Herb & supplement monograph

Propolis Drug Interactions, Uses, Effectiveness, Safety & More

Medically reviewed by ·Updated July 2026
What is this page for?

First and foremost: how Propolis interacts with medications. The heart of this page is the interaction list — every drug Propolis is known to interact with, and how serious each one is.

But these pages have grown well beyond that into a full monograph — what Propolis is, what people use it for and how strong the evidence is, its safety and side effects, and answers to the questions we’re asked most — written and reviewed by the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases, not medical advice, and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

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On this page

Propolis Drug Interactions: The Bottom Line

From the HelloPharmacist Editorial Team · Updated July 2026

Based on the available evidence, the overall risk of a clinically significant Propolis drug interaction appears low for most people, since none of the reported interactions have been confirmed in humans. No interactions are rated major, and every listed concern rests on lab or animal research rather than human studies.

Interactions deserving the most attention

The pairing that stands out most is warfarin. Animal research suggests propolis could weaken warfarin's effect, lowering the INR, which matters for a medicine dosed within a narrow margin. On a related note, lab studies show propolis may reduce platelet clumping, so combining it with other anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs could in theory shift bleeding or clotting risk. Neither effect has been reported in people, but because these medicines are so closely monitored, they deserve the most caution.

What the rest of the list means

The long list of interacting medications looks daunting, but nearly all of it comes from lab findings that propolis might inhibit enzymes the body uses to clear many drugs. When tested in animals, most of those predicted effects did not actually appear, so the practical impact for most medications is likely small.

Check your medications against Propolis

Based on HelloPharmacist’s Propolis interaction data and reviewed under our editorial standards.

Interaction report

Drugs that interact with Propolis

921 medications have a known interaction with Propolis, graded by severity. Select any drug for the full evidence-based detail.

2,830 drugs
Ado-trastuzumab EmtansineKadcyla
Moderate Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.

Read the full Propolis + Ado-trastuzumab Emtansine interaction Ado-trastuzumab Emtansine drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
AbciximabReoPro
Moderate Anticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, propolis might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs.

Read the full Propolis + Abciximab interaction
AbemaciclibVerzenio
Moderate Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.

Read the full Propolis + Abemaciclib interaction Abemaciclib drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
Abiraterone
Moderate Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.

Read the full Propolis + Abiraterone interaction Abiraterone drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
Abiraterone AcetateYonsa, Zytiga
Moderate Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.

Read the full Propolis + Abiraterone Acetate interaction Abiraterone Acetate drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
AbrocitinibCibinqo
Moderate Anticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, propolis might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs.

Read the full Propolis + Abrocitinib interaction Abrocitinib drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
AcalabrutinibCalquence
Moderate Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.

Read the full Propolis + Acalabrutinib interaction Acalabrutinib drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
AcenocoumarolSintrom
Moderate Anticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, propolis might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs.

Read the full Propolis + Acenocoumarol interaction
AcetaminophenChildren's Tylenol, Children's Tylenol Meltaways, Tylenol, Tylenol Ex Strength
Moderate Cytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates

Theoretically, propolis might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.

Read the full Propolis + Acetaminophen interaction Acetaminophen drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
Acetaminophen, AspirinGemnisyn
Moderate Anticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, propolis might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs.

Read the full Propolis + Acetaminophen, Aspirin interaction
Acetaminophen, Aspirin, CaffeineExcedrin, Excedrin Extra Strength, Excedrin Migraine
Moderate Anticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, propolis might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs.

Read the full Propolis + Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interaction
Acetaminophen, Brompheniramine, PhenylpropanolamineDimetapp Cold and Flu
Moderate Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.

Read the full Propolis + Acetaminophen, Brompheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine interaction
Acetaminophen, ButalbitalAxocet, Bancap, Bucet, Butex Forte, Esgic CF, Orbivan CF +5 more
Moderate Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.

Read the full Propolis + Acetaminophen, Butalbital interaction
Acetaminophen, Butalbital, CaffeineEsgic, Esgic Plus, Fiogesic, Fioricet, Repan, Tecnal +1 more
Moderate Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.

Read the full Propolis + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine interaction Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, CodeineEsgic with Codeine, Fioricet w/ Codeine
Moderate Cytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates

Theoretically, propolis might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.

Read the full Propolis + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, Codeine interaction
Acetaminophen, Butalbital, CodeineBancap w/ Codeine
Moderate Cytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.

Read the full Propolis + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine interaction
Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine PhosphatePhrenilin #3
Moderate Cytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates

Theoretically, propolis might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.

Read the full Propolis + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine Phosphate interaction
Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, PhenylephrineHycomine Compound
Moderate Cytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.

Read the full Propolis + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, Phenylephrine interaction
Acetaminophen, Caffeine, CodeineGesic C15, Gesic C30, Gesic C8, Lenoltec 1, Lenoltec 2, Lenoltec 3 +1 more
Moderate Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.

Read the full Propolis + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine interaction
Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, SalicylamideCodalan No.1, Codalan No.2, Codalan No.3
Moderate Cytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.

Read the full Propolis + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, Salicylamide interaction
Acetaminophen, Caffeine, DihydrocodeineDHC Plus, Panlor DC, Panlor SS
Moderate Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.

Read the full Propolis + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Dihydrocodeine interaction
Acetaminophen, Caffeine, IsomethepteneMigralam
Moderate Cytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates

Theoretically, propolis might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.

Read the full Propolis + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Isometheptene interaction
Acetaminophen, Caffeine, PyrilamineMidol Max Strength Menstrual
Moderate Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.

Read the full Propolis + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Pyrilamine interaction
Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Dextromethorphan HbrVicks Formula 44M Cough, Cold & Flu Relief
Moderate Cytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates

Theoretically, propolis might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.

Read the full Propolis + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Dextromethorphan Hbr interaction
Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Codeine, PhenylephrineColrex
Moderate Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.

Read the full Propolis + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Codeine, Phenylephrine interaction
Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, DextromethorphanCoricidin II Extra Strength Cold and Flu
Moderate Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.

Read the full Propolis + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan interaction
Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan HydrobromideCoricidin HBP Maximum Strength Flu
Moderate Cytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.

Read the full Propolis + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide interaction
Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan, PhenylpropanolamineMulti Symptom Cold Relief
Moderate Cytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates

Theoretically, propolis might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.

Read the full Propolis + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan, Phenylpropanolamine interaction
Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan, PseudoephedrineChildren's Tylenol Cold Plus Cough, Tylenol Cold Ex Strength
Moderate Cytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.

Read the full Propolis + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan, Pseudoephedrine interaction
Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Guaifenesin, Phenylephrine, SalicylamideRhinogesic GG
Moderate Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.

Read the full Propolis + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Guaifenesin, Phenylephrine, Salicylamide interaction
Read The List Like a Pharmacist

What Severity, Likelihood & Evidence Mean

Severity — How Serious It Can Be

  • Major. Clinically significant; generally best avoided, or used only under direct professional supervision.
  • Moderate. May need monitoring, a dose adjustment, or separating the times you take each one.
  • Minor. Generally not clinically significant, but still worth noting and mentioning to your pharmacist.
  • No known interaction. Checked against our sources with nothing documented — not the same as proven safety.

Likelihood — How Well It’s Documented

  • Likely. Well-controlled human studies have demonstrated the likely existence of this interaction
  • Probable. Interaction has not been documented in well-controlled studies, however, the interaction has been demonstrated in some small human studies or in controlled animal studies in conjunction with multiple case reports.
  • Possible. Interaction has been documented in animal or in lab research, or the interaction has been documented in humans but is limited to case reports or conflicting clinical research exists
  • Unlikely. Interaction has been demonstrated in animal or in lab research but has been shown not to occur in humans.

Where This Data Comes From

  • Interaction records are evidence-graded and sourced from the Natural Medicines database (TRC Healthcare), the same reference used by pharmacists and hospitals.
  • Each drug listed above links to the full report for that exact Propolis combination — clinical detail, likelihood, evidence level, and citations.
  • Content is reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists — see our data sources and editorial standards.
The big picture

The kinds of drugs Propolis affects

Every type of medication (drug category) Propolis is known to interact with. Open any category for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

All 8 drug categories Propolis interacts with
Anticoagulant/antiplatelet DrugsCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) SubstratesCytochrome P450 2c19 (cyp2c19) SubstratesCytochrome P450 2c9 (cyp2c9) SubstratesCytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) SubstratesCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) SubstratesCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) SubstratesWarfarin (coumadin)
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, propolis might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs.
In vitro research shows that propolis water extract and the propolis constituent, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, can inhibit platelet aggregation. Additionally, evidence from an animal model shows that taking propolis in addition to warfarin decreases INR, suggesting that propolis can decrease the effectiveness of warfarin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
In vitro research shows that propolis extract can inhibit CYP1A2. However, animal research shows that propolis extract does not significantly affect CYP1A2 activity when administered to rats at doses up to 250 mg/kg. It is postulated that the constituents of propolis that inhibit CYP1A2 in vitro do not have significant effects in vivo due to low bioavailability and hepatic first-pass effect. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (Cyp2C19) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C19.
In vitro research shows that propolis extract can inhibit CYP2C19. However, animal research shows that propolis extract does not significantly affect CYP2C19 activity when administered to rats at doses up to 250 mg/kg. It is postulated that the constituents of propolis that inhibit CYP2C19 in vitro do not have significant effects in vivo due to low bioavailability and hepatic first-pass effect. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
In vitro research shows that propolis extract can inhibit CYP2C9. However, animal research shows that propolis extract does not significantly affect CYP2C9 activity when administered to rats at doses up to 250 mg/kg. It is postulated that the constituents of propolis that inhibit CYP2C9 in vitro do not have significant effects in vivo due to low bioavailability and hepatic first-pass effect. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (Cyp2D6) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
In vitro research shows that propolis extract can inhibit CYP2D6. However, animal research shows that propolis extract does not significantly affect CYP2D6 activity when administered to rats at doses up to 250 mg/kg. It is postulated that the constituents of propolis that inhibit CYP2D6 in vitro do not have significant effects in vivo due to low bioavailability and hepatic first-pass effect. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (Cyp2E1) Substrates

Theoretically, propolis might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
In vitro research shows that propolis can inhibit CYP2E1. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Some in vitro research shows that propolis extract can inhibit CYP3A4; however, other in vitro research shows that propolis has no effect on CYP3A4 activity. Furthermore, animal research shows that propolis extract does not significantly affect CYP3A4 activity when administered to rats at doses up to 250 mg/kg. It is postulated that the constituents of propolis that might in inhibit CYP3A4 in vitro do not have significant effects in vivo due to low bioavailability and hepatic first-pass effect. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, propolis might decrease the effectiveness of warfarin.
Animal research shows that taking propolis in addition to warfarin decreases the international normalized ratio (INR). This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Monograph

Propolis: Uses, Safety & Side Effects

Medically reviewed by · Reviewed July 2026 ·
The bottom line

Propolis is a natural, resin-like substance made by bees that has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties in lab studies. Early research suggests it may help with cold sores, mouth sores, and minor wounds, but high-quality evidence is limited for most uses. It is generally well tolerated, but allergic reactions can occur, especially in people allergic to bee products.

Propolis
Part used
Resinous hive material collected by bees from tree buds and bark
Common forms
Capsules, tablets, lozenges, throat sprays, tinctures, liquid extracts, mouthwash, creams, ointments, and toothpaste
People commonly use it for
  • Cold sores and herpes lesions (topical)
  • Sore throat and mouth sores
  • Wound and skin healing
  • Immune support
  • Oral and gum health

Popular and traditional uses — not proof it works. See “Uses & effectiveness” below for the evidence.

Safety at a glance
OverallUse caution

Generally well tolerated short term, but allergic reactions are possible, especially in people sensitive to bee products.

PregnancyInsufficient reliable information

Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

Read the full pregnancy detail
BreastfeedingPossibly Safe

When used orally and appropriately during lactation. Propolis 300 mg daily has been used for 4-10 months in one clinical study with no apparent advers...

Read the full breastfeeding detail

Pregnancy & breastfeeding ratings are from Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center). Safety guidance is general; always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor for your situation.

Jump to a section

Overview

Propolis is a sticky, resin-like material that honeybees make by mixing their saliva and wax with substances they gather from tree buds, sap, and bark. Bees use it as a kind of "glue" to seal small gaps in the hive and to help protect the hive against bacteria, fungi, and other germs.

People have used propolis in traditional medicine for thousands of years. Its exact makeup varies a lot depending on the plants, trees, and region where the bees collected it. For example, Brazilian green propolis and brown propolis can have different active compounds. This natural variation is one reason it is hard to compare results between studies.

Today, propolis is sold as capsules, lozenges, throat sprays, tinctures, mouthwashes, and skin creams. It is also added to some cosmetics, toothpastes, and chewing gums.

How it works

Propolis contains hundreds of natural compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids (such as caffeic acid phenethyl ester, or CAPE), and other plant-based substances. The exact mix depends on where the bees gathered their materials.

In laboratory studies, these compounds appear to have antimicrobial (germ-fighting), antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Researchers think these actions may explain why propolis is traditionally used for infections, wounds, and inflammation.

It is important to remember that much of this evidence comes from test-tube and animal research. Effects seen in a lab do not always translate into clear benefits in people.

Effectiveness

Does Propolis work?

Here’s what the research actually shows for each use — graded by Natural Medicines and reviewed by .

Evidence overview · 37 uses evaluated
3 Possibly effective 34 Insufficient evidence
How to read these evidence grades

Natural Medicines’ 7-point scale. We show each rating’s label word-for-word.

1EffectiveStrong, consistent evidence it works.
2Likely EffectiveGood evidence, though not yet conclusive.
3Possibly EffectiveSome evidence suggests a benefit.
4Possibly IneffectiveSome evidence it may not help.
5Likely IneffectiveFairly strong evidence it doesn’t help.
6IneffectiveStrong evidence it doesn’t work.
7Insufficient Reliable Evidence to RateToo little research to say either way.
Possibly Effective Diabetes
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

Oral propolis seems to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes; however, some conflicting evidence exists.

Possibly Effective Herpes labialis (cold sores)
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

Topical propolis ointment or cream, applied five times daily, may improve lesion healing and reduce symptoms in patients with cold sores.

Possibly Effective Oral mucositis
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

Most clinical research shows that oral propolis or propolis-containing mouthwash can reduce the risk for severe, chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis.

Also studied for 34 conditions — evidence insufficient to rate
Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Athletic performance
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if oral propolis is beneficial for improving athletic performance.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Atopic disease
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if oral propolis can prevent atopic disease in lactating adults or their infants.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Breast cancer
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if oral propolis is beneficial in patients with breast cancer.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Burns
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if topical propolis is beneficial in patients with minor burns.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Canker sores
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if oral propolis is beneficial in patients with canker sores.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Catheter-related infections
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if topical propolis is beneficial for the prevention of catheter-related infections.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if oral propolis is beneficial in patients with CKD.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

Oral propolis has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Common cold
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if oral propolis is beneficial in patients with the common cold.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if oral propolis is beneficial for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Dengue fever
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if oral propolis is beneficial in patients with dengue fever.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Dental caries
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if topical propolis, used either as a chewing gum or mouthwash, can prevent dental caries in children.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Denture stomatitis
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

Small clinical studies suggest that topical propolis may speed recovery in patients with denture stomatitis.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Depression
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if oral propolis is beneficial as adjunct therapy in patients with depression.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Diabetic foot ulcers
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if topical propolis is beneficial in patients with diabetic foot ulcers.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Genital herpes
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if topical propolis is beneficial in patients with genital herpes.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Gingivitis
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

Small clinical studies suggest that topical propolis may modestly improve symptoms in patients with gingivitis.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Helicobacter pylori
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if oral propolis is beneficial in patients with H. pylori infection.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate HIV/AIDS
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

Although there has been interest in using oral propolis as an adjunct to antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of propolis for this purpose.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Intestinal parasite infection
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if oral propolis is beneficial in patients with giardiasis.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Malnutrition
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if oral red propolis is beneficial in malnourished children with frequent respiratory tract infections.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Muscle fatigue
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if oral propolis is beneficial for speeding recovery from muscle fatigue.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if oral propolis is beneficial in patients with NAFLD.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Peptic ulcers
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

Although there has been interest in using oral propolis for peptic ulcers, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of propolis for this purpose.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Periodontitis
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if oral propolis or propolis extract rinse is beneficial in patients with periodontitis.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if oral propolis is beneficial in patients with RA.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Sepsis
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if oral propolis is beneficial in patients with sepsis.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Tinea pedis
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if topical propolis is beneficial in patients with tinea pedis.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Tuberculosis
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

Although there has been interest in using oral propolis for tuberculosis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of propolis for this purpose.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI)
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if oral propolis spray is beneficial in patients with URTI.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

Oral propolis has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Vaginitis
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if topical propolis is beneficial in patients with vaginitis.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Warts
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if oral propolis is beneficial in patients with warts.

Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Wound healing
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

It is unclear if topical propolis or propolis mouth rinse improves wound healing.

Source & disclaimer. Effectiveness ratings and evidence summaries are provided by Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) and shown as licensed. Where Natural Medicines hasn’t rated a use, HelloPharmacist’s pharmacists may add their own reviewed rating and evidence (each such entry is labeled). This is educational information, not medical advice — talk with your pharmacist or doctor before starting, stopping, or changing a supplement.

Safety & precautions

Propolis is generally considered well tolerated for most adults when used short term, either by mouth or on the skin. However, there are some important cautions.

The biggest concern is allergic reactions. People who are allergic to bees, bee stings, or other bee products (such as honey) may be more likely to react to propolis. Allergic skin reactions (contact dermatitis) are among the most reported side effects, especially with topical products.

If you have asthma or known allergies, talk to your doctor or pharmacist before using propolis. Stop use and seek care right away if you notice swelling, trouble breathing, or a spreading rash.

Because there is not enough reliable safety information, propolis should be avoided during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Safety in young children has also not been well established, so check with a pediatrician first.

Side effects

Most people who use propolis do not have serious problems. When side effects do occur, they are usually mild.

Possible side effects include:

  • Allergic skin reactions such as redness, itching, rash, or irritation, especially with creams and ointments
  • Mouth irritation or sores with lozenges, sprays, or mouthwashes
  • Upset stomach

Rarely, propolis can cause a serious allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), particularly in people allergic to bee products. Signs include swelling of the lips, tongue, or throat and difficulty breathing. This is a medical emergency.

Propolis: Reported Adverse Effects

Documented safety reports on Propolis from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database, shown word-for-word from the licensed record.

Orally and topically, propolis seems to be well tolerated.

Most Common Adverse Effects:

Orally: Headache.

Topically: Contact cheilitis and contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals.

Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):

Orally: Severe allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.

Reports by condition
Cluster headache Neurologic/CNS

Orally, propolis may cause headache in some patients. In one clinical trial, around 7% of patients taking propolis 250 mg twice daily for 4 months reported mild headache.

  1. Soleimani D, Rezaie M, Rajabzadeh F, et al. Protective effects of propolis on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) evaluated by real-time two-dimensional shear wave elastography: a randomized clinical
Dermatitis Dermatologic

Propolis can cause allergic reactions and acute oral mucositis with ulceration from the use of the propolis-containing lozenges.

Topically, propolis-containing products, including some cosmetics, can cause eczematous contact dermatitis, erythema multiforme-like contact dermatitis, or allergic contact cheilitis.

Patients allergic to bees or bee products may be more likely to experience allergic reactions to propolis.

  1. Hay KD, Greig DE. Propolis allergy: a cause of oral mucositis with ulceration. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1990;70:584-6.
  2. Jensen CD, Andersen KE. Allergic contact dermatitis from cera alba (purified propolis) in a lip balm and candy. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55:312-3.
  3. Matos D, Serrano P, Brandao FM. A case of allergic contact dermatitis caused by propolis-enriched honey. Contact Dermatitis 2015;72(1):59-60.
  4. Nyman G, Hagvall L. A case of allergic contact cheilitis caused by propolis and honey. Contact Dermatitis 2016;74(3):186-7.
  5. Lamoureux A, Meharon M, Durand AL, Darrigade AS, Doutre MS, Milpied B. A first case of erythema multiforme-like contact dermatitis caused by propolis. Contact Dermatitis. 2017;77(4):263-264.
  6. Piredda M, Facchinetti G, Biagioli V, et al. Propolis in the prevention of oral mucositis in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: A pilot randomised controlled trial. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2017;26(6).
  7. Nyman GSA, Tang M, Inerot A, Osmancevic A, Malmberg P, Hagvall L. Contact allergy to beeswax and propolis among patients with cheilitis or facial dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2019;81(2):110-6.
Dermatitis Immunologic

In one case report, a 36-year-old female developed severe erythematous papules and patches with edema of the face, neck, arms, abdomen, and thighs after consuming propolis solution for a few weeks. After symptom resolution, a patch test showed an extreme positive reaction to propolis. In another case, laryngeal edema and severe anaphylactic reaction has been reported in a patient who used topical propolis for the treatment of acute pharyngitis. The patient died due to complications of hypoxia that resulted from the allergic reaction.

Topically, propolis-containing products can cause allergic contact dermatitis, including cheilitis, when used on or near the lips or mouth. Propolis-containing lozenges can cause allergic reactions as well as acute oral mucositis with ulceration.

Patients allergic to bees or bee products may be more likely to experience allergic reactions to propolis.

  1. Cho E, Lee JD, Cho SH. Systemic contact dermatitis from propolis ingestion. Ann Dermatol. 2011;23(1):85-88.
  2. Hsu, C. Y., Chiang, W. C., Weng, T. I., Chen, W. J., and Yuan, A. Laryngeal edema and anaphalactic shock after topical propolis use for acute pharyngitis. Am J Emerg.Med 2004;22(5):432-433.
  3. Jensen CD, Andersen KE. Allergic contact dermatitis from cera alba (purified propolis) in a lip balm and candy. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55:312-3.
  4. Matos D, Serrano P, Brandao FM. A case of allergic contact dermatitis caused by propolis-enriched honey. Contact Dermatitis 2015;72(1):59-60.
  5. Nyman G, Hagvall L. A case of allergic contact cheilitis caused by propolis and honey. Contact Dermatitis 2016;74(3):186-7.
  6. Nyman GSA, Tang M, Inerot A, Osmancevic A, Malmberg P, Hagvall L. Contact allergy to beeswax and propolis among patients with cheilitis or facial dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2019;81(2):110-6.
  7. Hay KD, Greig DE. Propolis allergy: a cause of oral mucositis with ulceration. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1990;70:584-6.
Eczema Genitourinary

Vulvar eczema caused by propolis sensitization after topical therapy has been reported.

  1. Black, R. J. Vulval eczema associated with propolis sensitization from topical therapies treated successfully with pimecrolimus cream. Clin Exp.Dermatol. 2005;30(1):91-92.
Kidney failure Renal

In one case report, a 59-year-old male with cholangiocarcinoma developed acute kidney failure requiring hemodialysis after taking a Brazilian preparation of propolis 5 mL three times daily for 2 weeks. Renal function improved when propolis was discontinued. The patient restarted taking propolis and symptoms developed again and the patient again required hemodialysis. Symptoms of renal failure improved when propolis was finally discontinued. This product was not screened for contaminants; however, family members of this patient used the same product without apparent adverse effects.

  1. Li YJ, Lin JL, Yang CW, Yu CC. Acute renal failure induced by a Brazilian variety of propolis. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;46:e125-9.
Myasthenia gravis Hepatic

Orally, propolis may cause an increase in liver enzymes when used long-term at high doses. In one case, a 30-year-old male presented with persistent abnormal liver enzymes for six months. With other causes ruled out, the patient disclosed using more than 10 propolis lozenges per day for several months to treat a sore throat. Upon discontinuation of the propolis lozenges, liver enzymes returned to normal. Despite concerns presented in this case, analyses of small clinical studies suggest that propolis may have hepatoprotective effects when used at doses of 500-1000 mg daily for up to one year.

  1. D'Ercole MC. Prolonged use of propolis can increase liver enzymes. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2020;29(3):468-9.
  2. Hallajzadeh J, Milajerdi A, Amirani E, Attari VE, Maghsoudi H, Mirhashemi SM. Effects of propolis supplementation on glycemic status, lipid profiles, inflammation and oxidative stress, liver enzymes, and body weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  3. Gheflati A, Dehnavi Z, Ghannadzadeh Yazdi A, Khorasanchi Z, Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Ranjbar G. The effects of propolis supplementation on metabolic parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Avicenna J Phytomed
DISCLAIMER: This tool is intended for informational purposes only, and should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Patients should consult with a qualified healthcare provider before making decisions about therapies and/or health conditions.

Adverse-effects data: Natural Medicines, Therapeutic Research Center

Dosing

There is no standard, well-established dose for propolis. Products vary widely in strength and in the actual amount of active compounds they contain, partly because propolis composition depends on where the bees collected it.

Because of this, the best advice is to follow the directions on the product label and not exceed the recommended amount. Forms such as lozenges, sprays, mouthwashes, and skin creams each have their own instructions.

If you are considering propolis, especially for a specific health condition, check with your pharmacist or doctor first to make sure it is appropriate for you.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding

Propolis & Pregnancy

Insufficient reliable information

Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

Propolis & Breastfeeding

Possibly Safe

When used orally and appropriately during lactation. Propolis 300 mg daily has been used for 4-10 months in one clinical study with no apparent adverse effects to nursing infants.

  1. Igarashi G, Segawa T, Akiyama N, et al. Efficacy of Brazilian propolis supplementation for japanese lactating women for atopic sensitization and nonspecific symptoms in their offspring: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Evid Based Comp
DISCLAIMER: This tool is intended for informational purposes only, and should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Patients should consult with a qualified healthcare provider before making decisions about therapies and/or health conditions.

© 2026 Therapeutic Research Center

Pregnancy & lactation ratings: Natural Medicines, Therapeutic Research Center

References & further reading

The 21 references that drive our Propolis monograph and interaction data, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Citations with a link open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

  1. Hay KD, Greig DE. Propolis allergy: a cause of oral mucositis with ulceration. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1990;70:584-6. PubMed
  2. Li YJ, Lin JL, Yang CW, Yu CC. Acute renal failure induced by a Brazilian variety of propolis. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;46:e125-9. PubMed
  3. Jensen CD, Andersen KE. Allergic contact dermatitis from cera alba (purified propolis) in a lip balm and candy. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55:312-3. PubMed
  4. Chen, T. G., Lee, J. J., Lin, K. H., Shen, C. H., Chou, D. S., and Sheu, J. R. Antiplatelet activity of caffeic acid phenethyl ester is mediated through a cyclic GMP-dependent pathway in human platelets. Chin J Physiol 6-30-2007;50(3):121-126.
  5. Hsu, C. Y., Chiang, W. C., Weng, T. I., Chen, W. J., and Yuan, A. Laryngeal edema and anaphalactic shock after topical propolis use for acute pharyngitis. Am J Emerg.Med 2004;22(5):432-433. PubMed
  6. Black, R. J. Vulval eczema associated with propolis sensitization from topical therapies treated successfully with pimecrolimus cream. Clin Exp.Dermatol. 2005;30(1):91-92. PubMed
  7. Matos D, Serrano P, Brandao FM. A case of allergic contact dermatitis caused by propolis-enriched honey. Contact Dermatitis 2015;72(1):59-60. PubMed
  8. Naramoto K, Kato M, Ichihara K. Effects of an ethanol extract of Brazilian green propolis on human cytochrome P450 enzyme activities in vitro. J Agric Food Chem 2014;62(46):11296-302. PubMed
  9. Nyman G, Hagvall L. A case of allergic contact cheilitis caused by propolis and honey. Contact Dermatitis 2016;74(3):186-7. PubMed
  10. Ryu CS, Oh SJ, Oh JM, et al. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 by propolis in human liver microsomes. Toxicol Res 2016;32(3):207-13. PubMed
  11. Akbay E, Özenirler Ç, Çelemli ÖG, Durukan AB, Onur MA, Sorkun K. Effects of propolis on warfarin efficacy. Kardiochir Torakochirurgia Pol. 2017;14(1):43-46. PubMed
  12. Lamoureux A, Meharon M, Durand AL, Darrigade AS, Doutre MS, Milpied B. A first case of erythema multiforme-like contact dermatitis caused by propolis. Contact Dermatitis. 2017;77(4):263-264. PubMed
  13. Piredda M, Facchinetti G, Biagioli V, et al. Propolis in the prevention of oral mucositis in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: A pilot randomised controlled trial. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2017;26(6). PubMed
  14. Zhang YX, Yang TT, Xia L, Zhang WF, Wang JF, Wu YP. Inhibitory Effect of Propolis on Platelet Aggregation In Vitro. J Healthc Eng. 2017;2017:3050895. PubMed
  15. Nyman GSA, Tang M, Inerot A, Osmancevic A, Malmberg P, Hagvall L. Contact allergy to beeswax and propolis among patients with cheilitis or facial dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2019;81(2):110-6. PubMed
Keep reading

This information is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always check with your pharmacist or doctor before starting, stopping, or combining supplements and medications.

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

Brand directory

Brands that make products with Propolis

194 brands in our database make a supplement containing Propolis.

Product directory

Supplement products with Propolis

736 products in our database contain Propolis. Open any to see its full ingredient list and every drug interaction we check.

Propolis Extract by Terry Naturally Capsule 60 Capsule(s) Off market View ingredients & interactions Propolis Extract by Terry Naturally Capsule 60 Capsule(s) Off market View ingredients & interactions Propolis Extract by Gaia Herbs Liquid 1 fl. Oz. · 30 mL Off market View ingredients & interactions Propolis Extract 500 mg by Source Naturals Capsule 60 Capsule(s) Off market View ingredients & interactions Propolis Immune by Premier Research Labs Capsule 60 Vegetarian Capsule(s) Off market View ingredients & interactions Propolis Non-Alcohol by Hawaii Pharm Liquid 4 Fluid Ounce(s) · 120 mL Off market View ingredients & interactions Propolis Plus Extract by NOW Liquid 2 fl. Oz. · 60 mL Off market View ingredients & interactions Propolis Plus Extract by NOW Liquid 2 fl. Oz. · 60 mL Off market View ingredients & interactions Propolis Resin by Nature's Answer Liquid 1 fl. Oz. · 30 mL Off market View ingredients & interactions Propolis Throat Spray by Natural Factors Liquid 1 fl. Oz. Off market View ingredients & interactions Propolis Tincture by Source Naturals Liquid 1 fl. Oz. · 29.57 mL Off market View ingredients & interactions Propolplus Propolis W/Bee Pollen by Nature's Plus Softgel Capsule 60 Softgel(s) Off market View ingredients & interactions Prostate Complex by Professional Botanicals Capsule 2 Capsule(s) Off market View ingredients & interactions Prostract 10 by Mountain Meadow Herbs Liquid 4 Fluid Ounce Off market View ingredients & interactions Prostract 10 by Mountain Meadow Herbs Liquid 4 fl. Oz. · 120 mL Off market View ingredients & interactions Pulsate Plus by Physician's Signature Liquid 30 fl. Oz. · 887 mL Off market View ingredients & interactions Red Bee Propolis by NaturaNectar Capsule 60 Vegetable Capsule(s) Off market View ingredients & interactions Red Bee Propolis by NaturaNectar Capsule 60 Vegetable Capsule(s) Off market View ingredients & interactions SAGO-C-500 by Nutri-West Tablet Or Pill 90 Tablet(s) Off market View ingredients & interactions Sambucus by Nature's Way Liquid 0.67 fl. Oz. · 20 mL Off market View ingredients & interactions Sambucus Black Elder Berry Extract Spray by Nature's Answer Liquid 2 fl. Oz. · 60 mL Off market View ingredients & interactions Sambucus Elderberry for Kids by Nature's Way Liquid 4 Fluid Ounce(s) · 120 mL Off market View ingredients & interactions Sambucus Elderberry Immune Shot by Nature's Way Liquid 0.67 Fluid Ounce(s) · 20 mL Off market View ingredients & interactions Sambucus Elderberry Immune Syrup For Kids by Nature's Way Liquid 8 Fluid Ounce(s) · 240 mL Off market View ingredients & interactions
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Propolis: Common Questions

What is Propolis used for, and does it work?
People use Propolis for many reasons, but the evidence varies by use. According to the Natural Medicines database, there is at least some clinical evidence supporting Propolis for Diabetes, Herpes labialis (cold sores) and Oral mucositis. For most other uses it has been studied for, the evidence is currently insufficient to rate. See the graded list on this page, and always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
Does Propolis interact with prescription medications?
Yes. We list 921 medications with a known interaction with Propolis. Use the checker above to see how Propolis interacts with a specific drug.
How are Propolis interactions rated?
Each interaction is graded major, moderate, or minor based on how clinically significant it is and the strength of the evidence behind it. Major interactions are the most serious and are best avoided, or used only under close professional supervision.
Is it safe to take Propolis with my medications?
It depends on the specific medication. Some combinations are fine, while others call for monitoring, timing changes, or should be avoided. Check your exact drug above and confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before starting, stopping, or changing anything.
Where does this Propolis interaction information come from?
Our interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database — an evidence-graded reference for vitamins, herbs, and supplements — and is reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists, who may add clinical context.
What is Propolis used for?
People commonly use Propolis for cold sores, sore throats, mouth and gum problems, minor wounds, and general immune support. Evidence is strongest (though still limited) for topical use on cold sores and mouth sores.
Is Propolis safe to take?
Propolis is generally well tolerated for most adults in the short term, but allergic reactions can occur, especially in people allergic to bees or honey. If you have allergies or asthma, check with your doctor or pharmacist first.
Can I use Propolis during pregnancy or breastfeeding?
There is not enough reliable safety information, so it is best to avoid Propolis during pregnancy and breastfeeding unless your doctor advises otherwise.
Can Propolis cause allergic reactions?
Yes. Allergic skin reactions are among the most common side effects, and people allergic to bee products are at higher risk. Stop using it and seek care if you notice swelling, a spreading rash, or trouble breathing.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Products that contain Propolis

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See all 736 products with Propolis →
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