.

Some constituents of fennel have estrogenic activity.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)

Theoretically, taking large amounts of fennel might decrease the antiestrogenic effect of tamoxifen.

Some constituents of fennel have estrogenic activity, which may interfere with the antiestrogenic activity of tamoxifen.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Fennel full monograph & interactions

Parsley8 drug types · 443 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, parsley might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Animal research suggests that parsley has antiplatelet effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, parsley might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Animal research suggests that parsley might decrease blood glucose. Monitor blood glucose levels closely. Dose adjustments might be necessary.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, parsley might increase serum levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
Laboratory research suggests that parsley can inhibit CYP1A2.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Diuretic Drugs

Theoretically, parsley might enhance or interfere with the effects of diuretic drugs.
Animal research suggests that parsley seed extract increases urine elimination. Parsley leaf and root might also interfere with diuretic therapy due their purported aquaretic effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Pentobarbital (Nembutal)

Theoretically, parsley might increase the duration of pentobarbital effects.
Animal research suggests that parsley juice prolongs the action of pentobarbital, perhaps by decreasing cytochrome P450 levels. It is not known if this occurs in humans or if this applies to other barbiturates or sedatives.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sirolimus (Rapamune)

Theoretically, large quantities of parsley might increase sirolimus levels.
In one case report, an adult female with a history of kidney transplant presented with elevated blood sirolimus levels, approximately 4-7 times greater than previous measures, after daily consumption of a juice containing approximately 30 grams of parsley for 7 days. Sirolimus levels returned to normal a week after the parsley juice was discontinued.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, large amounts of parsley leaf and root might decrease the effects of warfarin.
Parlsey contains vitamin K.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Aspirin

Theoretically, aspirin might increase the severity of allergic reactions to parsley.
In one case, severe urticaria and swelling were reported after taking aspirin with parsley in an individual with a known mild parsley allergy.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence D
Parsley full monograph & interactions

Diindolylmethane3 drug types · 269 drugs

Diuretic Drugs

Theoretically, diindolylmethane might increase the risk of hyponatremia if used with sodium-depleting diuretics.
Large doses of diindolylmethane (600 mg daily) have been associated with two cases of asymptomatic hyponatremia in clinical research.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Estrogens

Theoretically, diindolylmethane might increase or decrease the effects of estrogens.
Diindolylmethane might have mild estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects. Theoretically, large amounts of diindolylmethane might interfere with hormone replacement therapy.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, diindolylmethane might lower serum levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
In vitro evidence suggests that diindolylmethane can induce CYP1A2. Theoretically, it might increase metabolism of CYP1A2 substrates and lower serum concentrations. This interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence D
Diindolylmethane full monograph & interactions

Ceylon Cinnamon2 drug types · 258 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, Ceylon cinnamon may have additive effects with antidiabetes drugs.
Ceylon cinnamon may lower blood glucose levels. Dose adjustments might be necessary.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, Ceylon cinnamon might have additive effects with antihypertensive drugs and increase the risk of hypotension.
Animal research shows that Ceylon cinnamon extract has vasorelaxant properties and reduces blood pressure in rat models of hypertension, possibly via inhibition of calcium influx through L-type voltage-sensitive channels.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Ceylon Cinnamon full monograph & interactions

Cordyceps Mycelia Extract3 drug types · 249 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, cordyceps may increase the risk of bleeding when used with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs.
In vitro and animal research suggests that cordyceps extract inhibits platelet aggregation and function. However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Theoretically, concurrent use of cordyceps might interfere with immunosuppressive therapy.
Animal and in vitro research suggests that cordyceps stimulates the immune system. However, limited clinical research suggests that taking cordyceps may lower the necessary therapeutic dose of the immunosuppressant cyclosporine, which suggests that cordyceps may have an immunosuppressive effect.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Testosterone

Theoretically, concurrent use of cordyceps and testosterone might have additive effects.
Animal research suggests that cordyceps can increase testosterone levels. The clinical significance of this finding is unclear.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cordyceps Mycelia Extract full monograph & interactions

American Ginseng4 drug types · 217 drugs

Warfarin (Coumadin)

American ginseng seems to decrease the effectiveness of warfarin therapy.
Healthy patients receiving warfarin 5 mg daily, who also take American ginseng 1 gram twice daily, seem to have a significantly reduced international normalized ratio (INR).

Likelihood Likely Evidence B
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking American ginseng with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
American ginseng seems to lower postprandial blood glucose. Theoretically, concomitant use with antidiabetes drugs might enhance blood glucose lowering effects and possibly cause hypoglycemia.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Immunosuppressants

Theoretically, American ginseng use might interfere with immunosuppressive therapy.
American ginseng seems to stimulate immune function. Theoretically, American ginseng might decrease the effectiveness of immunosuppressant drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (Maois)

Theoretically, American ginseng can interfere with MAOI therapy.
There is one case report of insomnia, headache, and tremors when an unspecified ginseng product was used with phenelzine (Nardil), an MAOI. There is also one case report of hypomania when an unspecified ginseng product was used with phenelzine. Theoretically, American ginseng may interfere with MAOI therapy.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
American Ginseng full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Estro Flavone, from the product label.

Premier Research Labs

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Premier Research Labs
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Estro Flavone by Premier Research Labs: Common Questions

Does Estro Flavone by Premier Research Labs interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Estro Flavone has a known interaction with 1,503 medications, including 136 rated major. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Estro Flavone contains 11 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take this if I'm pregnant?
The safety data is mixed and incomplete. Milk thistle and turmeric are rated likely safe, but American ginseng, fennel, parsley, and cordyceps either lack sufficient data or carry possible safety concerns in pregnancy. Because two of the proprietary blends have no separate safety information, there isn't enough data to know whether the full product is safe during pregnancy—talk with your doctor or pharmacist before taking it.
Can I take this while breastfeeding?
There are cautions to know. Green tea extract contains caffeine, which passes into breast milk, so large amounts could affect your baby. Diindolylmethane lacks breastfeeding safety data. Other ingredients either have no data on file or are advised against. Keep any use moderate and discuss it with your doctor or pharmacist first.
What are the most common side effects?
Gastrointestinal discomfort is the most common—nausea, diarrhea, bloating, constipation, and indigestion. These typically occur at rates no higher than placebo. Headache, dizziness, and changes in urine or stool color (reddish from beet) have also been reported but are usually harmless.
Is green tea extract in this product the same as drinking green tea?
No, not exactly. Green tea extract is concentrated, meaning you're getting more of the active compounds in a smaller amount than you would from brewing tea. Concentrated extracts carry a higher risk of side effects, including rare liver injury, than regular tea consumption.
Does this product actually work for hormone balance?
The evidence varies by ingredient and isn't fully established in the data we hold. Milk thistle is possibly effective for diabetes, turmeric for depression and inflammation, and fennel for menstrual pain—but many of the other ingredients in this blend lack sufficient research to say whether they work for hormone-related uses. This product isn't proven for hormone balance as a whole.
Why is there such a high interaction count?
Some of these ingredients, especially milk thistle and the green tea extract, interact with dozens of medications because they affect how your liver metabolizes drugs. A single enzyme your body uses to break down medications can process many different prescriptions, so changes to that enzyme's activity can ripple across many drugs at once.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Estro Flavone label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Estro Flavone’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Diindolylmethane

Interacts with 269 drugs

Diindolylmethane (DIM) is a compound made when your body digests cruciferous vegetables, and it is sold as a supplement mainly for hormone balance and cancer prevention. Although early lab s...

Read the full Diindolylmethane monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

American Ginseng

Interacts with 217 drugs

American ginseng is an herbal root used as an 'adaptogen' to support energy, stress, immune function, and blood sugar. Some uses—such as reducing the chance or length of colds and modestly l...

Read the full American Ginseng monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Beet

Interacts with 861 drugs

Beet, especially beetroot juice, is a nitrate-rich food that may modestly lower blood pressure and slightly improve exercise performance in some people. It is generally safe as a food, but s...

Read the full Beet monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Ceylon Cinnamon

Interacts with 258 drugs

Ceylon cinnamon is the so-called 'true' cinnamon, valued as a spice and used in traditional medicine for blood sugar, cholesterol, and digestion. Evidence for most health benefits is limited...

Read the full Ceylon Cinnamon monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Fennel

Interacts with 740 drugs

Fennel is a Mediterranean herb widely used as a food and spice, and traditionally taken for digestive complaints, colic, and menstrual cramps. Some small studies suggest possible benefit for...

Read the full Fennel monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Danshen

Interacts with 1,059 drugs

Danshen is a root used in traditional Chinese medicine, mainly for heart and circulation problems. Some early research is promising, but the evidence is not strong enough to confirm it works...

Read the full Danshen monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Parsley

Interacts with 443 drugs

Parsley is a popular culinary herb that is safe to eat in normal food amounts and is a good source of vitamins K and C. It is traditionally used as a diuretic and for digestion, but solid hu...

Read the full Parsley monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Cordyceps

Interacts with 249 drugs

Cordyceps is a fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine for energy, exercise performance, and lung and immune support. Human research is limited and mostly low quality, so its benefits ar...

Read the full Cordyceps monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Milk Thistle

Interacts with 954 drugs

Milk thistle is a popular herbal supplement most often used for liver health, and its main active component is a group of compounds called silymarin. While it is generally well tolerated, th...

Read the full Milk Thistle monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Green Tea

Interacts with 1,293 drugs

Green tea is a popular beverage rich in antioxidants called catechins, and drinking it in normal amounts is considered safe for most people. Concentrated green tea extracts are a different s...

Read the full Green Tea monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Turmeric

Interacts with 1,133 drugs

Turmeric is a popular spice whose main active compounds, curcuminoids, are studied mostly for inflammation and joint pain. Some research is promising, but quality is mixed and curcumin is po...

Read the full Turmeric monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Estro Flavone's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 532 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Milk Thistle 69 references
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  2. Anon. Milk thistle: Effects on liver disease and cirrhosis and clinical adverse effects. Summary, Evidence Report/Technology Assessment: Number 21, September 2000. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. Available at: http://www.ahrq.g
  3. Beckmann-Knopp S, Rietbrock S, Weyhenmeyer R, et al. Inhibitory effects of silibinin on cytochrome P-450 enzymes in human liver microsomes. Pharmacol Toxicol 2000;86:250-6. PubMed
  4. Venkataramanan R, Ramachandran V, Komoroski BJ, et al. Milk thistle, a herbal supplement, decreases the activity of CYP3A4 and uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase in human hepatocyte cultures. Drug Metab Dispos 2000;28:1270-3. DOI
  5. Kim DH, Jin YH, Park JB, Kobashi K. Silymarin and its components are inhibitors of beta-glucuronidase. Biol Pharm Bull 1994;17:443-5. PubMed
  6. Pares A, Planas R, Torres M, et al. Effects of silymarin in alcoholic patients with cirrhosis of the liver: results of a controlled, double-blind, randomized and multicenter trial. J Hepatol 1998;28:615-21. PubMed
  7. Piscitelli SC, Formentini E, Burstein AH, et al. Effect of milk thistle on the pharmacokinetics of indinavir in healthy volunteers. Pharmacotherapy 2002;22:551-6. PubMed
  8. Boerth J, Strong KM. The clinical utility of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) in cirrhosis of the liver. J Herb Pharmacother 2002;2:11-7.
  9. Tanamly MD, Tadros F, Labeeb S, et al. Randomised double-blinded trial evaluating silymarin for chronic hepatitis C in an Egyptian village: study description and 12-month results. Dig Liver Dis 2004;36:752-9. PubMed
  10. Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. In vivo assessment of botanical supplementation on human cytochrome P450 phenotypes: Citrus aurantium, Echinacea purpurea, milk thistle, and saw palmetto. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;76:428-40. .
  11. Huseini HF, Larijani B, Heshmat R, et al. The efficacy of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (silymarin) in the treatment of type II diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Phytother Res 2006;20;1036-9.
  12. Deng JW, Shon JH, Shin HJ, et al. Effect of silymarin supplement on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. Pharm Res 2008;25:1807-14. PubMed
  13. Kim CS, Choi SJ, Park CY, et al. Effects of silybinin on the pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen and its active metabolite, 4-hydroxytamoxifen in rats. Anticancer Res 2010;30:79-85.
  14. Sridar C, Goosen TC, Kent UM, et al. Silybin inactivates cytochromes P450 3A4 and 2C9 and inhibits major hepatic glucuronosyltransferases. Drug Metab Dispos 2004;32:587-94. PubMed
  15. van Erp NP, Baker SD, Zhao M, et al. Effect of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) on the pharmacokinetics of irinotecan. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:7800-6.
  16. Budzinski JW, Trudeau VL, Drouin CE, et al. Modulation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in Caco-2 cell monolayers by selected commercial-source milk thistle and goldenseal products. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007;85:966-78.
  17. Doehmer J, Weiss G, McGregor GP, Appel K. Assessment of a dry extract from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) for interference with human liver cytochrome-P450 activities. Toxicol In Vitro 2011;25:21-7. PubMed
  18. Jiao Z, Shi XJ, Li ZD, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of sirolimus in de novo Chinese adult renal transplant patients. Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol. 2009;68(1):47-60.
  19. Gurley, B. J., Barone, G. W., Williams, D. K., Carrier, J., Breen, P., Yates, C. R., Song, P. F., Hubbard, M. A., Tong, Y., and Cheboyina, S. Effect of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) supplementation on digoxin phar
  20. Allain, H., Schuck, S., Lebreton, S., Strenge-Hesse, A., Braun, W., Gandon, J. M., and Brissot, P. Aminotransferase levels and silymarin in de novo tacrine-treated patients with Alzheimer's disease. Dement.Geriatr.Cogn Disord. 1999;10(3):181-185. PubMed
  21. Angulo, P., Patel, T., Jorgensen, R. A., Therneau, T. M., and Lindor, K. D. Silymarin in the treatment of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis with a suboptimal response to ursodeoxycholic acid. Hepatology 2000;32(5):897-900. PubMed
  22. Bean, P. The use of alternative medicine in the treatment of hepatitis C. Am.Clin.Lab 2002;21(4):19-21.
  23. Hussain, S. A. Silymarin as an adjunct to glibenclamide therapy improves long-term and postprandial glycemic control and body mass index in type 2 diabetes. J.Med.Food 2007;10(3):543-547. PubMed
  24. El-Kamary, S. S., Shardell, M. D., Abdel-Hamid, M., Ismail, S., El-Ateek, M., Metwally, M., Mikhail, N., Hashem, M., Mousa, A., Aboul-Fotouh, A., El-Kassas, M., Esmat, G., and Strickland, G. T. A randomized controlled trial to assess the safety and effic
  25. Gharagozloo, M., Moayedi, B., Zakerinia, M., Hamidi, M., Karimi, M., Maracy, M., and Amirghofran, Z. Combined therapy of silymarin and desferrioxamine in patients with beta-thalassemia major: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Fundam.Clin.Pharmaco
  26. Ladas, E. J., Kroll, D. J., Oberlies, N. H., Cheng, B., Ndao, D. H., Rheingold, S. R., and Kelly, K. M. A randomized, controlled, double-blind, pilot study of milk thistle for the treatment of hepatotoxicity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL PubMed
  27. Sayyah, M., Boostani, H., Pakseresht, S., and Malayeri, A. Comparison of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. with fluoxetine in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Prog.Neuropsychopharmacol.Biol.Psychiatry 3-17-2010;34(2):362-365. PubMed
  28. Flaig, T. W., Glode, M., Gustafson, D., van, Bokhoven A., Tao, Y., Wilson, S., Su, L. J., Li, Y., Harrison, G., Agarwal, R., Crawford, E. D., Lucia, M. S., and Pollak, M. A study of high-dose oral silybin-phytosome followed by prostatectomy in patients w
  29. Ramirez-Santos, A., Perez-Bustillo, A., Gonzalez-Sixto, B., Suarez-Amor, O., and Rodriguez-Prieto, M. A. [Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis due to milk thistle (Silybum marianum) tea]. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2011;102(9):744-745. DOI
  30. Loguercio C, Andreone P, Brisc C, et al. Silybin combined with phosphatidylcholine and vitamin E in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. Free Radic Biol Med 2012;52(9):1658-65. PubMed
  31. Yakoot, M. and Salem, A. Spirulina platensis versus silymarin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. A pilot randomized, comparative clinical trial. BMC.Gastroenterol. 2012;12:32. PubMed
  32. Fallahzadeh, M. K., Dormanesh, B., Sagheb, M. M., Roozbeh, J., Vessal, G., Pakfetrat, M., Daneshbod, Y., Kamali-Sarvestani, E., and Lankarani, K. B. Effect of addition of silymarin to renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on proteinuria in type 2 diabetic
  33. Fried, M. W., Navarro, V. J., Afdhal, N., Belle, S. H., Wahed, A. S., Hawke, R. L., Doo, E., Meyers, C. M., and Reddy, K. R. Effect of silymarin (milk thistle) on liver disease in patients with chronic hepatitis C unsuccessfully treated with interferon t
  34. Fallah Huseini, H., Larijani, B., Fakhrzadeh, H., Rajabi Pour, B., Akhondzadeh, S., Toliat, T., and Heshmat, R. The clinical trial of Silybum Marianum seed extract (Silymarin) on type II diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia. Iran J.Diabetes Lipid Disord
  35. Mironets VI, Krasovskaia EA, and Polishchuk II. [A case of urticaria during Carsil treatment]. Vrach Delo 1990;7:86-87.
  36. Velussi M, Cernigoi AM, Viezzoli L, and et al. Silymarin reduces hyperinsulinemia, malondialdehyde levels, and daily insulin need in cirrhotic diabetic patients. Curr Ther Res 1993;53(5):533-545. DOI
  37. Marcelli R, Bizzoni P, Conte D, and et al. Randomized controlled study of the efficacy and tolerability of a short course of IdB 1016 in the treatment of chronic persistent hepatitis. Eur Bull Drug Res 1992;1(3):131-135.
  38. Vailati A, Aristia L, Sozze E, and et al. Randomized open study of the dose-effect relationship of a short course of IdB 1016 in patients with viral or alcoholic hepatitis. Fitoterapia 1993;64(3):219-228.
  39. Marena C and Lampertico M. Preliminary clinical development of silipide: a new complex of silybin in toxic liver disorders. Planta Med 1991;57(2):A124-A125. DOI
  40. Grungreiff K, Albrecht M, and Strenge-Hesse A. Benefit of medicinal liver therapy in general practice. Med Welt 1995;46:222-227.
  41. Frerick F, Kuhn U, and Strenge-Hesse A. Silymarin--ein Phytopharmakon zur Behandlung toxischen Leberschaden: Anwendungsbeobachtung bei 2169 Patienten. Kassenarzt 1990;33:36-41.
  42. Schuppan D, Strosser W, Burkard G, and et al. Influence of Legalon(TM) 140 on the metabolism of collagen in patients with chronic liver disease--Review by measurement of PIIINP-values. Zeitschrift fur Allgemeinmedizin 1998;74:577-584.
  43. Studlar M. Die Behandlung chronischer Leberkrankungen mit Silymarin und B-Vitaminen. Therapiewoche 1985;35:3375-3378.
  44. Anon. Adverse reaction: milk thistle-associated toxicity. Nurse Drug Alert 1999;23(7):51.
  45. Gufford BT, Chen G, Vergara AG, et al. Milk Thistle Constituents Inhibit Raloxifene Intestinal Glucuronidation: A Potential Clinically Relevant Natural Product-Drug Interaction. Drug Metab Dispos. 2015;43(9):1353-9. PubMed
  46. El-Shitany NA, Hegazy S, El-Desoky K. Evidences for antiosteoporotic and selective estrogen receptor modulator activity of silymarin compared with ethinylestradiol in ovariectomized rats. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(2):116-25. PubMed
  47. Seidlová-Wuttke D, Becker T, Christoffel V, Jarry H, Wuttke W. Silymarin is a selective estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) agonist and has estrogenic effects in the metaphysis of the femur but no or antiestrogenic effects in the uterus of ovariectomized (ovx
  48. Jalloh MA, Gregory PJ, Hein D, et al. Dietary supplement interactions with antiretrovirals: a systematic review. Int J STD AIDS. 2017 Jan;28(1):4-15. PubMed
  49. Derosa G, Romano D, D'Angelo A, Maffioli P. Berberis aristata/Silybum marianum fixed combination (Berberol(®)) effects on lipid profile in dyslipidemic patients intolerant to statins at high dosages: a randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Phyto PubMed
  50. Luangchosiri C, Thakkinstian A, Chitphuk S, Stitchantrakul W, Petraksa S, Sobhonslidsuk A. A double-blinded randomized controlled trial of silymarin for the prevention of antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015;15:334. PubMed
  51. Kawaguchi-Suzuki M, Frye RF, Zhu HJ, et al. The effects of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) on human cytochrome P450 activity. Drug Metab Dispos. 2014;42(10):1611-6. PubMed
  52. Rastegarpanah M, Malekzadeh R, Vahedi H, et al. A randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of silymarin in ulcerative colitis. Chin J Integr Med. 2015;21(12):902-6. PubMed
  53. Di Pierro F, Bellone I, Rapacioli G, Putignano P. Clinical role of a fixed combination of standardized Berberis aristata and Silybum marianum extracts in diabetic and hypercholesterolemic patients intolerant to statins. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2015;8:8 PubMed
  54. Di Pierro F, Villanova N, Agostini F, Marzocchi R, Soverini V, Marchesini G. Pilot study on the additive effects of berberine and oral type 2 diabetes agents for patients with suboptimal glycemic control. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2012;5:213-7. PubMed
  55. Guarino G, Strollo F, Carbone L, et al. Bioimpedance analysis, metabolic effects and safety of the association Berberis aristata/Bilybum marianum: a 52-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. J Biol Regul Homeos
  56. Ebrahimpour-Koujan S, Gargari BP, Mobasseri M, Valizadeh H, Asghari-Jafarabadi M. Lower glycemic indices and lipid profile among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients who received novel dose of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (silymarin) extract supplement: A T
  57. Lash DB, Ward S. CYP2C9-mediated warfarin and milk thistle interaction. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2019. PubMed
  58. Malekshah RE, Khaleghian A. Influence of Silybum marianum on morphine addicted rats, biochemical parameters and molecular simulation studies on µ-opioid receptor. Drug Res (Stuttg). 2019;69(11):630-638. PubMed
  59. Soleymani S, Ayati MH, Mansourzadeh MJ, Namazi N, Zargaran A. The effects of Silymarin on the features of cardiometabolic syndrome in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res. 2022 Jan 11. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7364. PubMed
  60. Gamissans M, Expósito-Serrano V, López-Llunell C, Valdivieso L, Garbayo-Salmons P. Bullous pemphigoid triggered by Silybum marianum: an unexpected side effect of an herbal remedy. Int J Dermatol. 2021 Aug 7. doi: 10.1111/ijd.15822. PubMed
  61. Aboras SI, Korany MA, El-Yazbi AF, Ragab MAA, Abdine HH. In-depth investigation of the Silymarin effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of sofosbuvir, GS-331007 and ledipasvir in rat plasma using LC-MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2022;36(9):e5427. PubMed
  62. Wattanakrai P, Nimmannitya K. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Split-Face Study of Topical Silymarin vs 2% Hydroquinone Cream in Melasmas. J Drugs Dermatol 2022;21(12):1304-1310. PubMed
  63. Pochet S, Lechon AS, Lescrainier C, et al. Herb-anticancer drug interactions in real life based on VigiBase, the WHO global database. Sci Rep 2022;12(1):14178. PubMed
  64. Zhang W, Zhang Y, Wen C, Jiang X, Wang L. In vitro Assessment of the Effects of Silybin on CYP2B6-mediated Metabolism. Planta Med 2023. PubMed
  65. Bechtold BJ, Lynch KD, Oyanna VO, et al. Rifampin- and Silymarin-Mediated Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Exogenous and Endogenous Substrates in a Transgenic OATP1B Mouse Model. Mol Pharm 2024;21(5):2284-2297. PubMed
  66. Mohammadi S, Asbaghi O, Afrisham R, et al. Impacts of Supplementation with Silymarin on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024;13(4):390. PubMed
  67. Rustamzadeh A, Sadigh N, Vahabi Z, et al. Effects silymarin and rosuvastatin on amyloid-carriers level in dyslipidemic Alzheimer's patients: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024;17:108-121. PubMed
  68. Fatemi Shandiz A, Karimi G, Dayyani M, Hosseini S, Elyasi S. Evaluation of oral silymarin formulation efficacy in prevention of doxorubicin induced hepatotoxicity in patients with non-metastatic breast cancer. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2024. PubMed
  69. Duan X, Bai W, Hu J, et al. Inhibitory effect of flavonoids on multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 function: Implications for food/herb-drug interaction and drug-induced kidney injury. J Appl Toxicol 2024;44(9):1388-1402. PubMed

See these in context on the Milk Thistle monograph →

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American Ginseng 12 references
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Beet 14 references
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Ceylon Cinnamon 22 references
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Fennel 17 references
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Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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