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Dietary supplement

Enduralean Candy Necklace Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by InnovaPharm

Enduralean Candy Necklace label
See full label image
Powder Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Major
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Enduralean Candy Necklace against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Major

Enduralean Candy Necklace is a dietary supplement by InnovaPharm with 2 active ingredients.Based on those ingredients, 1,691 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated major. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Enduralean Candy Necklace by InnovaPharm

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Enduralean Candy Necklace by InnovaPharm — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Enduralean Candy Necklace by InnovaPharm

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 23, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 0 of its 14 active ingredients.
  • “Enduralean Synergy Complex” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (1,958 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “Mind-Muscle Performance Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label doesn't break down how much of each component you get.
  • “Targeted Fat Melting Matrix” is a proprietary blend — the label doesn't break down how much of each component you get.

Enduralean Candy Necklace contains 14 ingredients, including the active compounds L-tyrosine, choline bitartrate, caffeine anhydrous, ashwagandha root extract, higenamine HCl, Terminalia arjuna bark extract, rauwolscine, and 13-PPAR (goldthread). It also includes alpha-hydroxy-isocaproic acid, Intellectus, N,N-dimethylphenethylamine, Biophytum root extract, and N-coumaroyldopamine.

The product contains inactive ingredients—sucralose, erythritol, bitterness blocker, natural and artificial flavor, citric acid, and silica—used as sweeteners, flavor, and texture support.

Does it work?

Strong evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Strong

Clinical evidence supports at least one of this product's ingredients for its stated purpose.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: endurance, fat loss, focus and energy.
  • We looked for evidence on: Athletic performance, Fatigue, Cognitive function, weight management, metabolic support, mental alertness.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Caffeine is rated "Likely Effective" for Athletic performance (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Caffeine is rated "Likely Effective" for Mental alertness.
  • Also on file: Tyrosine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Cognitive function.

The evidence for most of Enduralean's ingredients is limited or not well established. Caffeine is likely effective for mental alertness and athletic performance, and effective for treating neonatal apnea and postoperative headache.

L-tyrosine is possibly effective for memory and cognitive function, though possibly ineffective for athletic performance. Ashwagandha is possibly effective for anxiety, stress, insomnia, and generalized anxiety disorder.

For most other active ingredients in this product—including higenamine, rauwolscine, Terminalia arjuna, choline for cognitive decline, and goldthread—the evidence in our data is insufficient to rate their effectiveness.

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 6 of the 9 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 9 of 9.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 9 of 9.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

L-tyrosine and choline are generally well tolerated in healthy adults, though L-tyrosine side effects can include fatigue, headache, heartburn, and nausea, and high-dose choline (9+ grams daily) may cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Caffeine is well tolerated in moderate amounts but can cause anxiety, insomnia, tremors, and nausea; high doses carry rare risk of stroke.

Ashwagandha seems well tolerated short-term but has rare reports of serious liver damage, hepatitis, and liver failure; it's traditionally thought to risk miscarriage and should be avoided in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Higenamine acts as a heart stimulant and is banned in competitive sports; headache is the most common side effect, but serious effects like rhabdomyolysis and palpitations have been reported.

Rauwolscine is a potent stimulant with limited safety data; a related compound (yohimbine) has caused seizures, loss of consciousness, and paralysis. Terminalia arjuna is generally well tolerated short-term but lacks long-term safety data.

Goldthread (13-PPAR) should be avoided in pregnancy and breastfeeding because berberine, a constituent, may harm the fetus or nursing infant.

Meds to double-check

Major interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Major identified

At least one ingredient has a documented Major-severity interaction. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 8 of the 9 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Choline, Goldthread, Terminalia, Ashwagandha, Caffeine, among others.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Major.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; seizure medications; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; diabetes medications; lithium; Parkinson's medications.
  • For scale: 1,692 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

If you take ephedrine, stop immediately—this product's caffeine poses Major risk of serious heart and blood pressure effects. Before starting, check with your own doctor or pharmacist about: barbiturates and sedatives (caffeine may block them), dipyridamole for stress tests (caffeine interferes), clozapine (caffeine raises levels), cimetidine or quinolone antibiotics (they raise caffeine), seizure medications like phenobarbital or carbamazepine (caffeine may weaken control), levodopa (L-tyrosine may reduce its effect), thyroid hormones (both L-tyrosine and ashwagandha may intensify effects), blood pressure medications and benzodiazepines (ashwagandha may add to effects), diabetes medications (ashwagandha may lower blood sugar too much), blood thinners and antiplatelet drugs (higenamine, Terminalia arjuna, and rauwolscine may increase bleeding risk), any drug metabolized by CYP2D6, CYP3A4, or CYP2C9 enzymes (higenamine, Terminalia arjuna, and rauwolscine may raise levels), clonidine (rauwolscine may block it), cyclosporine (goldthread may raise levels), and calcium channel blockers (rauwolscine may add effects).

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with clinical evidence supporting its stated purpose. Major medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product is a multi-ingredient stimulant and performance blend with significant documented interactions, especially with heart medications, seizure drugs, blood pressure medication, blood thinners, and psychiatric medications. Even if you don't take any of those, several ingredients—ashwagandha, rauwolscine, and higenamine—are potent compounds with limited long-term human safety data.

Talk it over with your own doctor or pharmacist before you start, especially if you have any heart, blood pressure, or seizure condition, or take any prescription medication.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 9 of 14 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Nov 22, 2023.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Enduralean Candy Necklace, straight from the product label.

Brand InnovaPharm
Net contents 0.21 Ounce(s); 6 Gram(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Nov 22, 2023
DSLD ID 299151
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Powder
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Women (not pregnant or lactating), Gluten Free, Dairy Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Enduralean Candy Necklace by InnovaPharm, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
3 Gram(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
9 Gram(s)
Servings per container
2
IngredientAmount% DV
L-Tyrosine0 NP--
Choline Bitartrate0 NP--
Caffeine Anhydrous0 NP--
Ashwagandha Root Extract0 NP--
Higenamine HCl0 NP--
Alpha-Hydroxy-Isocaproic Acid0 NP--
Intellectus0 NP--
Enduralean Synergy Complex1958 mg--
Mind-Muscle Performance Blend0 NP--
Terminalia arjuna bark extract0 NP--
Targeted Fat Melting Matrix0 NP--
AfraLean0 NP--
Rauwolscine0 NP--
N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine0 NP--
Biophytum Root Extract0 NP--
N-Coumaroyldopamine0 NP--
13-PPAR0 NP--

Other ingredients: Sucralose, Erythritol, Bitterness Blocker, Natural and Artificial flavor, Citric Acid, Silica

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formulation

Endurance enhancing fat loss powder

No artificial colors or dyes

Focus & energy Appetite support Target stubborn fat Lean muscle protection

Manufactured in a U.S. cGMP Facility

Allergen information: Not manufactured with wheat, gluten, soy, fish, shellfish, egg, milk or tree nut ingredients.

Formula

Candy Necklace Naturally & Artificially flavored Infused with: AfraLean

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Use: Consume 1 packet (2 servings) mixed with 8-12 oz of water on an empty stomach. To assess tolerance, users may wish to begin using 1/2 packet (2 serving). For best results, consume before exercise. Do not exceed 3 servings in any 24 hour period. Use only as directed.

Precautions

Do not exceed 3 servings in any 24 hour period. Use only as directed.

Allergen information: Not manufactured with wheat, gluten, soy, fish, shellfish, egg, milk or tree nut ingredients. Produced in a GMP facility that processes other ingredients containing these allergens.

Warning: This product is only intended to be consumed by healthy adults, 18 years of age or older. Keep out of reach of children.

Do not use this product if you are pregnant or nursing. Before using this product, consult a licensed, qualified, health care professional, including but not limited to, if: you are taking antidepressants such as MAOI (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor) or SSRI, blood thinners, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, pseudoephedrine, or you are taking any other dietary supplement, prescription drug or over-the-counter medication; or if, you suspect you have or have been treated for, diagnose with or have a family history of, any medical condition, including but not limited to: high or low blood pressure, diabetes, anxiety, cardiovascular, psychiatric or seizure disorders, cardiac arrhythmia, stroke, heart, liver, kidney or thyroid disease, or difficulty urinating due to prostate enlargement. This product contains caffeine and should not be used by individuals wishing to eliminate caffeine from their diet or in combination with caffeine or stimulants from other sources, including but not limited to, coffee, tea, soda, or other dietary supplements and medications.

Discontinue use 2 weeks prior to surgery. Immediately discontinue use and contact a medical doctor if you experience any adverse reaction to this product. Do not use if safety seal is broken or missing.

General Statements

Instagram Facebook @InnovaPharm

Storage

Store in a cool dry place.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Enduralean Candy Necklace by InnovaPharm label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Enduralean Candy Necklace label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Enduralean Candy Necklace by InnovaPharm

These are the 2 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size3 Gram(s) Dosage formPowder Servings per container2 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Enduralean Synergy Complex

1958 mg per serving
  • › Mind-Muscle Performance Blend
  • › Targeted Fat Melting Matrix

Other (inactive) ingredients: Sucralose, Erythritol, Bitterness Blocker, Natural and Artificial flavor, Citric Acid, Silica. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Enduralean Candy Necklace by InnovaPharm Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Enduralean Candy Necklace?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,691Drugs
8 Major 1,629 Moderate 54 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Enduralean Candy Necklace interact with 1,691 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

0 of the 2 ingredients in Enduralean Candy Necklace interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible.

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Enduralean Candy Necklace with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Enduralean Candy Necklace, from the product label.

InnovaPharm

See all InnovaPharm products
Name
InnovaPharm
Street Address
53 E Merrick Rd. #215
City
Freeport
State
NY
ZipCode
11520
Web Address
InnovaPharm.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Enduralean Candy Necklace by InnovaPharm: Common Questions

Does Enduralean Candy Necklace by InnovaPharm interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Enduralean Candy Necklace has a known interaction with 1,691 medications, including 8 rated major. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Enduralean Candy Necklace contains 2 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take this while pregnant or breastfeeding?
No. Ashwagandha is traditionally thought to risk miscarriage and is marked likely unsafe in pregnancy. Rauwolscine, higenamine, and Terminalia arjuna all lack adequate safety data and should be avoided. Goldthread contains berberine, which may harm the fetus or newborn. Caffeine is possibly unsafe in pregnancy at certain doses, and while small amounts pass into breast milk, the stimulant ingredients here are not appropriate during lactation. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist before use if you're pregnant, planning pregnancy, or breastfeeding.
What does L-tyrosine do?
L-tyrosine is an amino acid that may support memory and cognitive function (possibly effective), and it's effective for a rare genetic condition called PKU. It's thought to help your brain make certain neurotransmitters, but it's not shown to reliably boost athletic performance.
Why is there caffeine in this if it's a sports supplement?
Caffeine is likely effective for mental alertness and athletic performance, so it's included for energy and focus. But it comes with multiple drug interactions and side effects like insomnia and anxiety at higher doses—the reason to check your medications before starting.
What is higenamine and why is it in here?
Higenamine is a plant compound that acts as a heart stimulant, boosting heart rate and force of contraction. It's used in sports supplements for its stimulant effects, but it's banned in competitive athletics and carries risks of serious heart side effects like palpitations. Safety data in humans are very limited.
Does ashwagandha really help with stress and anxiety?
Ashwagandha is possibly effective for anxiety, stress, and insomnia in the data we hold. It's generally well tolerated short-term, but rare reports of serious liver damage and a traditional concern about pregnancy loss mean it's not right for everyone—and it interacts with many medications.
What are the most common side effects I might feel?
The most likely side effects come from the high caffeine and stimulant content: jitteriness, insomnia, anxiety, restlessness, headache, and nausea are common. Ashwagandha and other ingredients may add diarrhea, nausea, or gastrointestinal upset at typical doses, though these are uncommon. If you experience heart palpitations, chest pain, dizziness, or tremors, stop and contact your healthcare provider.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Enduralean Candy Necklace is safe with your meds?

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Ask a pharmacist

Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Enduralean Candy Necklace label
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Enduralean Candy Necklace's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 342 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Tyrosine 4 references
  1. Meyer JS, Welch KM, Deshmukh VD, et al. Neurotransmitter precursor amino acids in the treatment of multi-infarct dementia and Alzheimer's disease. J Amer Geriat Soc 1977;25:289-98.
  2. DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, et al; eds. Pharmacotherapy: A pathophysiologic approach. 4th ed. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1999.
  3. Wood DR, Reimherr FW, Wender PH. Amino acid precursors for the treatment of attention deficit disorder, residual type. Psychopharmacol Bull 1985;21:146-9.
  4. van Spronsen FJ, van Rijn M, Bekhof J. Phenylketonuria: tyrosine supplementation in phenylalanine-restricted diets. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:153-7. PubMed

See these in context on the Tyrosine monograph →

Choline 14 references
  1. Yates AA, Schlicker SA, Suitor CW. Dietary reference intakes: The new basis for recommendations for calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:699-706. PubMed
  2. Cho E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. Dietary choline and betaine and the risk of distal colorectal adenoma in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1224-31. PubMed
  3. Schmidt, C., Abicht, A., Krampfl, K., Voss, W., Stucka, R., Mildner, G., Petrova, S., Schara, U., Mortier, W., Bufler, J., Huebner, A., and Lochmuller, H. Congenital myasthenic syndrome due to a novel missense mutation in the gene encoding choline acetyl
  4. Tamminga, C., Smith, R. C., Chang, S., Haraszti, J. S., and Davis, J. M. Depression associated with oral choline. Lancet 10-23-1976;2(7991):905. PubMed
  5. Wood, J. L. and Allison, R. G. Effects of consumption of choline and lecithin on neurological and cardiovascular systems. Fed.Proc. 1982;41(14):3015-3021.
  6. Growdon, J. H. and Gelenberg, A. J. Choline and lecithin administration to patients with tardive dyskinesia. Trans.Am.Neurol.Assoc. 1978;103:95-99.
  7. Smith, C. M., Swash, M., Exton-Smith, A. N., Phillips, M. J., Overstall, P. W., Piper, M. E., and Bailey, M. R. Choline therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 8-5-1978;2(8084):318. PubMed
  8. Morrison, L. M. and W. F. Gonzales. Choline in coronary atherosclerosis. Amer.Heart J. 1950;39:729.
  9. Christie, J. G. Blackburn 1. M. Glen A. I. M. Zeisel S. Shering A. & Yates C. M. Effects of choline and lecithin on CSF choline levels and on cognitive functioning in patients with presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Nutrition and the brain 1979;5
  10. Sidhu N, Davies S, Nadarajah A, et al. Oral choline supplementation for postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 2013;111(2):249-55. PubMed
  11. Wozniak JR, Fuglestad AJ, Eckerle JK, et al. Choline supplementation in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders has high feasibility and tolerability. Nutr Res. 2013;33(11):897-904. PubMed
  12. Wozniak JR, Fuglestad AJ, Eckerle JK, et al. Choline supplementation in children with fetal alcohol disorders: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(5): 1113-25.
  13. Ross RG, Hunter SK, McCarthy L, et al. Perinatal choline effects on neonatal pathophysiology related to later schizophrenia risk. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(3):290-8. PubMed
  14. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Choline. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B-6, Vitamin B-12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 1998:390-422.

See these in context on the Choline monograph →

Caffeine 236 references
  1. McEvoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 1998.
  2. Harder S, Fuhr U, Staib AH, Wolff T. Ciprofloxacin-caffeine: a drug interaction established using in vivo and in vitro investigations. Am J Med 1989;87:89S-91S. PubMed
  3. Carbo M, Segura J, De la Torre R, et al. Effect of quinolones on caffeine disposition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989;45:234-40. PubMed
  4. Healy DP, Polk RE, Kanawati L, et al. Interaction between oral ciprofloxacin and caffeine in normal volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33:474-8. PubMed
  5. Mester R, Toren P, Mizrachi I, et al. Caffeine withdrawal increases lithium blood levels. Biol Psychiatry 1995;37:348-50. PubMed
  6. Jefferson JW. Lithium tremor and caffeine intake: two cases of drinking less and shaking more. J Clin Psychiatry 1988;49:72-3.
  7. Joeres R, Klinker H, Heusler H, et al. Influence of mexiletine on caffeine elimination. Pharmacol Ther 1987;33:163-9. PubMed
  8. Vahedi K, Domingo V, Amarenco P, Bousser MG. Ischemic stroke in a sportsman who consumed MaHuang extract and creatine monohydrate for bodybuilding. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2000;68:112-3.
  9. Wakabayashi K, Kono S, Shinchi K, et al. Habitual coffee consumption and blood pressure: A study of self-defense officials in Japan. Eur J Epidemiol 1998;14:669-73. PubMed
  10. Hodgson JM, Puddey IB, Burke V, et al. Effects on blood pressure of drinking green and black tea. J Hypertens 1999;17:457-63. PubMed
  11. Rapuri PB, Gallagher JC, Kinyamu HK, Ryschon KL. Caffeine intake increases the rate of bone loss in elderly women and interacts with vitamin D receptor genotypes. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:694-700. PubMed
  12. The National Toxicology Program (NTP). Caffeine. Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction (CERHR). Available at: http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/common/caffeine.html.
  13. Klebanoff MA, Levine RJ, DerSimonian R, et al. Maternal serum paraxanthine, a caffeine metabolite, and the risk of spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1639-44. PubMed
  14. Eskenazi B. Caffeine—filtering the facts. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1688-9. PubMed
  15. Fernandes O, Sabharwal M, Smiley T, et al. Moderate to heavy caffeine consumption during pregnancy and relationship to spontaneous abortion and abnormal fetal growth: a meta-analysis. Reprod Toxicol 1998;12:435-44. PubMed
  16. Pollock BG, Wylie M, Stack JA, et al. Inhibition of caffeine metabolism by estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. J Clin Pharmacol 1999;39:936-40. PubMed
  17. Nurminen ML, Niittynen L, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H. Coffee, caffeine and blood pressure: a critical review. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53:831-9. PubMed
  18. Dews PB, Curtis GL, Hanford KJ, O'Brien CP. The frequency of caffeine withdrawal in a population-based survey and in a controlled, blinded pilot experiment. J Clin Pharmacol 1999;39:1221-32. PubMed
  19. FDA. Proposed rule: dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids. Available at: www.verity.fda.gov (Accessed 25 January 2000).
  20. Briggs GB, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998.
  21. Hagg S, Spigset O, Mjorndal T, Dahlqvist R. Effect of caffeine on clozapine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000;49:59-63. PubMed
  22. Tobias JD. Caffeine in the treatment of apnea associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in neonates and infants. South Med J 2000;93:297-304. DOI
  23. Watson JM, Jenkins EJ, Hamilton P, et al. Influence of caffeine on the frequency and perception of hypoglycemia in free-living patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000;23:455-9. PubMed
  24. Lloyd T, Johnson-Rollings N, Eggli DF, et al. Bone status among postmenopausal women with different habitual caffeine intakes: a longitudinal investigation. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:256-61. PubMed
  25. American Academy of Pediatrics. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 2001;108:776-89. PubMed
  26. Sinclair CJ, Geiger JD. Caffeine use in sports. A pharmacological review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2000;40:71-9.
  27. Haller CA, Benowitz NL. Adverse cardiovascular and central nervous system events associated with dietary supplements containing ephedra alkaloids. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1833-8. PubMed
  28. Ali M, Afzal M. A potent inhibitor of thrombin stimulated platelet thromboxane formation from unprocessed tea. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1987;27:9-13. PubMed
  29. Ardlie NG, Glew G, Schultz BG, Schwartz CJ. Inhibition and reversal of platelet aggregation by methyl xanthines. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1967;18:670-3. DOI
  30. Ferrini RL, Barrett-Connor E. Caffeine intake and endogenous sex steroid levels in postmenopausal women. The Rancho Bernardo Study. Am J Epidemiol 1996:144:642-4. PubMed
  31. Avisar R, Avisar E, Weinberger D. Effect of coffee consumption on intraocular pressure. Ann Pharmacother 2002;36:992-5.. PubMed
  32. Bell DG, Jacobs I, Ellerington K. Effect of caffeine and ephedrine ingestion on anaerobic exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:1399-403. PubMed
  33. Horner NK, Lampe JW. Potential mechanisms of diet therapy for fibrocystic breast conditions show inadequate evidence of effectiveness. J Am Diet Assoc 2000;100:1368-80. PubMed
  34. Bracken MB, Triche EW, Belanger K, et al. Association of maternal caffeine consumption with decrements in fetal growth. Am J Epidemiol 2003;157:456-66.. PubMed
  35. McGowan JD, Altman RE, Kanto WP Jr. Neonatal withdrawal symptoms after chronic maternal ingestion of caffeine. South Med J 1988;81:1092-4.. PubMed
  36. Massey LK. Is caffeine a risk factor for bone loss in the elderly? Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:569-70. PubMed
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  9. Eltimamy M, Elshamarka M, Aboelsaad M, Sayed M, Moawad H. Effects of alcoholic extract of Terminalia Chebula dried fruit on blood biochemical profile in diabetic rats. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2022;21(1):159-170. PubMed

See these in context on the Terminalia monograph →

Grains Of Paradise 2 references
  1. Dietary Supplements: What You Need to Know — NIH Office of Dietary Supplements Source
  2. Using Dietary Supplements Wisely — NIH NCCIH Source

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Rauwolscine 28 references
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  8. VandenBrink, B. M., Foti, R. S., Rock, D. A., Wienkers, L. C., and Wahlstrom, J. L. Prediction of CYP2D6 drug interactions from in vitro data: evidence for substrate-dependent inhibition. Drug Metab Dispos. 2012;40(1):47-53. PubMed
  9. Mustonen, P., Savola, J., and Lassila, R. Atipamezole, an imidazoline-type alpha(2)-adrenoceptor inhibitor, binds to human platelets and inhibits their adrenaline-induced aggregation more effectively than yohimbine. Thromb.Res 8-1-2000;99(3):231-237.
  10. Bagheri, H., Schmitt, L., Berlan, M., and Montastruc, J. L. Effect of 3 weeks treatment with yohimbine on salivary secretion in healthy volunteers and in depressed patients treated with tricyclic antidepressants. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992;34(6):555-558. PubMed
  11. Swann, A. C., Birnbaum, D., Jagar, A. A., Dougherty, D. M., and Moeller, F. G. Acute yohimbine increases laboratory-measured impulsivity in normal subjects. Biol.Psychiatry 5-15-2005;57(10):1209-1211. PubMed
  12. Adeniyi, A. A., Brindley, G. S., Pryor, J. P., and Ralph, D. J. Yohimbine in the treatment of orgasmic dysfunction. Asian J Androl 2007;9(3):403-407. PubMed
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  19. Braddock, L., Cowen, P. J., Elliott, J. M., Fraser, S., and Stump, K. Binding of yohimbine and imipramine to platelets in depressive illness. Psychol.Med 1986;16(4):765-773. PubMed
  20. Charney, D. S., Heninger, G. R., and Sternberg, D. E. Assessment of alpha 2 adrenergic autoreceptor function in humans: effects of oral yohimbine. Life Sci 6-7-1982;30(23):2033-2041.
  21. Boon, N. A., Elliott, J. M., Grahame-Smith, D. G., John-Green, T., and Stump, K. A comparison of alpha 2-adrenoreceptor binding characteristics of intact human platelets identified by [3H]-yohimbine and [3H]- dihydroergocryptine. J Auton.Pharmacol 1983;3
  22. Riley AJ, Goodman R, Kellett JM, and et al. Double blind trial of yohimbine hydrochloride in the treatment of erection inadequacy. Sexual Marital Ther 1989;4(1):17-26. DOI
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  25. Godfraind T, Miller RC, Socrates Lima J. Effects of yohimbine, rauwolscine and corynanthine on contractions and calcium fluxes induced by depolarization and prostaglandin F2 alpha in rat aorta. Br J Pharmacol. 1983;80(1):115-21.
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See these in context on the Rauwolscine monograph →

Goldthread 3 references
  1. Chan E. Displacement of bilirubin from albumin by berberine. Biol Neonate 1993;63:201-8. PubMed
  2. Wu X, Li Q, Xin H, Yu A, Zhong M. Effects of berberine on the blood concentration of cyclosporin A in renal transplanted recipients: clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005;61:567-72. PubMed
  3. Chuang CH, Doyle P, Wang JD, et al. Herbal medicines used during the first trimester and major congenital malformations: an analysis of data from a pregnancy cohort study. Drug Saf 2006;29:537-48. PubMed

See these in context on the Goldthread monograph →

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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